Chapter 9 Solutions To Exercises

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition
Chapter Nine Solutions
10 March 2006
1.
Parallel RLC circuit: (a) =

1 1 1 = = = 175 103 s 1 6 2 RC ( 2 ) (4 ||10)(10 ) ( 2 ) (2.857)(106 )
1 = LC 1 = 22.4 krad/s
(b) 0 =
( 2 10 )(10 )
3 6
(c) The circuit is overdamped since > 0 .
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10 March 2006
2.
Parallel RLC circuit: (a) For an underdamped response, we require < 0 , so that 1 < 2 RC 1 LC or R > 1 L 1 2 ; R> . 2 C 2 1012
Thus, R > 707 k. (b) For critical damping, 1 L R= = 707 k 2 C
10 March 2006
3.
Parallel RLC circuit: (a) =

1 1 1 = = = 6 2 RC ( 2 ) (4 ||10)(10 ) ( 2 ) (1)(109 ) 1 = LC 1 = 3.16 1013 rad/s = 5 108 s 1
0 =
(10 )(10 )
12 9
31.6 Trad/s
2 (b) s1,2 = 2 0 = 0.5 109 j 1021 (0.25)(1018 ) = 0.5 j 31.62 Grad/s
(c) The circuit is underdamped since < 0 .
10 March 2006
4.
Parallel RLC circuit: (a) For an underdamped response, we require < 0 , so that
1 < 2 RC
1 LC
or R >
1 L 1 1015 . ; R> 2 C 2 2 1018
Thus, R > 11.18 . (b) For critical damping, 1 L R= = 11.18 2 C (c) For overdamped, R < 11.18 .
10 March 2006
5.
o L = 10, s1 = 6s 1 , s2 = 8s 1
2 2 6 = + 2 o , 8 = 2 o adding,
14 = 2 = 7 s 1
2 2 6 = 7 + 49 o o = 48
1 , o = 6.928 LC
rad/s 6.928 L = 10, L = 1.4434H, 1 1 C= = 14.434mF, = 7 R = 4.949 48L 2RC
10 March 2006
6.
ic = 40e 100t 30e 200t mA, C = 1mF, v(0) = 0.25V

t 1 t ic dt 0.25 = (40e 100t 30e200t ) dt 0.25 o C o v(t ) = 0.4(e 100t 1) + 0.15(e 200t 1) 0.25
(a)
v(t ) =
v(t ) = 0.4e100t + 0.15e200t V

(b)
2 2 s1 = 100 = + 2 o , s2 = 200 = 2 o
300 = 2, = 150s 1 150 + 1 500 = 3.333 Also, ,R = 3 2R10 150 1 100 = , L = 0.5H LC L
2 2 200 = 150 22500 o o = 20000
20000 = i R (t ) =
v = 0.12e 100t + 0.045e 200t A R
(c)
(i)t = iR (t ) ic (t ) = (0.12 0.04)e 100t + (0.045 + 0.03)e200t i (t ) = 80e100t 15e200t mA, t > 0
10 March 2006
7. (a)
Parallel RLC with o = 70.71 1012 rad/s. L = 2 pH. 1 = (70.71 1012 ) 2 LC 1 So C = = 100.0 aF 12 2 (70.7110 ) (2 1012 )
2 o =
(b)
1 = 5 109 s 1 2 RC 1 So R = 10 =1 M (10 ) (100 1018 ) = is the neper frequency: 5 Gs-1

2 S1 = + 2 o = 5 109 + j 70.71 1012 s 1 2 S 2 = 2 o = 5 109 j 70.71 1012 s 1
(c) (d)
(e)
5 109 = = 7.071 105 12 o 70.7110
10 March 2006
8.
Given: L = 4 R 2C , =
1 2 RC
Show that v(t ) = e t ( A1t + A2 ) is a solution to C d 2 v 1 dv 1 + + v=0 dt 2 R dt L [1]
dv = e t ( A1 ) e t ( A1t + A2 ) dt = ( A1 A1t A2 ) e t d v = ( A1 A1t A2 ) (e t ) A1e t 2 dt = ( A1 A2 + A1 A1t ) e t = (2 A1 A2 A1t )e t

2
[2]
[3]
Substituting Eqs. [2] and [3] into Eq. [1], and using the information initially provided, 1 1 1 t (2 A1 ) e t + ( A1 ) e t ( A1t + A2 ) e + RC 2 RC 2 RC 1 1 ( A1t + A2 ) e t + 2 2 ( A1t + A2 ) et 2 RC 4R C =0 Thus, v(t ) = e t ( A1t + A2 ) is in fact a solution to the differential equation. Next, with v(0) = A2 = 16 dv = ( A1 A2 ) = ( A1 16 ) = 4 and dt t =0 we find that A1 = 4 + 16
2
10 March 2006
9.
Parallel RLC with o = 800 rad/s, and = 1000 s-1 when R = 100 .
1 2 RC 1 2 o = LC = so so C = 5F L = 312.5 mH
Replace the resistor with 5 meters of 18 AWG copper wire. From Table 2.3, 18 AWG soft solid copper wire has a resistance of 6.39 /1000ft. Thus, the wire has a resistance of
100 cm 1in 1ft 6.39 (5 m) 1m 2.54 cm 12in 1000 ft = 0.1048 or 104.8 m
(a) (b)
The resonant frequency is unchanged, so o = 800 rad/s
1 = 954.0 103 s 1 2 RC
old o new o
(c)
old = new =
Define the percent change as

