Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 8

BufleHn

EM IIM

Paper Technical
lron and steelmakingin the third millennium
t.F.Verdeja, Sancho J.l.Verdeja J.P. and

Metallurgy

lron, Informa- fuse Metallurgy, Steel, termof newmaterials; information techAdvanced materials clearly a have had KEYWORDS: (Eager, lron making, nologies; biotechnology 1998). Biotechnology, and leading in technological role changes the in tiontechnologies, past 0n thethreshold the21stcentury it decades. it is Steel making. of Nevertheless,stillnecessary canbe infened information that technologies consider following: to the pro- . New for have Paper reviewed approved publication (computerstelecommunications) and and materials should beinteroreted not as justincluding gressed Society Metallurgical ofClM. spectacu Nevertheless, have larly. there materials asYBACUO such byThe (YBarCur0r) high been so downsides technology too; develops and temperature super(90 quickly after fewmonths products like that a the conductors K),butalso others the problems also are obsolete. industry ABSTRACT Environmental may 0.12 tinplate inthefood mm used appear a fewyears to storing many in so formaking due cans. paper This analyes present the state of useless devices. same theachieve- . Mosttraditional At the time, materials, metals, e.9., (Table processes polymers, 1; competingkeep to their ments biotechnology meet optithedifferent of didnot the ceramics structural and iron narketshares within future andsteel mistic the forecasts in theearly made 1980s. Fig. have l) a quiet experienced revolution gradually price business sector. hand, is also it curious that achieving 0n theother spectacular reducin problems properties qualiy transformationsthe some Thecontinuous solutions theenvironmental for tions remarkable and and prlcess alsostuded making are here. generatedstar steel by technologies new of the milimprovements duringthe last three have espe- lennium, ascomputers biotechnology, decades. These transformations happened and in such Socially, of the progress most obviously are ciallyduringthe tvvolast decades closely to theiron steel linked and industry. materials science technology been and has properties, quality and Forexample, furnaces Germany favouring price, steel blast in and dimmed thedramatic by that changes some properties undergone, in the environmental compatibility newmillen- Japan prepared burning are for residua introby functionai have such polymer nun. ducing from and software materials computers as those developed computer in prepared other electronic devices through their and hardware. tuyeres, cement furnaces destroy while tube can Steelone theleading is of inthis materials quietrevolution, any lntroduction organic residua different from origins. into account the takrng Thecharacteristics of industrial sectors Intheearly 1980s, steel world production concerned the development future Table1.Theworld materialsproduction with of figure; specifically in 1982, materials theavailability reachedhistoric a are ofgood materaw (106 Production t) properties et al., theamount 645Mt(Verdeja 1993). rials, cost attractive was low and in comThis might have been of thereasons one why parison other with competitive materials a and Japan the European highrecycling In the case steel and the United States, rate. of and of Community upa declaration principles paper, recyclability44%,followed drew the is by glass industries sectors and after which leading the in with 35% andaluminium 33%. with 75 polymer thefollowing century's development be: Plastic other would and materials have only 30 also by difadvanced materials, known thevery 6%recyclability.

Vedeia LuisFelipe obtainedPh.D. chemstry in a om Oviedo University.isa profeser He ol ironandsteel theHigh at Mning 5oolin oviedo, Asturas. Dr.Verdeja has authored ppers materials 75 on andmetallurgy isa member and of T/5, andloM. ACs

JosePedrcSandro obtained degrees nning B.5c in engneering oviedo fom Univffiity (1970) in metallurgical and engineering unted from Kngdom LedsUnive6ity, (1971), a Ph.D. and dEree 1974. in Dr Sancho authored papes has 80 on metallurgy properties exfactive and of netallic ceramic and materials. has He ben a professormetallurgy since of 1975 a chairman 198'1. and since

.loselgnacio Verdela gaduated theschool Mns from of (Madrid, Spain) 1968. au$or]05 n He papers metals on solidification and processes, metallogEphy, m(hniGl propertjes textures. has and He ben a professormaterials of science sjnce 1983.

