Sociology

Soclology ls Lhe sLudy of socleLylL ls a soclal sclence whlch uses varlous meLhods of emplrlcal
lnvesLlgaLlon and crlLlcal analysls Lo develop a body of knowledge abouL human soclal acLlvlLy lor many
soclologlsLs Lhe goal ls Lo conducL research whlch may be applled dlrecLly Lo soclal pollcy and welfare
whllsL oLhers focus prlmarlly on reflnlng Lhe LheoreLlcal undersLandlng of soclal processes Sub[ecL
maLLer ranges from Lhe mlcro level of lndlvldual agency and lnLeracLlon Lo Lhe macro level of sysLems
and Lhe soclal sLrucLure
Explanation
ln pollLlcal economy economlc and soclology explolLaLlon lnvolves a perslsLenL soclal relaLlonshlp ln
whlch cerLaln persons are belng mlsLreaLed or unfalrly used for Lhe beneflL of oLhers 1hls corresponds
Lo one eLhlcal concepLlon of explolLaLlon LhaL ls Lhe LreaLmenL of human belngs as mere means Lo an
endor as mere ob[ecLs ln dlfferenL Lerms explolLaLlon refers Lo Lhe use of people as a resource
wlLh llLLle or no conslderaLlon of Lhelr wellbelng LxplolLaLlon can also be seen ln soclal relaLlonshlps
where one person ls uslng Lhe oLher for hls own personal beneflL An example of Lhls ls lf Lwo frlends
go ouL for lunch buL one frlend always buys and Lhe oLher never ever dlgs ouL hls walleL Lo buy AnoLher
example ls person A offerlng anoLher person 8 a place Lo sLay for awhlle because person
8(hypoLheLlcally speaklng) has flnanclal problems erson 8 moves ln wlLh person A and Llme goes by
reLLy soon person 8 has been sLaylng wlLh person A for Lhree monLhs buL never offers Lo help person A
wlLh Lhe renL Lhe grocery bllls Lhe heaL or only helps very very sparlngly When someone ls Laklng
advanLage of a person ln any way Lhls ls explolLaLlon 1hls can Lake Lhe followlng baslc forms
1aklng someLhlng off a person or a group LhaL rlghLfully belongs Lo Lhem
ShorLchanglng people ln Lrade
ulrecLly or lndlrecLly forclng somebody Lo work
uslng somebody agalnsL hls wlll or wlLhouL hls consenL or knowledge
lmposlng an arblLrary dlfferenLlal LreaLmenL of people Lo Lhe advanLage of some and Lhe dlsadvanLage
of oLhers (as ln ascrlpLlve dlscrlmlnaLlon)
uslng somebody Lo buy/provlde Lhlngs for you and never paylng Lhem back
Importance Of Sociology
Soc|o|ogy makes a sc|ent|f|c study of soc|ety rlor Lo Lhe emergence of soclology Lhe sLudy of socleLy
was carrled on ln an unsclenLlflc manner and socleLy had never been Lhe cenLral concern of any sclence
lL ls Lhrough Lhe sLudy of soclology LhaL Lhe Lruly sclenLlflc sLudy of Lhe socleLy has been posslble
Soclology because of lLs bearlng upon many of Lhe problems of Lhe presenL world has assumed such a
greaL lmporLance LhaL lL ls consldered Lo be Lhe besL approach Lo all Lhe soclal sclences
Soc|o|ogy stud|es ro|e of the |nst|tut|ons |n the deve|opment of the |nd|v|dua|s lL ls Lhrough soclology
LhaL sclenLlflc sLudy of Lhe greaL soclal lnsLlLuLlons and Lhe relaLlon of Lhe lndlvldual Lo each ls belng
made 1he home and famlly Lhe school and educaLonLhe church and rellglon Lhe sLaLe and governmenL
lndusLry and work Lhe communlLy and assoclaLlon Lhese are lnsLlLuLlons Lhrough whlch socleLy
funcLlons Soclology sLudles Lhese lnsLlLuLlons and Lhelr role ln Lhe developmenL of Lhe lndlvldual and
suggesLs sulLable measures for resLrengLhenlng Lhem wlLh a vlew Lo enable Lhem Lo serve Lhe lndlvldual
beLLer
Soc|o|ogy has drawn our attent|on to the |ntr|ns|c worth and d|gn|ty of man Soclology has been
lnsLrumenLal ln changlng our aLLlLude Lowards human belngs ln a speclallzed socleLy we are all llmlLed
as Lo Lhe amounL of Lhe whole organlzaLlon and culLure LhaL we can experlence dlrecLly We can hardly
know Lhe people of oLher areas lnLlmaLely ln order Lo have lnslghL lnLo and appreclaLlon of Lhe moLlves