= new old 100 old
new old 100 old
= 95300%
10 March 2006
10. (a)
L = 5H, R = 8, C = 12.5mF, v(0+ ) = 40V

i (0+ ) = 8A: = 1 1000 1 2 = = 5, o = = 16, 2RC 2 8 12.5 LC
o = 4 s1,2 = 5 25 16 = 2, 8 v(t ) = A1e 2t + A 2 e 8t 40 = A1 + A 2 v(0+ ) = 1000 40 + iL (0 ) = 80 (8 5) = 1040 12.5 8 v / s = 2A1 8A 2 520 = A1 4A 2 3A 2 = 480, A 2 = 160, A1 = 120
v(t ) = 120e 2t + 160e 8t V, t > 0
(b)
v(0+ ) 40 = = 5A R 8 i (0+ ) = A 3 + A 4 = iR (0+ ) ic (0+ ) = 8 5 = 13A; ic (0+ ) = 8A Let i (t ) = A 3e 2t + A 4 e 8t ; iR (0+ ) = 40 = 8 A / s 4 = A 3 4A 4 5 3A 4 = 13 + 4, A 4 = 3, A 3 = 16 i (t ) = 16e 2t + 3e 8t A, t > 0 i (0+ ) = 2A 3 8A 4 =
10 March 2006
11.
1 L 1 103 1 10 = = = 2 C 2 104 2 Therefore (a) RC = R = 0.1RC = 158.1 m (b) =
1.581
1 = 3.162 104 s 1 and 0 = 2RC
1 = 3.162 103 rad/s LC
2 Thus, s1,2 = 2 0 = 158.5 s 1 and 6.31 104 s 1
So we may write i (t ) = A1e158.5t + A2 e6.3110
With i(0 ) = i(0+ ) = 4 A and v(0 ) = v(0+ ) = 10 V A1+ A2 = 4 Noting

v(0+ ) = L di = 10 dt t =0
[1]
103 158.5 A1 6.31 104 A2 = 10
[2]
Solving Eqs. [1] and [2] yields A1 = 4.169 A and A2 = 0.169 A So that
i (t ) = 4.169e 158.5t 0.169e 6.3110
4
10 March 2006
12.
(a) =
1 = 500 s 1 and 0 = 2RC
1 = 100 rad/s LC
2 Thus, s1,2 = 2 0 = 10.10 s 1 and 989.9 s 1
So we may write iR (t ) = A1e10.1t + A2 e 989.9t [1] With i(0 ) = i (0+ ) = 2 mA and v(0 ) = v(0+ ) = 0 A1+ A2 = 0 We need to find
diR dt
[2] diR ( t ) dt = 1 dv dv [3] and iC = C = i iR . dt R dt
. Note that
t =0
Thus, iC (0+ ) = C
dv v(0+ ) = i (0+ ) iR (0+ ) = 2 103 = 2 103 [4] dt t =0+ R
Therefore, we may write based on Eqs. [3] and [4]:

diR = (50)(0.04) = 2 [5]. Taking the derivative of Eq. [1] and combining with dt t =0 [6]. Eq. [5] then yields: s1 A1 + s 2 A2 = 2
Solving Eqs. [2] and [6] yields A1 = 2.04 mA and A2 = 2.04 mA So that (b) iR (t ) = 2.04 e 10.1t e989.9t
mA (c) We see that the simulation agrees.
10 March 2006
13. (a)
i (0) = 40A, v(0) = 40V, L =

=
1 H, R = 0.1, C = 0.2F 80
1 80 2 = 25, o = = 400, 2 0.1 0.2 0.2
o = 20, s1,2 = 25 625 400 = 10, 40 v(t ) = A1 e 10t + A 2 e40t 40 = A1 + A 2 ; 1 v(0) i (0) = 2200 C R A1 4A 2 = 220 3A 2 = 180 A 2 = 60, A1 = 20 v(0+ ) = 10A1 40A 2 v(0+ ) = v(t ) = 20e 10t + 60e 40t V, t > 0
(b)
i(t) = v/ R C
dv = 200e 10t 600e 40t 0.2(-20)(-10)e -10t (0.2)(60)(-40)e 40t dt 10 t = 160e 120e 40t A
10 March 2006
14.
(a) =
1 = 6.667 108 s 1 and 0 = 2RC
1 = 105 rad/s LC
2 Thus, s1,2 = 2 0 = 7.5 s 1 and 1.333 109 s 1 . So we may write
iC (t ) = A1e 7.5t + A2 e1.33310 t [1] With i (0 ) = i (0+ ) = 0 A and v(0 ) = v(0+ ) = 2 V , 2 iC (0+ ) = iR (0+ ) = = 0.133 106 so that 6 15 10
9
A1+ A2 = 0.133106 We need to find

diR dt
[2]
di dt
. We know that L
t =0
= 2 so
t =0
di 2 = = 106 . Also, dt t =0 2 106
9 i di di 1 dv 1 dv so R = C = = iC and R = A1e7.5t + A2 e1.33310 t . dt dt R dt dt CR CR
Using
di di diR diC + + = 0 so C dt dt dt dt
= 7.5 A1 1.33 109 A2 = 106