88

95, CIM BulletinVol. N' 1063

Bulletin
remarkable improvementsits properties in and part use. Nevertheless, important of this another revolution, friking social with repercussions in pricereduction this case, beenthe drastic has dueto implementing management new methods and new production transformation and technologies. Unfortunately, society has received image "absolute an of crisis" the in steel industry a dramatic after employment cutback andwithconsiderable extensionsland of occupied facilities by which nowuseless. are D e s p i ta l l t h i s , n t h e a u t h o r s 'p i n i o n , e i o has in thedanger been identifying visible these of negative aspects thesteel industry rationalization with the belief that its products a lack future thatthe "technological and revolution" at the endof thecentury wouldnottakethem intoaccount. Although present, important of at the role in steel thematerial technology development is not in doubt, theearly in 1980s, analyses and (Fig. predictions quite were different 2).During the lastdecades the century in some writers have been working against mainstream the in the belief that steel and othermaterials also considered traditional incompatible an are with (Verdeja advanced technological development e t a l . ,1 9 9 8 ) . A paper in the magazine Revista de published theOviedo Mrnas, by School Minof i n g E n g i n e e r i nn 1 9 9 3 , p r e d i c t e dh a t ig t "despite crisis thesector, rationalizathe in the place theEuropean in tionthatistaking Union, Japan the United and States, onlyrelating not

lron andsteelmakingin the third millennium

'1991, proto installed capacity also improving but to processes; competing in they prostill ductiviry allow will industries to witness a new duced much 76Mtof Siemens as as steel. splendid in their era financial balance the r Thespectacular at expectations Asian about endof thecentury thebeginningthe and of growth originate the low percapita from (Verdeja al.,1998). newmillennium" et Perconsumption some that countries the in haps disillusion thealarmist after forecasts has area have which stillfar fromreaching is people think thebest the led some to that that the worldaverage 150 kg. However, of steel industry do is to stopspeculating Japan Korea, a percapita can and with conaboutwhat its futurecouldbe and try to sumption somewhat than Eurohigher the "invent" (Fruehan, Edington, 1996; it 1997; pean Union average 350kg,aremainly of Wiesinge 1999;Verdeja 2000; et al., Sancho exporters. circumstances to disThese lead et al., 2000). orders rawmaterial steel in and derived It iscertainly necessary and product to gain shape markets theeconomythe when in thefuture anyof ouractivities, it isalso in but goesinto countries affected or regions true allthefuture that developments their have recesston. originsthepast. in Predictions ona deep Production based growth South in and Central andrational analysis thesituation this of of America Africa and Oceania, although specsector haveto be assessed undoubtedly tacular, 5.9% 4.9% theworld as isjust and of important material. example, sector's For the total, respectively; theestimated proworld growth recession or expectations be may duction 2010is 981 [/t (Wiesinge in weighed using production up steel statistics in 1999). (Table various regions 2): In order more to accurately analpe the . Development possibilities America present of steel production transforin North state and (Canada, United the States, Mexico) and mation, steel process been the has divided into Western Europe, areregions a which with fourlarge sections which, primary from metal(350 will lurgy so-called per high capita consumption kg), quaternary to metallurgy, study be particularly involved incorporating most in promising the aspectstheprocesses of as newproduction technologies setting well both and as mature develooino and technoloplaced oies the upnewproduction preferably units, in third millennium in Mexico. r ln Eastern European countries, their after '1989, historic in record there been has an Primary Metallurgy period to extremely recessive due thedrastic downfallthemilitary in industry to nonand primary Steel metallurgy embraces all processestechnologies atobtaning and aimed production areas 1989-2010 period Table Steel by in 2. products: thefollowing (106 Region TotalProduction t) . Pigironandother casts: Corex, similar BF, 1989 1999 2010 y Tecnored, CCF Dios, Al5l, , Finex, Hismelt Africa 0ceania and 23 25 48 Romelt. Direct reduction (DRl) hotbriquetiron and tediron(HBl) sponge: Midrex, Arex, HYL, Circored, Finmet, Ghaem, Spirex, Circofe 161 150 156 170 Comet, Corex-0r, Astuetand Inmetco 786 780 829 981 (F9.3).
Fig. 1. Steel per capita consumption (kg) as a function of GNP (f per capita). Fig. 2. The evolution of engineering materials.

z ts c o
I

^'!tr'::,-

6l^sr Er^Ls I {. L|IH|Utr 46Ys | *ffH',l* @^c BAssrEELs :3:,"". *" I

l M E r { sl

5:illTrl6xsY'r

U
F

l'tEililt3-]

luly2002

89

Bufle|iin
F9. 3. Comt pGess.

