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00 2010 IEEE 2010 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON)

Estimation of the Resonant Frequency and Magnetic
Polarizability of an Edge Coupled Circular Split Ring
Resonator with Rotated Outer Ring
C.Saha
#1
, J.Y.Siddiqui
*2
, S.Mukherjee
#3
, and

R.Chaudhuri
#4

#
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Heritage Institute of Technology,
Chowbaga Road, Anandapur, Kolkata-700107, India
1
csaha@ieee.org,
3
swagato@ieee.org,
4
romita@ieee.org
*
Royal Military College of Canada, Station Forces, Kingston, Ontario, CANADA K7K 7B4
2
jysiddiqui@ieee.org

Abstract In this paper, a theoretical model is proposed to
estimate the resonant frequency of a circular split ring
resonator (C-SRR) in which the outer ring is rotated. The
variation in the resonant frequency with angle of rotation of
the SRR is theoretically calculated. The computed values are
then compared with the simulated results using an
electromagnetic simulator. Also, the magnetic polarizability
for different angle of rotation is extracted from the simulated
data.
Keywordscircular split ring resonator, resonant frequency,
magnetic polarizability, rotation, metamaterials, negative
permeability.
I. INTRODUCTION
The split ring resonator (SRR) along with thin metallic
wires can be used to fabricate metamaterials with negative
effective permeability and permittivity [1]. SRRs may vary in
shape, and two such shapes, namely circular-SRR and square-
SRR have been extensively studied in [1]-[4]. SRRs possess
large magnetic polarizability and exhibit negative effective
permeability for frequencies close to their resonant frequency
[2]. Since the negative value of permeability exists over a very
narrow band of frequency, accurate estimation of resonant
frequency is of utmost importance. Fig. 1 shows a schematic
diagram of a circular SRR having strip width c and spacing d
between the rings in which the outer ring is rotated by an
angle (-) with respect to a conventional edge coupled-SRR
in which the two gaps are diametrically opposite to each other
( =0
0
). The SRRs have splits or gaps g
1
and g
2
of identical
dimensions, on the same axis within the edge of the inner and
outer rings. In this paper, a simplified formulation is proposed
to accurately estimate the resonant frequency of the rotational
SRR where (- ) is the angle of rotation of the outer ring.
The simulated results of a commercially available
electromagnetic simulator [5] show a reasonably good
agreement with the proposed theory. The simulated results are
used to calculate the magnetic polarizability of the structure
for a broad range of angle of rotation.



Fig. 1. Edge coupled circular split ring resonator with rotated outer ring

II. THEORY
Fig. 1 shows the structure of a circular edge coupled SRR
which is placed inside a circular iris having radius R of a
metallic screen located inside a rectangular waveguide [2].
When a time-varying magnetic field is applied along the z-
axis, the induced electromotive force will cause loop currents
to flow in the rings. The rings are coupled by a strong
distributed capacitance, and have a self inductance due to the
loop currents. Thus, the structure behaves as an LC circuit
having resonant frequency
0
given by [2]

eq
LC
1
0
=
(1)

where L is the total inductance and C
eq
is the equivalent
capacitance of the structure. L and C
eq
are calculated assuming
an equivalent ring whose radius is
2
0
d
c r r
ext
= which
is the average radius of the outer and inner rings.
L is computed using the expression in [2].
2010 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON)

=
0
2 2
2
2
0
)] (
~
[ dk k k I
I
L

(2)
Where ) (
~
k I is the Fourier Bessel Transform of I(k), the
current function on the ring.
C
pul
, the per unit length capacitance between the inner and
outer rings of the SRR. is calculated using the formulations
presented in [2] and [6].
The equivalent circuit of the SRR is shown in Fig. 2. For a
conventional or un-rotated SRR, the gaps g
1
and g
2
lie on the
same axis. Hence, C
1
and C
2
, the capacitances of the upper
and lower half of the rings are equal. But as the outer ring is
rotated by an angle = ) ( in clockwise direction, the
values of C
1
and C
2
becomes unequal. As the angle of rotation
increases, the arc length of the rings between OA and OB
decreases and that of the remaining portion increases. This
results in decrease of C
1
and simultaneous increase of C
2.

leading to a decrease of the equivalent capacitance C
eq
of the
structure. As a result the resonant frequency of the structure
increases.

Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of the rotated SRR considering the gap capacitance

For an angle of rotation = ) ( of the outer ring in
clockwise direction, capacitance of the portion within OA and
OB of the SRR is given by,

pul
C
g
r C

=
2
0 1
(3)
The capacitance of the remaining portion of the SRR is given
by,

pul
C
g
r C

=
2
) 2 (
0 2
(4)
The present model also incorporates the effect of gap
capacitances C
g1
and C
g2
as in [8],

enabling an accurate
estimation of the resonant frequency of the SRR. C
g1
and C
g2

are calculated using parallel plate capacitance approximation.
As the dimensions of gap are identical,

1
0
1
0
2 1
g
ch
g
A
C C C
g g g

= = = = (5)
From the equivalent circuit of Fig. 2 the equivalent
Capacitance is given as

C
cq
=
( C
1
+ C
g
1

) ( C
2
+C
g
2
)
( C
1
+C
g
1
) + ( C
1
+ C
g
2
)
(6)