t =0
1 ( A1 + A2 ) [3] CR
Solving Eqs. [2] and [3] yields A1 = 0.75 mA and A2 = 0.133 MA (very different!) So that (b)
iC (t ) = 0.75 103 e 7.5t + 0.133 106 e1.33310
10 March 2006
15.
(a) =
1 = 0.125 s 1 and 0 = 2RC
1 = 0.112 rad/s LC
2 Thus, s1,2 = 2 0 = 0.069 s 1 and 0.181 s 1 . So we may write
v(t ) = A1e0.069t + A2 e 0.181t [1] With iC (0 ) = iC (0+ ) = 8 A and v(0 ) = v(0+ ) = 0 , A1+ A2 = 0 [2] We need to find iC (t ) = C
diR dt
. We know that
t =0
dv = 4 0.069 A1e 0.069t 0.181A2 e0.181t . So, dt [3] iC (0) = 4 [ 0.069 A1 0.181A2 ] = 8
Solving Eqs. [2] and [3] yields A1 = 17.89 V and A2 = 17.89 V So that
(b) v(t ) = 17.89 e 0.069t e0.181t V
dv = 1.236e 0.069t 8.236e0.181t . We set this equal to 0 and solve for tm: dt 3.236 e 0.069tm = = e0.112tm , so that tm = 8.61 s. 1.236 e 0.181tm
Substituting into our expression for the voltage, the peak value is v(8.61) = 6.1 V (c) The simulation agrees with the analytic results.
10 March 2006
16.
iL (0) =
100 = 2A, vc (0) = 100V 50 106 3 106+3 2 = = 4000, wo = = 12 106 2 50 2.5 100 2.5 3 16 12 10 = 200, s1,2 = 4000 2000
iL (t ) = A1e 2000t + A 2 e 6000t , t > 0 A1 + A s = 2 103 3 100 = 3000 = 2000A1 6000A 2 1.5 = A1 3A 2 0.5 = 2A 2 100 A 2 = 0.25, A1 = 2.25 iL (t ) = 2.25e 2000t 0.25e6000t A, t > 0 iL (0+ ) = t > 0: iL (t ) = 2A iL (t ) = 2u (t ) + (2.25e2000t 0.25e6000t ) u (t )A
10 March 2006
17.
iL (0) =
12 = 2A, vc (0) = 2V 5 +1 1000 1000 45 2 = 250, o = = 22500 = 2 1 2 2 iL = A1e 50t + A 2 e 450t A1 + A 2 = 2; iL (0+ ) = 45(2) = 50A1 450A 2 A1 + 9A 2 = 1.8 8A 2 = 0.2 A 2 = 0.025, A1 = 2.025(A) iL (t ) = 2.025e 50t 0.025e 450t A, t > 0
s1,2 = 250 2502 22500 = 50, 450 s 1
10 March 2006
18. (a)
=
s1,2
1 1440 1440 2 = = 20, o = = 144 2RC 72 10 = 20 400 144 = 4, 36: v = A1e 4t + A 2 e 36t
1 18 v(0) = 18 = A1 + A2 , v(0) = 1440 = 0 2 36 0 = 4A1 36A 2 = A1 9A 2 = 18 = 8A 2 , A 2 = 2.25, A1 = 20.25 v(t ) = 20.25e 4 2.25e 36t V, t > 0
+
(b)
v 1 v = 0.5625e4t 0.0625e36t 0.05625e4t + 0.05625e36t + 36 1440 i (t ) = 0.50625e4t 0.00625e 36t A, t > 0 i (t ) = vmax at t = 0 vmax = 18V 0.18 = 20.25e4ts 2.25e 36ts
Solving using a scientific calculator, we find that ts = 1.181 s.
(c)
10 March 2006
19.
Referring to Fig. 9.43, L = 1250 mH

o = 1 = = 4 rad/s
so
LC
Since > o, this circuit is over damped.
1 = 5 s 1 2 RC
The capacitor stores 390 J at t = 0: 1 Wc = C vc2 2 2Wc = 125 V = vc (0+ ) So vc (01 ) = C The inductor initially stores zero energy,
so
iL (0 ) = iL (0+ ) = 0
2 S1,2 = 2 o = 5 3 = 8, 2
Thus, v(t ) = Ae 8t + Be2t Using the initial conditions, v(0) = 125 = A + B v(0+ ) + ic (0+ ) = 0 iL (0+ ) + iR (0+ ) + ic (0+ ) = 0 + 2 125 v(0+ ) + = = 62.5 V So ic (0 ) = 2 2 dv = 50 103[8 Ae 8t 2 Be 2t ] ic = C dt + [2] ic (0 ) = 62.5 = 50 103 (8 A + 2 B) [1]
Solving Eqs. [1] and [2],
A = 150 V B = 25 V
Thus, v(t ) = 166.7e 8t 41.67e 2t , t > 0
10 March 2006
20.
(a)
We want a response v = Ae 4t + Be6t 1 = = 5 s 1 2 RC

2 2 S1 = + 2 o = 4 = 5 + 25 o 2 2 S2 = 2 o = 6 = 5 25 o
Solving either equation, we obtain o = 4.899 rad/s

2 Since o =
1 1 , L = 2 = 833.3 mH oC LC
(b)
If iR (0+ ) = 10 A and ic (0+ ) = 15 A, find A and B. with iR (0+ ) = 10 A, vR (0+ ) = v(0+ ) = vc (0+ ) = 20 V v(0) = A + B = 20 [1] dv ic = C = 50 103 (4 Ae 4t 6 Be6t ) dt + ic (0 ) = 50 103 (4 A 6 B) = 15 [2] Solving, A = 210 V, B = 190 V Thus, v = 210e 4t 190e 6t , t > 0
10 March 2006
21. (a) (b) (c)
Initial conditions:
iL (0 ) = iL (0+ ) = 0
iR (0+ ) =
50 =2A 25
vc (0+ ) = vc (0 ) = 2(25) = 50 V ic (0+ ) = iL (0+ ) iR (0+ ) = 0 2 = 2 A t > 0: parallel (source-free) RLC circuit 1 = = 4000 s 1 2 RC 1 o = = 3464 rad/s LC
2 s1,2 = 2 o
= 2000, 6000
Since > 0, this system is overdamped. Thus,

vc (t ) = Ae 2000t + Be 6000t dv = (5 106 ) (2000 Ae 2000t 6000 Be 6000t ) dt [1] ic (0+ ) = 0.01A 0.03B = 2 ic = C and vc (0+ ) = A + B = 50 [2]
Solving, we find A = 25 and B = 75 so that vc (t ) = 25e 2000t + 75e6000t , t > 0 (d)
(e)
25e 2000t + 75e 6000t = 0 t = 274.7 s using a scientific calculator

vc
max
(f)
= 25 + 75 = 50 V
So, solving | 25e 2000ts + 75e 6000ts | = 0.5 in view of the graph in part (d), we find ts = 1.955 ms using a scientific calculators equation solver routine.
10 March 2006
22.
Due to the presence of the inductor, vc (0 ) = 0 . Performing mesh analysis,

i1 i2
4.444 H
9 + 2i1 2i2 = 0 2i2 2i1 + 3iA + 7i2 = 0 and i1 i2 = iA
[1] [2]
Rearranging, we obtain 2i1 2i2 = 0 and 4i1 + 6 i2 = 0. Solving, i1 = 13.5 A and i2 = 9 A. (a) (b) iA (0 ) = i1 i2 = 4.5 A and iL (0 ) = i2 = 9 A t > 0:
4.444 H
around left mesh:
vc (0+ ) + 7iA (0+ ) 3iA (0+ ) + 2iA (0+ ) = 0 so, iA (0+ ) = 0
(c) (d)
vc (0 ) = 0 due to the presence of the inductor.
vLC + 7 3(1) + 2 = 0
1A
vLC = 6 V RTH =
6 = 6 1
(e)
1 = 3.333 s 1 2 RC 1 o = = 3 rad/s LC =
2 S1,2 = 2 o = 1.881, 4.785
Thus, iA (t ) = Ae 1.881t + Be4.785t iA (0+ ) = 0 = A + B [1]
To find the second equation required to determine the coefficients, we write:

iL = ic iR = C dvc iA = 25 103 1.881(6 A)e1.881t 4.785(6 B)e4.785t dt 1.881t 4.785t Be - Ae
iL (0+ ) = 9 = 25 103[1.881(6 A) 4.785(6 B)] A B or 9 = -0.7178A 0.2822B [2] Solving Eqs. [1] and [2], A = 20.66 and B = +20.66 So that iA (t ) = 20.66[e 4.785t e1.881t ]
10 March 2006
23.
Diameter of a dime: approximately 8 mm.
Area = r 2 = 0.5027cm 2
Capacitance L = 4H o =
r o A (88) (8.854 1014 F/cm) (0.5027cm 2 ) = = d 0.1cm = 39.17pF
1 = 79.89 Mrad/s LC
For an over damped response, we require > o. Thus, 1 > 79.89 106 2 RC 1 R< 12 2(39.17 10 ) (79.89 106 )
or R < 159.8 *Note: The final answer depends quite strongly on the choice of r.
10 March 2006
24.
(a) For critical damping, R =
1 L 1 103 = = 4.564 . 2 C 2 12 106
(b) =
1 1 = = 9.129 103 s 1 6 2 RC 2 ( 4.564 ) 12 10
Thus, vC ( t ) = e 9.12910 t ( A1t + A2 )

3
[1]
A2 = 12 V .
At t = 0, vC (0) = A1 ( 0 ) + A2 = 12 Taking the derivative of Eq. [1], dvC ( t ) dt
= e 9.12910 t 9.129 103 A1t + A1 9.129 103 (12 )

3
and also iC = (iR + iL ) , so

dvC dt Solving, =
t =0
1 vC (0) 1 12 3 R + 0 = 12 106 4.565 + 0 A1 9.129 10 (12 ) C
A1 = 109.6 103 V , so we may write

vC ( t ) = e 9.12910 t 109.6 103 t + 12 .
3
(c) We see from plotting both the analytic result in Probe and the simulated voltage, the two are in excellent agreement (the curves lie on top of one another).
10 March 2006
25.
(a) For critical damping, R =
1 L 1 108 = = 1.581 m . 2 C 2 103
(b) =
1 1 = = 3.162 105 s 1 3 3 2 RC 2 1.581 10 10
)(
Thus, iL ( t ) = e3.16210 t ( A1t + A2 )

5
[1]
A2 = 10 A .
At t = 0, iL (0) = A1 ( 0 ) + A2 = 10 Taking the derivative of Eq. [1], diL ( t ) dt
= e 3.16210 t 3.162 105 A1t + A1 3.162 105 (10 ) [2]

5
and also L
diL dt
= vC (0) = 0 [3], so
t =0
Solving Eqs. [2] and [3], A1 = 3.162 105 (10 ) = 3.162 106 V , so we may write
iL ( t ) = e 3.16210 t 3.162 106 t + 10 .

5
(c) We see from plotting both the analytic result in Probe and the simulated voltage, the two are in reasonable agreement (some numerical error is evident).
10 March 2006
26.
It is unlikely to observe a critically damped response in real-life circuits, as it would be virtually impossible to obtain the exact values required for R, L and C. However, using carefully chosen components, it is possible to obtain a response which is for all intents and purposes very close to a critically damped response.
10 March 2006
27.
L
crit. damp.
(a)
L = 4R 2 C = 4 1 2 103 = 8mH
(b)
= o
1 1000 = = 250 iL = e 250t (A1t + A 2 ) 2RC 2 1 2 iL (0) = 2A, vc (0) = 2V iL = e250t (A1t + 2) Then 8 103 iL (0+ ) = 2 = 8 103 (A1 500), = e 1.25 (1.25 + 2) = 0.9311A
(c)
iL max : (250tm + 2) = 0, 1 = 250tm + 2, tm < 0 No! tm = 0, iL max = 2A 0.02 = e 250ts (250ts + 2); SOLVE: ts = 23.96ms
10 March 2006
28.
crit. damp.
(a)
L = 4R 2 C =
100 103 = 4R 2 106 R = 57.74 3
(b)
1 2.5 = 3464 s 1 30 vc (t ) = e 3464t (A1t + A 2 ) vc (0) = 100V
o = = 103 /
100 = 1.7321A 100 = A 2 57.74 106 100 5 vc (0+ ) = 1.7321 = 0 = A1 3464A 2 A1 = 3.464 10 2.5 57.74 3464 t vc (t ) = e (3.464 105 t + 100) V, t > 0 iL (0) =
10 March 2006
29.
Diameter of a dime is approximately 8 mm. The area, therefore, is r2 = 0.5027 cm2.

r o A (88) (8.854 1014 ) (0.5027) = The capacitance is d 0.1 = 39.17 pF
with L = 4H, o =
1 = 79.89 Mrad/s LC 1 = o 2 RC
For critical damping, we require or R = 1 = 159.8 2oC
10 March 2006
30. (a) (b)
L = 5mH, C = 108 F, crit. damp. v(0) = 400V, i (0) = 0.1A L = 4R 2 C = 5 103 = 4R 2 108 R = 353.6
108 = = 141, 420 i = e 141,420t (A1t + A 2 ) 2 353.6 A 2 = 0.1= e 141,421t (A1t + 0.1), 5 103 (A1 141, 420 0.1) = 400 A1 = 65,860 i = e 141,421t (65,860t + 0.1). i = 0 e t (+65860) + 141, 420e t (65,860tm + 0.1) = 0 tm = 8.590 s i (tm ) = e 141,4208.59010 i = i (tm ) = 0.13821A
6
(65,860 8.590 106 + 0.1) = 0.13821A

max
(c)
imax = i (0) = 0.1A
10 March 2006
31.
Critically damped parallel RLC with = 103 s 1 , R = 1M .
1 103 = 103 , so C = = 500 F 2 RC 2 106 1 Since = o, o = = 103 LC 1 = 106 or LC so L = 2 GH (!) We know
N 2 A = 2 109 L= S 50 turns 1m 2 (4 10 H/m) . s (0.5cm) . . 100 cm cm If So s = 2 109