lron and steelmaking the third millennium in

Limestone

Scrubber

Discharging cooling screening

Rotaryhearthfumace

DRI
Fig. 4. lrcn carbde process

Ore ---)i stonge

tI

-__l
I Hor

HrO (recycled for cooling)

.u" I noPper

Ore pre-heater (570 "C) Pocess


t

I
I

^-j

'' toao
CH.
Off-gas

Gm . . . + ptpeune

(130 Otr-gm(570'C)
Dust/sludge
I F-a

cq

+ (570'C)

f;l I I cooler
l \ ^ l
t : \ t s 1 l l

I roc Iroo "cl

Rtoau",*ffi*-1
srorase {9

Process flow ofNucor's iron-carbideplant

Iable 3. Alternativesfor iron oe eduqtion Product Reducinq 5meltinq


Piq lron

(DRl) Drect Reduction lon Sponge DRI/HBl Reducing Agents Natural Gas Mt0rex HYL.III Arex Coal 5URN DRC Fastmet and lnmetco Natural Gas

L0a0

Pelets 5nter Green Fines

+ Coke Other Coal/O, furnace tslast Corex Furnace Corex Blast Blast Furnace AlSl Finex ccF Dios Hismelt Ausmelt Romelt

Fior Finmet Cincored 5pirex

Circofer Comet

lronCarbide

o lron (cementite, Fig. carbide FerC; 4). . Non-calibrated steel: andEAF. liouid B0F Tableshows oossible 3 for the alternatives pig obtaining iron, sponge cementite, iron and whereas, Figuresand6 represent of the 5 two processes obtaining mostusual for nonadjusted iron liquid (BOF EAF) theinter+ and actions among these otherprocesses and in primary metallurgy. steel Basically, finalobjective primary the of steel metallurgy isproducing non-adjusted liqproposedsimuid. Technologiesbeen have as plifying techniques reducing mineral for the andproducing refined iron liquid in a single operation.These technioues similar those to are proposedtheAmerican andSteel by lron Insti(Fig. tute(AlSl) 7; Agarwal, 1991), although none ofthem been ina oilot has tried industrial plant yet. lhesteel industry keep will using blast the furnace oneof the keytechnologies as for obtaining non-calibrated steel; liquid 65%of production the worldsteel comes fromcast produced probiron in blast furnaces. main Ihe lems thetechnologyproducing iron pig with for ina blast furnace been following: have the high coke consumption; installation and high costs; problems, dueto auxilenvironmental mostly (coking, iary installations sintering pelletizand ingplants). Nevertheless: . Reducing consumption blast coke in a furnace been has constant the 1970s, since due only technological not to improvements in thefacilities alsoto the more but frequentuseof pulverized injections coal through tuyeres. . Ihecapital needed obtain tonoffinto one product been ofthemain ished has one disadvantages against having private investmentsthe integral in steelindustry -+ (process sequence: furnace conblast -+ conventional verter laminating). Around themiddle thelast of century, national capprovided ital normally initiativesbuilding for plants. steel industry Private capital underwent much a risk those too of in inflationist economies. the change the last But in decade thecentury been of has spectacular. Although arestillsome there companies participation private withnational left, capitalhas come tothesector back favoured by the drastic decrease installation of costs anda low inflation Forexample, rate. an plant integral witha 6 MUyear productive capacity 4000.106 cost in current d0llars 1965,whereas, would be about it 1860.106 dollars today. Conventional furnace cokeproduction (traditional technology plant) coking reached itshighest possibilities this during decade while parameachieving satisfactory environmental ters (Amelingal., too, et 1999; Fruehan, 1996).
. Vol. CIM Bulletin 95,N" 1063

90

BuffeHn

lron and steelmakingin the thrd millennium

Producing forthesteel coke plants, it also industry seems to coking and reduces environmen-chamber modern doorsh a t w i l l a l l o w a n t bemoving (dust, N0x towards single the chamber system tally damaging emissions SOr, , C0 increaseoperating in life. (SC5) developed 1992by the European and in HrS) to 50%. up Cokemaking Technology intheso-called Centre As wellas the innovative expectations jumbo (Fig. coking reactor 8).The SCS, apart created North by American technologies Secondary new Metallurgy from saving energy, considerably improves (Scope and the the (NRP), Japanese the 21) quality thecoke in a blast of used furnace. The European progress be ones(SC5), can Secondary metallurgyladle or metallurgy (CSR) cokestrength after reaction level affected process by control improvement,comprises processes operations at and aimed produced increasescomparisoncoke in to preheating hydraulic in and cleaning multi- transforming or EAF intoa calibrated of B0S steel
Fig. 5. Interadion among BOFpcess and othert{hnologes ndustry. in the primary steel Fig. 6. Interaction among EAF and other technologies in the primary steel ndustry.