Substituting C
1
and C
2
from equation (3) and (4) in equation
(6) and simplifying we get

pul
g
pul
g
pul
g
eq
C
c
g r
C
c
g
r
C
c
g
r
C
2
) 2 (
)
2
) 2 (( )
2
(
0
0 0
+

+
=

2 ) 2 (
)
2
) 2 (( )
2
(
0
0 0
+

+
=
g r
g
r
g
r
(7)
where.
pul
g
C
C
=
.
Though the capacitance of the SRR changes due to the effect
of rotation, the inductance remains same as for unrotated SRR,
since it depends only on the width of the rings and their radii,
both of which are unaltered during rotation. So, the resonance
frequency of the rotated SRR can be obtained from equation
(1) by substituting C
eq
from equation (7) and L from equation
(2).
The magnetic polarizability of the structure is computed as
in [2] using the resonant frequency
0
at which a peak is
obtained in S
21
and the frequency
d
at which a dip in
transmission is observed using

= 1
3
8
2
2
0
0
3
0
d
R

(8)
Theoretically magnetic polarizability of the structure should
remain nearly constant as dimension of the SRR is unaltered.
However, a small deviation from the un-rotated SRR is
expected because of asymmetric gap orientation.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The computed resonant frequencies for different angle of
rotation are compared with the simulated results using [5] as
shown in Fig.5. Fig.3 shows a snapshot of simulated S
21
in dB,
indicating the two frequencies of interest
0
and

d.
The
simulated S
21
for = 0
0
,30
0
,60
0
and 90
0
are shown in fig. 4.
The HFSS generated charge density plots (fig.7-9) for = 0
0
,-
30
0
,-50
0
(negative sign indicating anticlockwise rotation)
verify the equivalent circuit shown in fig. 2. The surface
current density on the rings have also been shown for = 0
0

in fig.10.
The extracted magnetic polarizability from the simulated
S
21
, for r
ext
=2.4mm, 2.6mm, and 2.8mm against different
angle of rotation is shown in Fig 6. The plot suggests that the
magnetic polarizability is almost invariant with the angle of
rotation of the outer ring.
2010 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON)


IV. CONCLUSION
A simple and new circuit model is hereby proposed to
estimate the resonant frequency of a circular SRR with rotated
outer ring. The accuracy of the present model is established
using the commercially available simulation software [5]
whose results show excellent agreement with the theoretical
calculations for a wide range of angular rotation of the outer
ring. However, for angles greater than 90
0
, the deviation of the
simulated values of resonant frequency increases. The value
of resonant frequency is same for both clockwise and anti-
clockwise rotation of the outer ring, which is evident from the
symmetry of the curve in fig. 5 about 0
0
. Thus, rotation of
outer ring can be used to fine-tune the operating frequency of
the circular SRR to the desired value without having to change
the design parameters.

Fig. 3 . A snap-shot from HFSS simulated S21 of the circular SRR.
rext=2.6mm, r = 2.43, c=0.5mm, d = 0.2mm, h = 0.49 mm, g1=g2=0.4mm.
5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0


S
2
1
(
d
b
)
Resonant Frequency (GHz)
0 deg.
30 deg.
60 deg.
90 deg.
Fig. 4. Simulated S21 for different angle of rotation of the EC-SRR.
rext=2.6mm, r = 2.43, c=0.5mm, d = 0.2mm, h = 0.49 mm, g1=g2=0.4mm.
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0


f
0

(
G
H
z
)
(deg.)
Theory
Simulated
Fig. 5. Computed and simulated resonant frequency of the rotated SRR for
different angle of rotations. rext=2.6mm, r = 2.43, c=0.5mm, d = 0.2mm, h =
0.49 mm, g1=g2=0.4mm.

Fig 6. Simulated magnetic polarizabilty of the rotated SRR for different
angle of rotations. c=0.5mm, r = 2.43, d = 0.2mm, h = 0.49 mm.
2010 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON)




Fig. 7 HFSS Simulated profile for surface charge density on an unrotated C-.
SRR rext=2.6mm, r = 2.43, c=0.5mm, d = 0.2mm, h = 0.49 mm.
g1=g2=0.4mm.


Fig. 8 HFSS Simulated profile for surface charge density on a C-SRR with
rotation -30
0
. SRR rext=2.6mm, r = 2.43, c=0.5mm, d = 0.2mm, h = 0.49 mm.
g1=g2=0.4mm.



Fig. 10 HFSS Simulated profile for surface current density on an unrotated
C-. SRR rext=2.6mm, r = 2.43, c=0.5mm, d = 0.2mm, h = 0.49 mm.
g1=g2=0.4mm.


REFERENCES
[1] J.B. Pendry, A.J. Holden, D.J. Ribbins, and W.J. Stewart, Magnetism
from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomenon IEEE Trans.
Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 47, pp. 2075-2084, Nov. 1999.
[2] R.Marquez, F. Mesa, J. Martel, F. Medina, Comparative analysis of
edge- and broadside- coupled split ring resonators for metamaterial
design-theory and experiments, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation.,
vol. 51, pp. 2572-2581, Oct. 2003.
[3] C. Saha and J.Y. Siddiqui, Estimation of resonant frequency of
Conventional and rotational Split Ring Resonator Proc. IEEE
AEMC, India, Dec. 2009.
[4] C. Saha, J.Y. Siddiqui, D. Guha, Y.M.M. Antar, Square Split Ring
Resonators: Modelling of Resonance Frequency and Polarizability
Proc. IEEE AEMC, India, Dec. 2007.
[5] HFSS: High Frequency Structure Simulator, Ansoft.
[6] I. Bahl and P. Bhartia, Microwave Solid State Circuit Design,
Ch.2,Wiley,.New York, 1998


Fig. 9 HFSS Simulated profile for surface charge density on a C-SRR with
rotation -50
0
. rext=2.6mm, r = 2.43, c=0.5mm, d = 0.2mm, h = 0.49 mm.
g1=g2=0.4mm.