7 2
(42 109 ) (50) 2 (0.5) 2 s = 2 109 So s = 8.106 1013 cm
10 March 2006
32.
1 4 1 4 13 2 = = 1, o = = = 26, d = 26 1 = 5 2RC 2 2 LC 2 vc (t ) = e t ( B1 cos 5t + B2 sin 5t ) iL (0+ ) = iL (0) = 4A vc (0+ ) = vc (0) = 0 iL (0+ ) =

vc (0+ ) =
(a) (b) (c)
1 vc (0+ ) = 0 L
vc (0+ ) 1 + + [iL (0 ) iR (0 )] = 4 4 = 4 (4 + 0) = 16 V/s c 2
(d)
(e)
(e) 0 = 1(B1 ) B1 = 0, vc (t ) = B2 e t sin 5t , vc (0 + ) = B2 (5) = 16 B2 = 3.2, vc (t ) = 3.2e t sin 5t V, t > 0
(f)
10 March 2006
33.
1 106 1 106+3 2 = = 4000, o = = = 2 107 2RC 100 2.5 LC 50
d = 20 106 16 106 = 2000

ic = e 4000t (B1 cos 2000t + B2 sin 2000t ) iL (0) = 2A, vc (0) = 0 ic (0+ ) = 2A; ic (0+ ) = iL (0+ ) iR (0+ ) 1 1 1 2 106 vc (0) vc (0+ ) = 0 ic (0+ ) = L R RC 125 6 2 10 B1 = 2A, = 16, 000 = 2000B2 + (2) (4000) B2 = 4 125 ic (t ) = e 4000t (2 cos 2000t + 4sin 2000t )A, t > 0 ic (0+ ) =
10 March 2006
34. (a)
1 100 1 100 2 2 2 = = 8, o = = , d = 36 = o 64 2RC 12.5 LC L 100 2 o = 100 = L = 1H L =
(b)
t < 0: iL (t ) = 4A; t > 0: iL (t ) = e 8t (B1 cos 6t + B2 sin 6t ) iL (0) = 4A B1 = 4A, iL = e 8t (4 cos 6t + B2 sin 6t ) vc (0) = 0 iL (0+ ) = t vc (0+ ) = 0 6B2 8(4) = 0, B2 = 16 / 3 iL (t ) = 4u (t ) + e 8t (4 cos 6t + 5.333sin 6t ) u (t ) A
(c)
10 March 2006
35. (a) 1 1093 1 109 2 = = 5000, o = = = 1.25 108 2RC 2 20 5 LC 1.6 5
2 d = o 2 = 125 106 25 106 = 10, 000
vc (t ) = e 5000t (B1 cos104 t + B2 sin104 t ) vc (0) = 200V, iL (0) = 10mA vc (t ) = e 5000t (200 cos104 t + B2 sin104 t ) 1 109 vc (0+ ) = ic (0+ ) = 5 c = vc (0) iL (0) 20, 000
109 2 200 4 10 20, 000 = 0 = 10 B2 200 (5000) 5
B2 = 100V vc (t ) = e 5000t (200 cos104 t + 100sin104 t ) V, t > 0 (b) isw = 102 iL , iL = 1 vc + Cvc R
vc = e 5000t [104 (200sin + 100 cos] 5000 (200 cos + 100sin)] = e 500t [106 (2sin 0.5cos)] = 2.5 106 e5000t sin104 t v / s 1 (200 cos + 100sin) 5 109 2.5 106 e5000t sin104 t iL = e 5000t 20, 000 4 4 5000 t =e (0.01cos10 t 0.0075sin10 t ) A isw = 10 e 5000t (10 cos104 t 7.5sin104 t ) mA, t > 0
10 March 2006
36. (a)
1 106 1 1.01 106 2 = = 20, o = = = 40, 400 2RC 2000 25 LC 25
2 d = o 2 = 40, 400 400 = 200
v = e 20t (A1 cos 200t + A 2 sin 200t ) v(0) = 10V, iL (0) = 9mA A1 = 10V v = e 20t (10 cos 200t + A 2 sin 200t ) V, t > 0 v(0+ ) = 200A 2 20 10 = 200 (A 2 1) = = 1 io (0+ ) C
106 (103 ) = 40 A 2 = 1 0.2 = 0.8 25 v(t ) = e 20t (10 cos 200t + 0.8sin 200t ) V, t > 0
(b)
v = 10.032e20t cos (200t 4.574)V T= 2 = 3.42ms 200
10 March 2006
37.
1 1063 1 2 = = 100 s 1 , o = = 1.01 106 2RC 2 5 LC 60 d = 101 104 104 = 100; iL (0) = = 6mA 10 vc (0) = 0 vc (t ) = e 100t (A1 cos1000t + A 2 sin1000t ), t > 0 = A1 = 0, vc (t ) = A 2 e 100t sin1000t vc (0+ ) = 1 1 ic (0+ ) = 106 [i1 (0+ ) vc (0+ )] = 106 C 5000 (6 103 ) = 6000 = 1000 A 2 A 2 = 6 1 104
vc (t ) = 6e 100t sin1000tV, t > 0 i1 (t ) = vc (t ) = 104 (6) e 100t sin1000tA i1 (t ) = 0.6e 100t sin1000t mA, t > 0
10 March 2006
38.
We replace the 25- resistor to obtain an underdamped response:
=
Thus,
1 2RC
and
0 =
or
1 ; we require < 0. LC R > 34.64 m.
1 10 10 6 R
< 3464
For R = 34.64 (1000 the minimum required value), the response is: v(t) = e-t (A cos dt + B sin dt) where = 2887 s-1 and d = 1914 rad/s. iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0 and vC(0+) = vC(0-) = (2)(25) = 50 V = A. iL(t) = L dvL dv = L C dt dt t = L e ( A d t sin d t + B d t cos d t ) - e t ( A cos d t + Bsin d t )
50 103 iL(0 ) = 0 = [B d - A ], so that B = 75.42 V. 3

+
Thus, v(t) = e-2887t (50 cos 1914t + 75.42 sin 1914t) V.