rue oprlr BOF

lmn Mineral

sitrter I Y

Blast Fumrce

\\?/
g [

EI

E EI

GIE

B EE TO

a .ffif f -r@ wi @
ffil ffil rtr diret

r rffi y 2,\h
c

Blst

furtrcc

G
'

lroo Mioeral

_t
I

ffi

'@

M"*".. >f. w
:!,.,)
I /
Fe gellets trd ore fitr9s

I t

I I

l I

Reauction

m'
DR'HET

,y'

nr"rri"e,n

Furnace(E.{F)

\\f fT',1 i
\ /',:

E\i.iis-j\\I+t DR/HBI

;;#

'l

@
Coal preheating

tttt
Reductiotr Furnce

Fig. 7. Dircct reduction scheme a(cording to the Americn lrcn and Steel Institute.

F9. 8. Single chamber system (SCS) process;jumbo reactor.

L.dle reathet

July 2002

9t

AuUetin

lron and steefmakingin the third millennium

cokefactory (omparedwith the requiredstandards Table4. Gasemissions a multichamber in Ambent Air QualityStandard Maximum Additional LoadOutside Wet Quenching Towef mg/ml CokeDry Quenching <0.1mg/m3 <0.001 mg/m3

regulating specification concentrathe marked process tion thecasting with speed. Tertiary Metallurgy

!9- -.SOz

9:99lng./.I1 ".""-1"9"r.e1T1.,- . < 0 . 0 0 0 1 0.14mg/ml

Tertrary metallurgy operations steel equals processes outonthecalibrated and canied liq(TSC) technology Table Thinslabcasting 5. uidsteel when solidifying. Engineering FlatWdth Yearof Start-up Tertiary metallurgy steel Interacts secwith Schoemann AG semag CSP 50mm 1989 ondary metallurgysuch waythatit tends in a to Demag lsP Mannesmann 60 mm 1992 (inclusion keep even and improve contents) the quality thecalibrated in ladle of metalmelt Siemag SMS Concast 51145 Schloemann 100mm 1996 lurgy. theother 0n metallurgy, hand, tertiary ]5I..'-'''.-'.'.''-'-.:'.-:'_.._':..''..i",pi;'r''s1ii".''-... alsorestrictively metallurgyTundish, called in Metal SUMIToMo Sumitomo Industries 100mm 1996 overlaps operations of the plastic with typical deformationhot steel of framed within what prepared solidifying without but performance adjust- can called metal for any mum metallurgic quaternary when be For metallurgy. exam(100 typeof thermal, chemical metal or cleaning ple, ingalloying desoxyding and elements. casting medium mm) thin(<100 or (inclusions adjustment level). Each technology secondary in metal- mm)slabs interferes thecontinuous with finishSince start theearly their in 1950s, these lurgy specially is aimed improving or two at ingboxes thetraditional in hotstrip (Table mill technologies been have developing remarkably threemetallurgic features the refined 5;Fig. ITM in 9; Consulting, 1997)The capacity to in terms better of devices, reactives tools metal none these and globally its offer finished but product of work on a optimizing investthe forreaching goals secondary the of metallurgy own "adjusting" metal