by whlch oLhers llve and Lhe condlLlons under whlch Lhey exlsL a knowledge of soclology ls essenLlal
1he va|ue of soc|o|ogy ||es |n the fact that |t keeps us update on modern s|tuat|ons lL conLrlbuLes Lo
maklng good clLlzens and flndlng soluLlons Lo Lhe communlLy problems lL adds Lo Lhe knowledge of Lhe
socleLy lL helps Lhe lndlvldual flnd hls relaLlon Lo socleLy 1he sLudy of soclal phenomena and of Lhe
ways and means of promoLlng whaL Clddens calls soclal adequacy ls one of Lhe mosL urgenL needs of Lhe
modern socleLy Soclology has a sLrong appeal Lo all Lypes of mlnd Lhrough lLs dlrecL bearlng upon many
of Lhe lnlLlal problems of Lhe presenL world

Scope Of Sociology
1here are Lwo schools of LhoughL wlLh dlfferenL vlewpolnLs regardlng scope and sub[ecL maLLer of
soclology formal school and synLheLlc school Accordlng Lo formal school soclology was concelved Lo be
a soclal sclence wlLh a speclflcally deflned fleld 1hls school had Ceorge Slmmel lerdlnand 1onnles
Alfred vlerkandL and Leopord von Wlese as lLs maln advocaLes Cn Lhe oLher hand Lhe synLheLlc school
wlLh uurkhelm Pobhouse and Sorokln advocaLed a synLhesls ln form of coordlnaLlon among all soclal
sclences
lormal School of Soclology
lormal school argued ln favor of glvlng soclology a deflnlLe sub[ecL maLLer Lo make lL a dlsLlncL
dlsclpllne lL emphaslzed upon Lhe sLudy of forms of soclal relaLlonshlps and regarded soclology as
lndependenL Accordlng Lo Slmmel soclology ls a speclflc soclal sclence whlch descrlbes classlfles
analyses and dellneaLes Lhe forms of soclal relaLlonshlps or ln oLher words soclal lnLeracLlons should be
classlfled lnLo varlous forms or Lypes and analysedSlmmel argued LhaL soclal lnLeracLlons have varlous
forms Pe carrled ouL sLudles of such formal relaLlonshlps as cooperaLlon compeLlLlon sub and super
ordlnaLe relaLlonshlps and so forLh Pe sald however dlverse Lhe lnLeresLs are LhaL glve rlse Lo Lhese
soclaLlons Lhe forms ln whlch Lhe lnLeresLs are reallzed may yeL be ldenLlcal Pe emphaslzed on Lhe
process of absLracLlon of Lhese forms from human relaLlonshlp whlch are common Lo dlverse
slLuaLlonsvlerkandL malnLalned LhaL soclology should be concerned wlLh ulLlmaLe forms of menLal or
psychlc relaLlonshlp whlch knlL Lhe people LogeLher ln a socleLy Accordlng Lo von Wlese Lhere are Lwo
klnds of fundamenLal soclal processes ln human socleLy llrsLly Lhe assoclaLlve process concernlng
conLacL approach adapLaLlon eLc and secondly dlsassoclaLe processes llke compeLlLlon and confllcL
AparL from Lhese Lwo processes a mlxed form of Lhe assoclaLlve and dlsassoclaLlve also exlsLs Lach of
Lhese processes has subclasses whlch ln LoLallLy glve approxlmaLely 630 forms of human relaLlonshlps
Soclology should conflne lLself Lo Lhe dlscovery of Lhe fundamenLal force of change and perslsLence and
should absLaln from a hlsLorlcal sLudy of concreLe socleLles 1onnles dlvlded socleLles lnLo Lwo caLegorles
namely CemelnschafL (communlLy) and CesellschafL (assoclaLlon) on Lhe basls of degree of lnLlmacy
among Lhe members of Lhe socleLy Pe has on Lhe basls of forms of relaLlonshlp Lrled Lo dlfferenLlaLe
beLween communlLy and socleLyMax Weber also makes ouL a deflnlLe fleld for soclology Accordlng Lo
hlm Lhe alm of soclology ls Lo lnLerpreL or undersLand soclal behavlour8uL soclal behavlor does noL
cover Lhe whole fleld of human relaLlons lndeed noL all human lnLeracLlons are soclal Soclology ls
concerned wlLh Lhe analysls and classlflcaLlon of Lypes of soclal relaLlonshlps
amous Sociologist
Addams !
Adorno 1h W
Aron 8
8auman Z
8ell u
8enedlcL 8l
8oudon 8
8ourdleu
CasLells M
Coleman !A
CrompLon 8
Crozler M
uahrendorf 8
uurkhelm L
Lllas n
loucaulL M
lromm L
Carflnkel P
Couldner AW
Cramscl A
Porkhelmer M
lbn khaldun