Sketch of v(t).
PSpice schematic for t > 0 circuit.
From PSpice the settling time using R = 34.64 is approximately 1.6 ms.
10 March 2006
39.
v(0) = 0; i (0) = 10A v = et (A cos d t + Bsin d t ) A = 0, v = Be t sin d t v = e t [ Bsin d t + d B cos d t ] = 0 tan d t = tm 2 = tm1 + d 1 , tm1 = tan 1 d d
1 Td = tm1 + ; 2 d vm 2 v 1 = e / d ; let m 2 = Vm1 vm1 100
vm1 = Be tm1 sin d tm1 vm 2 = Be tm1 / d sin d tm1
e / d = 100, =
d 1 21 ln 100; = = , 2RC R 1 21 ln100 2 6R 2 441 0 = = 6 d = 6 441/ R 2 LC R R
2 21 R = 1/ 6 441 + = 10.3781 To keep 100
vm 2 < 0.01, chose R = 10.3780 v(0+ ) = d vm1 0 21 B = B 6 = 4R 10 + B = 1.380363 10.3780 10.378 = 21 21 = 2.02351; d = 6 = 1.380363 10.378 10.378
2 2
v = 304.268e 2.02351t sin 1.380363t v tm1 = 0.434 s, vm1 = 71.2926v Computed values show ts = 2.145sec; vm 2 = 0.7126 < 0.01vm1
10 March 2006
40.
(a) For t < 0 s, we see from the circuit that the capacitor and the resistor are shorted by the presence of the inductor. Hence, iL(0-) = 4 A and vC(0-) = 0 V. When the 4-A source turns off at t = 0 s, we are left with a parallel RLC circuit such that = 1/2RC = 0.4 s-1 and 0 = 5.099 rad/s. Since < 0, the response will be underdamped with d = 5.083 rad/s. Assume the form iL(t) = e-t (C cos dt + D sin dt) for the response. With iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 4 A, we find C = 4 A. To find D, we first note that di vC(t) = vL(t) = L L dt and so vC(t) = (2/13) [e-t (-Cd sin dt + Dd cos dt) - e-t (C cos dt + D sin dt)] With vC(0+) = 0 = (2/13) (5.083D 0.4C), we obtain D = 0.3148 A. Thus, iL(t) = e-0.4t (4 cos 5.083t + 0.3148 sin 5.083t) A and iL(2.5) = 1.473 A. (b) = 1/2RC = 4 s-1 and 0 = 5.099 rad/s. Since < 0, the new response will still be underdamped, but with d = 3.162 rad/s. We still may write vC(t) = (2/13) [e-t (-Cd sin dt + Dd cos dt) - e-t (C cos dt + D sin dt)] and so with vC(0+) = 0 = (2/13) (3.162D 4C), we obtain D = 5.06 A. Thus, iL(t) = e-4t (4 cos 3.162t + 5.06 sin 3.162t) A and iL(.25) = 2.358 A. (c) We see from the simulation result below that our hand calculations are correct; the slight disagreement is due to numerical inaccuracy. Changing the step ceiling from the 10-ms value employed to a smaller value will improve the accuracy.
10 March 2006
41.
(a,b) For t < 0 s, we see from the circuit below that the capacitor and the resistor are shorted by the presence of the inductor. Hence, iL(0-) = 4 A and vC(0-) = 0 V.
When the 4-A source turns off at t = 0 s, we are left with a parallel RLC circuit such that = 1/2RC = 1 s-1 and 0 = 5.099 rad/s. Since < 0, the response will be underdamped with d = 5 rad/s. Assume the form iL(t) = e-t (C cos dt + D sin dt) for the response. With iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 4 A, we find C = 4 A. To find D, we first note that di vC(t) = vL(t) = L L dt and so vC(t) = (2/13) [e-t (-Cd sin dt + Dd cos dt) - e-t (C cos dt + D sin dt)] With vC(0+) = 0 = (2/13) (5D 4), we obtain D = 0.8 A. Thus, iL(t) = e-t (4 cos 5t + 0.8 sin 5t) A
We see that the simulation result confirms our hand analysis; there is only a slight difference due to numerical error between the simulation result and our exact expression.
(c)
Using the cursor tool, the settling time is approximately 4.65 s.
10 March 2006
42.
vc (0) = 50 + 80 2 = 210 V, iL (0) = 0, =
2 o =
R 80 = = 20 2L 4
100 = 500 : d = 500 202 = 10 2 vc (t ) = e 20t (A1 cos10t + A 2 sin10t ) A1 = 210 V vc (t ) = e 20t (210 cos10t + A 2 sin10t ); vc (0+ ) = 1 ic (0+ ) = 0 C 20 t 0 = 10A 2 20 (210), A 2 = 420 vc (t ) = e (210 cos10t + 420sin10t )
vc (40ms) = e 0.8 (210 cos 0.4 + 420sin 0.4) = 160.40 V Also, iL = e 20t (B1 cos10t + B2 sin10t ), iL (0+ ) = 1 1 1 vL (0+ ) = [0 vc (0+ )] = 210 L 2 2
iL (0+ ) = 105 = 10B2 B2 = 10.5 iL (t ) = 10.5e 20t sin10t A, t > 0 vR (t ) = 80iL = 840e 20t sin 10tV vR (40ms) = 840e 0.8 sin 0.4 = 146.98 V vL (t ) = vc (t ) vc (t ) vR (t ) vL (40ms) = 160.40 + 146.98 = 13.420 V [check: vL = e 20t (210 cos 420sin + 840sin) = e 20t (210 cos10t + 420sin10t ) V, t > 0 vL (40ms) = e 0.8 (210 cos 420sin + 840 sin) = e 20t (210 cos10t + 420sin10t )V, t > 0 VL (40ms) = e 0.8 (420sin 0.4 210 cos 0.4) = 13.420 V Checks]
10 March 2006
43.
Series:
R 2 1 4 2 = = 4, o = = = 20, d = 20 16 = 2 2L 1/ 2 LC 0.2 iL = e 4t (A1 cos 2t + A 2 sin 2t ); iL (0) = 10A, vc (0) = 20V A1 = 10; iL (0+ ) = 1 vL (0+ ) = 4 (20 20) = 0 L
iL (0+ ) = 2A 2 4 10 A 2 = 20 iL (t ) = e 4t (10 cos 2t + 20sin 2t )A, t > 0
10 March 2006
44.
(a)
R2 1 1 2 = o = L = R 2C 2 4L LC 4 1 200 L = 4 104 6 = 0.01H, = = 104 = o 4 0.02 vc (t ) = e 10000t (A1t + A 2 ); vc (0) = 10V, iL (0) = 0.15A crit. damp; 2 = A 2 = 10, vc (t ) = e 10000t (A1t 0); vc (0+ ) = iL (0) = 106 (0.15) = 150, 000 Now, vc (0+ ) = A1 + 105 = 150, 000 A1 = 50, 000 vc (t ) = e 10,000t (50, 000t 10) V, t > 0
vc (t ) = e 10,000t [50, 000 10, 000 (50, 000t 10)] = 5 = 50, 000tm 10 tm = 15 = 0.3ms 50, 000
1 C
(b)
vc (tm ) = e 3 (15 10) = 5e 3 = 0.2489V vc (0) = 10V vc