for the before solid- ments beunderstood thisexample: it can with a (Reisinger 1998). examples etal., Some follow: ifies. multiplication This of operations implies plant where Mt hotrolled sheet can 2 steel coil . Powder injecting techniques, asthose two important such downsides: lossand beproduced conventional (blast time inthe way fur(LTS). therefore possible ladle in treatment station produc- nace) cost to U5$620 a decrease facilities' in the may up whereas, million, plant By adding slag, synthetc ironalloys and tivity and,above a dangerous all, tempera- thesame would US$400 if cost million it raremetals the liquid a LTS, to in the turefall;and liquidcontamination when followed production the sequence -+ TSC EAF amounts oxygen sulphur the there contact theair(themetal of and and is with reni- (thin casting). slab Nevertheless, in relation to quantity shape theinclusionsbe and of can trides reoxides). and product quality finished it be criteria, should adjusted. Thatis why secondary metallurgy will noted only that 13% theslab themarket of in . Vacuum technologies, as Ruhrstahl- have strong such a simplifying gathering effect, all canbe made through (100% with EAF fed (RH) Heraeus plants vacuum des- theobjectives for in cast or tank looked specificationsscrap) coupledTSC to technologies. gasser(VD), specially designed for in a single operation. example, new For in the Although problems,really some not neglihydrogen, capturing nitrogen carbon technologies or for vacuum refining,phospho- gible, been a have quoted thesurface of in finish from liquid. the rousand sulphur practice being TSC-made refining is products, of theslabmarket 55% . Ladle metal heating such techniques as used, well temperature as as controlling mech- meets quality the criteria reached theTSC by (LF) ladle furnace orchemical heating facil- anisms. However, discontinuous secondary hotsheet. main The difficultiesbesolved to in ity(CHF) specialized inadjusting com- metallurgy cast processes survive not thefuture will 0r are: position, potential. depending surplus anddemand temperatureoxygen and on for . Chemical value heterogeneity appearing the in . Processes adding for iron alloys the theachieved to quality. product to alloyelements Using continuous treatsolidified due refined liquid, thecomposition e.9., adjust- mentsystems couldsolveproblems with segregating; thethinner solidified the steel (CAS), provides opti- adjusting ment system which an alloying in elementsthecast when strip theworse is(Pero-Sanz, is, it 2000).
processscheme. F9. 9. Continuous thin slab casting CrSC) F9. f0. Direct strip caling technology (D5C):