max
= 10V
(c)
vc ,max = 0.2489V
10 March 2006
45.
Obtain an expression for vc(t) in the circuit of Fig. 9.8 (dual) that is valid for all t.
F mF A
R 0.02 106 106 3 2 = = 4000, o = = 1.2 107 2L 2 2.5 2.5 10
s1,2 = 4000 16 106 12 106 = 2000, 6000 1 100 = 2V 50 1 iL (0) = 100A 2 = A1 + A 2 , vc (0+ ) = C 3 (iL (0)) = 103 100 = 3000v / s 100 3000 = 200A1 600A 2 , 1.5 = A1 3A 2 vc (t ) = A1e 2000t + A 2 e6000t ; vc (0) = 0.5 = 2A 2 , = 0.25, A1 = 2.25 vc (t ) = (2.25e 200t 0.25e6000t ) u (t ) + 2u (t ) V (checks)
10 March 2006
46.
(a)
R 2 1 2 2 = = 1, o = = 5, d = o 2 = 2 2L 2 LC t iL = e (B1 cos 2t + B2 sin 2t ), iL (0) = 0, vc (0) = 10V
B1 = 0, iL = B2 e t sin 2t 1 i1 (0) = vL (0+ ) = vR (0+ ) Vc (0+ ) = 0 10 = 2B2 1 B2 = 5 iL = 5e t sin 2tA, t > 0

(b)
iL = 5[e t (2 cos 2t sin 2t )] = 0 2 cos 2t = sin 2t , tan 2t = 2 t1 = 0.5536 s, iL (t1 ) = 2.571A 2t2 = 2 0.5536 + , t2 = 2.124, iL (t2 ) = 0.5345 iL and iL max = 0.5345A
max
= 2.571A
10 March 2006
47.
(a)
R 250 1 106 2 = = 25, o = = = 400 2L 10 LC 2500
2 s1,2 = 2 o = 25 15 = 10, 40
iL = A1 e 10t + A 2 e40t , iL (0) = 0.5A, vc (0) = 100V 1 1 0.5 = A1 + A 2 , iL (0+ ) = vL (0+ ) = 5 5 (100 25 100) = 5 A / s = 10A1 40A 2 5 = 10 A1 + 40 (0.5 A1 ) = 10A1 40 A1 + 20 30A1 = 15, A1 = 0.5, A 2 = 0 iL (t ) = 0.5e10t A, t > 0
(b)
vc = A 3e 10t + A 4 e40t 100 = A 3 + A 4 ; 1 106 vc = ic (0+ ) (0.5) = 1000 c 500 10A 3 40A 4 = 1000 3A 4 = 0, A 4 = 0, A 3 = 100 vc (t ) = 100e10t V t > 0
10 March 2006
48.
Considering the circuit as it exists for t < 0, we conclude that vC(0-) = 0 and iL(0-) = 9/4 = 2.25 A. For t > 0, we are left with a parallel RLC circuit having = 1/2RC = 0.25 s-1 and o = 1/ LC = 0.3333 rad/s. Thus, we expect an underdamped response with d = 0.2205 rad/s: iL(t) = e-t (A cos dt + B sin dt) iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 2.25 = A so iL(t) = e0.25t (2.25 cos 0.2205t + B sin 0.2205t) In order to determine B, we must invoke the remaining boundary condition. Noting that di vC(t) = vL(t) = L L dt = (9)(-0.25)e-0.25t (2.25 cos 0.2205t + B sin 0.2205t) + (9) e-0.25t [-2.25(0.2205) sin 0.2205t + 0.2205B cos 0.2205t] vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 0 = (9)(-0.25)(2.25) + (9)(0.2205B) so B = 2.551 and iL(t) = e-0.25t [2.25 cos 0.2205t + 2.551 sin 0.2205t] A Thus, iL(2) = 1.895 A This answer is borne out by PSpice simulation:
10 March 2006
49.
We are presented with a series RLC circuit having = R/2L = 4700 s-1 and o = 1/ LC = 447.2 rad/s; therefore we expect an overdamped response with s1 = -21.32 s-1 and s2 = -9379 s-1. From the circuit as it exists for t < 0, it is evident that iL(0-) = 0 and vC(0-) = 4.7 kV Thus, vL(t) = A e21.32t + B e-9379t [1]
With iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0 and iR(0+) = 0 we conclude that vR(0+) = 0; this leads to vL(0+) = -vC(0-) = -4.7 kV and hence A + B = -4700 [2] di Since vL = L , we may integrate Eq. [1] to find an expression for the inductor current: dt B 9379t 1 A 21.32t iL(t) = e e L 21.32 9379 1 B A At t = 0+, iL = 0 so we have = 0 [3] -3 500 10 21.32 9379 Simultaneous solution of Eqs. [2] and [3] yields A = 10.71 and B = -4711. Thus,
vL(t) = 10.71e-21.32t - 4711 e-9379t V,
t>0
and the peak inductor voltage magnitude is 4700 V.
10 March 2006
50.
With the 144 mJ originally stored via a 12-V battery, we know that the capacitor has a value of 2 mF. The initial inductor current is zero, and the initial capacitor voltage is 12 V. We begin by seeking a (painful) current response of the form
ibear = Aes1t + Bes2t