1 ttavelln9

stng

belt/1 rollet

Twn

roller

@Sklluqd

VC?del

twtr

whal

@
*in'" rl

1-5mB

<3m

Slnglc

whal

@.\
CIM BulletinVol.95. 1063 N"

92

BuUetin

in lronand steelmaking the third millennium

. Presenceresiduals Sn,Ni)in the processing) only (Cu, can trials DSC of tech- rolling 75o/o strip of and the pilot of Iherefore, first ferbeing bemade as are using andscrap theonly EAF fed nology development logically scrap intotheEAF. proposed prop- focussed stainless production; since rous there on steel component. In these circumstances, Alternatives are being for (corrosion) isa strong problems and are between minimills up and technologies chemical surface in and competition erlylinking BOF TSC products. future The about of steel the as furnaceBOF-made or order solve oroblem residuals. notasimportantthose carbon (Pero- blast to of examplethestronger Sanz, of orientation, therefore, most thestrip isthat There another is 2000). problems quality between tertiary and Finally, briefcomment be made (75%) having specific will any interaction a not and stronger moulding techquaternary metallurgy casting when long about moulding, metallurgy technology with using scrap special or steel tertiary (beam products blank). this with frequent with theelecIn may by bone shaped interactions quaternary niques bemade co-ordinating (TSC) protago- tricfurnace thin slabcasting or section- processes. equally lt isan outstanding with the times anequivalent that case, five (DSC) gothrough smoothing Neverthe mill nist thefenous revolution" direct casting strip technologies. in materials'"quiet bloom should (breakdown) the material fed into of thelast In is of century. theless, qualities some cannot metin strip be before three decadesthelast (Fe-C >2.110/oarean production anywayother thanthe tradifrom C) by mill castings alloys; the universal are eliminated the fact, (fin- tional BF+ BOF HRP parts These would be, process. making determinate sections, essential material making for one: + When raw perlitic product) productivity when continu- ished highresistance by through moulding technologies example, for certain increases8%; instead a used high rails a blank" of and are anonymously leading notable qualities for making speed or to ously casting "beam (tire properties tirestrengthening steel with decreases 28% improvements mechanical of cord). Perlite, consumption in the bloom, energy (Wolframal.,1995). is these while steel-like levels, a traction resistanceup to 3000MPa, a of et materials reaching mould for and material of a metallic made of challengestheterti- thanks chemical to composition thermal comoosite One thefuture (FerC) the strip treatments. countries, casting ferritic the matrix reinforced cementite with metallurgy ispreparing direct Indeveloped ary steel (DSC) a steel Figures 1l coil. 10, market11.5% the steel material (Fig. fibres 13). for is of whole production, ceramic casting production of strip technologies therefore, thepredictions for established in Although important an the under and i2 show profiled only Table bytheyear 2010, world's the casting could made minimills, 15%of the be in 2, direct casting. slab qualities market beproduced production reach Mt. by thecost a ton 113 slab inthe can Theoretically, ofinstalling of would + scrap. The sequence an electric furnace with 100% fed with hot cylinder the EAF DSC + future for lower theBF BOF than alternatives blast to the furnace maktimes would four be (HRP) costs Quaternary ing are: alternative production and Metallurgy slab + TBC . Reducing (C0REX, processes AlSl; fusion However, soecthese be would halfasmuch. and, be is as Table linked TSC 3) to technologies if figures metallurgyunderstood economic should considered tacular Quaternary parame- theprocesses to steel's plastic of surface, steel related deformarequired thequality theplate by withtheconesponding quality yet. step. happening The tion,thermal coating protecand finished a cold with milling is far treatment, ters, which still from process withDRI/HBI and and of fed mixture technologies face tion. Normally, alloperations processes . EAF that disadvantages DSC (Table coordinated moulding generate for producing quality steel ready 3), with high carbon are: quaternary metallurgy steel scrap when . Surface productssemi-transformed problems to thehigh liquidus market materials. linked due or orocesses toTSC production of a costs system to the The and following possible isa classification forfinAs a comparison, in the temperture Fe-C products quaternary metal- hypothetical facilities to supplyMt 1 steel able oxidation kinetics at reach ished set of that from soeed metal plate industry 41% levels. lurgy: products, long representing of steel of galvanized fortheautomobile thermal these . Chemical 43% are: inthe constituting heterogeneity composition;production;flatproducts, and . EAF HRP rolling (hot processing), production. conven+ of steel segregations. . Residual properties + mechanical All stripproducts be made through tional milling galvanizing: hot elements; can $570/t (Fig. Kneppe Rosenthal, (hot 1998). + + 14; and theproduction sequence BOF HRP BF affected.
Fig. I l. OsC technology; colLcAST. F9. 12. DsC detail for obtaining hot laminated cylinder.

Single Roll Casting

Submerged Entt-a Norzlc /

Gripper

July 2002
l

93

Buffein
Fig. t3. SEM image of the perlite grains (material made with a metallic mould).

lron and steelmakingin the third millennium

Ferrolite 0.10mmto 1.40 thick retically, aremany isa mm pig there ways obtaining of steel sheet covered 15 um to 200 um with iron, or calibrated steel. DRI liquid Howeve[ for polymers. marketedthe making thick colourable lt is for non-adjusted steel canat presliquid you building packaging (BF), and industries. entcount blast on furnace electric furnace HRP: rolling processingconven- (EAF), Hot process, process B0F HYL-lll Midrex and tional strip Tinplate hot mill. consumption rep- converter A blast only. furnace a particularly is resents oftheworld's Droduction. illustrative 2.0% steel lt example; developed countries to tend is fighting findits place the packaging maintain to in prooperative furnaces anannual with industry, hardcompetition in against other duction 2.0Mtonly, over whereas,other in coun(alumnium), paper, metals plastic carton and tries such Brazil, or China, as India some mini glass. per blast furnaces 70000to 200000tons with Ihe following thecosts producing year still are of are profitable. reasonthatsuch Ihe is a tinplate EAF BOF: via or mature reliable and technology blast asthe fur. EAF conventional + hotmilling CRP, + cold nace, a remarkable for assimilating with ability . EAF HRB (0.14 + + conventional hotmilling cold + milling mm) electrolytic tinplating: control automating processes, easily and cannot + milling galvanizing: $670/t. production $610/t. be taken by other over techniques . BF BOF HRP, . BF BOF HRP, + + conventional hotmilling + + + conventional hotmilling + withcosts operative which still and results are (0.12 double cold milling galvanizing: + (Fig. CRP, milling $690/t. cold mm reduc- uncertain I 5;Faure, 1993). Using electric steelin the automobile tiontinplate) electrolytic plating + tin is Similarly, intheory, other and some mateindustry wouldonlybe competitrvethe in $640/t. rials could used making structure be for the of quantitieshotlaminated thatcanbe plate of Expectations reducing for in costs the the36million globally produced year. cars each (structural future, aswithgalvanized for auto- 18 Mt steel just used such thevehicle as in structure plate could replaced aluminium be by parts). and strengthening mobiles, come will fromintegrative formulas alloys thermoplastic or polymeric materials ln the future, formulas linking fortraditional deformation when for plastic technologiesstrengthened carbon with fibres. However, in bothBOF EAF TSC DSC with (F9. and and casting and orDSC TSC moulding 1a). vehicles would perthey never reach price, the and moulding technologies production develop, In thespecial of using case qualities security the steel tinplate for formance or that for costs most thequalities godown.Ihe beverage thefinalthickness of will cans, reached by structure now has (Lvy, 1999). (minimill) conceptcompact making of steel has thenlaid product 0.10mm,although is (75% the Such "social" a material steel as of developed theelectric using furnace thehead strong as competition aluminum forc- strip's 50%slab's with isnow qualities be proand can of theprocess. solutions being Some are sug- ingthedevelopment newgeneration duced anyregion theworld) of a of in of would force gested integrating moulding for TSC technolo- 0.06 beverage mm cans. thecreation neworoduction of facilities a and gieswith the BOF process, wasalready as consequent increase consumptionthe n in foreseen the tertiary in steel metallurgy. lhis original country region. theother or 0n hand, production Conclusions wouldmean reduction steel a in taking account last into the financial in crisis costs theautomobile in industry. (August Asian countries 1998), establishing Finally, considerations three some about lron, steel cast-based and materials will steel industriesemergent in nations to due qualities slab of witha high added value are: keep leading materials the science technology their labour rawmaterials isnot low and costs sound deadening ferrolite; tinplate. inthenewmillennium onlydueto theirlow sheets; and not production tempting thewhole when is sold Sound deadening are sheets made two costs also to their of but due properties overseas. surprising Therefore. steel the sector would be steel sheets poly- and separateda thermoplastic by possibilities. recycling much stablethedemand steel the more if in for mer. Above temperaturethepolymer's the of Introducing technologies steel developing themselves new (Hispano-Ameriin the areas vitreous transition, it behaves a stiffliquid, sector bea fact like will when canbring they about cannations, and Asia Africa, 2) were Table to plastic adapting any to deformations thesteel anactual reduction costs animprove- growin siturather by conquering nthe and than new has gothrough. to ment thequality thefinished in product.Iheo- marketsforeign of in countries.
F9. 14. General features of the traditional hot laminating technology and its ntegration n TSCmoulding pro(esses.
r) tudd

Fig. 15. Different alternatives n steelmaking rcutes in 2020-

ffifril;Bm;E-0[
fwFfdfl

fffiFl lDilstrMl

fEfl

F|nn

d'8rmmnllmrffi
6:ktuqq

ffi-l

licl

l-l

a c " * b E I B @ g E t E t r l E
4

*
|Eful

0D0 ctg """,,""'lE"l-6-'l EEE E E

"ffi'
Se|M

TET6I !;-

ffi

tr]E E @E ;n ccao nrnn;

lE

EA.E

Sdp/

wirc cas{itr!

. Vol. CIM Bulletin 95.N' 1063

Bullein

in lron and steelmaking the third millennium ,l998. H.and CH., quiet P., FLssHOLZER, SCHRADE, in revolution materials REISINGER,

T., fte in materialsbeused thethird EAGER, to Finally, steelmaking status secondary of Journal Metof 1998. Current manufacturing production. and transformed a l s5 0 , .1 9 - 2 1 . be should produced, millennium applications. World, p.39-44. Steel 3, , p 100% technologies com- EDINGTON. with reprocessed A., and L.F, of lron- SANCH0, VERDEJA, and BALLESTER J.P., The J..1997. newworld steel. de Procesosobtenp. Exactiva: 2000. Metalurgia and making 24, patible highrecycling lowenvironwith Steelmaking, 19-28. p. Sintesis, Madrd,15-161. state cin. Editorial H.A., Development, of theart in of As impact. a matter fact, 1974, FAURE, 1993. mental Ma.A., J. de VERDEJA, ASENSl0,and HUERTA, 1.F., LaRevue of andfuture aspects steelmaking. production cost energy was33.8GJ/Mg steel - ClT, y siderrgica de 1993. situacin la industria La Mtallurgie 90,p.1439-1449. 18GJ/Mq. energy is below cost today's while tectransformaciones anlisis las futuras de of techFuture steelmaking FRUEHAN, 1996. R.J., sectors foltechnological have Notall other 8, nolgicas. deMinas, p. 131-140. Revista lron research. Steelnologies roieof basic and 1998 lf they Tokyo's this lowed tendency. had, 1.F., J.P. VERDEJA, 1998. VERDEJA,SANCHO, and J.1., making, p.25-33. 23, (SWITZERLAND), y nuevos materales. forstopping ITMCONSULTING.GENEVA 1997. Materiales tradicionales and meeting itsrecommendations InternaX Resmenes Congreso del making Proceedings, iron steel Emerging developing and and levcarbon by change reducing dioxide climate y Asociacin Steel cional Minera Metalurgia. de processesthefuture. Batelle Program. for made no would elsin theatmosphere have p. de de deMinas Espaa,3, Management 5.A., NacionalIngenieros and lnnovation Technology sense. 557-585. p. May, 133-'152. J.1., J.P. VERDEJA, 2000. Hot 1.F., D.,1998. strip VERDEJA, SANCHO, and KNEPPE,and ROSENTHAL, G. y estado century. MetallurElproceso siderrgico: actual perspectitechnology: forthenew Tasks p. 19-20, de References 3, p. vas futuro. de Revista Metalurgia, gical International, Plant Technology and 173-181. 56-57. for the H..1999. . J., in considerations LEVY, I999. Introduction la Mtallurgie WIESINGER, Toinvent future the J.C., Stragegic AGARWAL, 1991. CramSteel industry. Advanced 1998-99. de steel Ecole Gnrale. Editions Presses, deMines Les 18,p. lron direct steelmaking. Steelmaking, 69p. p.7-10. Allen Publishing, Kong, 13-20. Hong beth Paris, Francia, 72. H. G., J., e de WOLFRAM, HARTMANN, MOSER. ANd J.A., H.and H., D., AMELING, BAER, BERTLING, LNGEN, PER0-SANZ, 2000.Ciencia Ingeniera handles direct 1999. Minimill K.F., Transformaciones, MAYRHOFER. Estructu[a, Materiales: technology State 2000: H.8., 1999. Cokemaking Steel Advanced 1998of blanks. y Seleccin. Dossat 2000, charging beam Editorial Propiedades Cokemakinq Internew oftheartand structures. p. p. Hong 99.Crambeth Publishing, Kong, Allen 4thedition,189-223. natonal, 1,p.32-39. 90-94.

iim
IIM

MINERALOGY GEOCHEMTSTRY THEGEOLOGY ELEMENTS OF BENEFICIATION PLATINUM.GROUP ANDMINERAL

VOLUME 54 SPECIAL

Editedby L.J. Cabri Mineralogy, GeolElements: is to Volume (PlatinumGroup 23 volume a sequel CIM Special This publishedi98i. SpecialVolume provide informaon insights platon new and in 54 will Recovery), ogy, mineralogy, setting, controls, ore worldwide termsof theirgeological in deposits element inum-group processing beneficiation. will of volume alsobe geochemistry, Purchasersthehardcopy mineral and plates. including colour Hard 852 on the to able obtain volume a CD-ROM. bound; pages,
ORDER FORM CIM MemberNo.

Blvd. W. Mail to CIM: 1210- 3400de Maisonneuve H3Z3B8 Canada, Montral,Qubec, Fax:(514)939-2714 Please sendme Name Address

includecopiesof the CD-ROM: y"rI Volume54; please copiesof Special

nofl

@heckone)

Members

us$100.00 cDN$140.00

Non-Members: CDN$220.00 US$150.00


Postal Code Students

cDN$100.00 us$70.00

Orders must be prepaid. Make cheque payable to: Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum. Canadian residentsaddTVo G.S.T. on total amount. Postageand Handling: CanadaCDN$10.00 (US$7.00);U.S.A. CDN$15.00 (US$10.50);Other CountriesCDN$25.00 (US$17.50). For each volume ordered, a copy of the volume on a CD-ROM may also be ordered for an additionalcost of CDN$25.00 or US$18.00 Method of Payment: Cheque fl visa I AMEX I MasteCard I

Card Number
July2002

Expiry Date:
95

Вам также может понравиться