Using our first initial condition, ibear(0+) = iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0 = A + B
di/dt = As1 es1t + Bs2 es2t vL = Ldi/dt = ALs1 es1t + BLs2 es2t vL(0+) = ALs1 + BLs2 = vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 12
What else is known? We know that the bear stops reacting at t = 18 s, meaning that the current flowing through its fur coat has dropped just below 100 mA by then (not a long shock). Thus, A exp[(1810-6)s1] + B exp[(1810-6)s2] = 10010-3 Iterating, we find that Rbear = 119.9775 . This corresponds to A = 100 mA, B = -100 mA, s1 = -4.167 s-1 and s2 = -24106 s-1
10 March 2006
51.
Considering the circuit at t < 0, we note that iL(0-) = 9/4 = 2.25 A and vC(0-) = 0. 1 1 For a critically damped circuit, we require = o, or , which, with = 2RC LC L = 9 H and C = 1 F, leads to the requirement that R = 1.5 (so = 0.3333 s-1). The inductor energy is given by wL = L [iL(t)]2, so we seek an expression for iL(t):
iL(t) = e-t (At + B)

Noting that iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 2.25, we see that B = 2.25 and hence
iL(t) = e-0.3333t (At + 2.25)

Invoking the remaining initial condition requires consideration of the voltage across the capacitor, which is equal in this case to the inductor voltage, given by:
vC(t) = vL(t) = L
diL = 9(-0.3333) e-0.3333t (At + 2.25) + 9A e-0.3333t dt
vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 0 = 9(-0.333)(2.25) + 9A so A = 0.7499 amperes and iL(t) = e-0.3333t (0.7499t + 2.25) A
Thus, iL(100 ms) = 2.249 A and so wL(100 ms) = 22.76 J
10 March 2006
52.
v 50 Prior to t = 0, we find that v = (10 + i1 ) and i1 = 5 15 10 500 so v = 100 V . Thus, v 1 = 15 15

Therefore, vC (0+ ) = vC (0 ) = 100 V, and iL (0+ ) = iL (0 ) = 0. The circuit for t > 0 may be reduced to a simple series circuit consisting of a 2 mH inductor, 20 nF capacitor, and a 10 resistor; the dependent source delivers exactly the current to the 5 that is required. Thus, = and 0 =
R 10 = = 2.5 103 s 1 2 L 2 2 103
1 = LC
( 2 10 )( 20 10 )
3 9
= 1.581 105 rad/s
With < 0 we find the circuit is underdamped, with
d = 02 2 = 1.581 105 rad/s

We may therefore write the response as iL (t ) = e t ( B1 cos d t + B2 sin d t ) At t = 0, iL = 0 B1 = 0 . Noting that
L diL dt
diL d t = ( e B2 sin d t ) = B2 e t ( sin d t + d cos d t ) and dt dt

B
= 100 we find that B2 = -0.316 A.

t =0
Finally, iL (t ) = 316e2500t sin1.581 105 t mA
10 March 2006
53.
Prior to t = 0, we find that vC = 100 V, since 10 A flows through the 10 resistor. Therefore, vC (0+ ) = vC (0 ) = 100 V, and iL (0+ ) = iL (0 ) = 0. The circuit for t > 0 may be reduced to a simple series circuit consisting of a 2 mH inductor, 20 nF capacitor, and a 10 resistor; the dependent source delivers exactly the current to the 5 that is required to maintain its current. Thus, = and 0 =
R 10 = = 2.5 103 s 1 3 2 L 2 2 10
1 = LC
( 2 10 )( 20 10 )
3 9
= 1.581 105 rad/s
With < 0 we find the circuit is underdamped, with
d = 02 2 = 1.581 105 rad/s

We may therefore write the response as vC (t ) = e t ( B1 cos d t + B2 sin d t ) At t = 0, vC = 100 B1 = 100 V . Noting that C
dvC = iL and dt
d t e (100 cos d t + B2 sin d t ) dt = e t (100 cos d t + B2 sin d t ) 100d sin d t + B2d cos d t
which is equal to zero at t = 0 (since iL = 0) we find that B2 = 1.581 V .
B
Finally, vC (t ) = e2500t 100 cos (1.581105 t ) + 1.581sin (1.581105 t ) V
10 March 2006
54.
Prior to t = 0, i1 = 10/4 = 2.5 A, v = 7.5 V, and vg = 5 V. Thus, vC(0+) = vC(0) = 7.5 + 5 = 12.5 V and iL = 0 After t = 0 we are left with a series RLC circuit where i1 =
iL . We may replace the 4 dependent current source with a 0.5 resistor. Thus, we have a series RLC circuit with R = 1.25 , C = 1 F, and L = 3 H.
Thus, =
R 1.25 = = 0.208 s 1 2L 6 1 1 and 0 = = = 577 mrad/s 3 LC
With < 0 we find the circuit is underdamped, so that
d = 02 2 = 538 mrad/s
We may therefore write the response as iL (t ) = e t ( B1 cos d t + B2 sin d t ) At t = 0, iL = 0 B1 = 0 A . Noting that L
diL dt = vC (0) and
t =0
v (t ) 12.5 diL d t = e ( B2 sin d t ) = B2 e t [ sin d t + d cos d t ] = C = (t = 0) dt dt L 3 , we find that B2 = 7.738 V.

B
Finally, iL (t ) = 1.935e 0.208t sin 0.538t A for t > 0 and 2.5 A, t < 0
10 March 2006
55.
Prior to t = 0, i1 = 10/4 = 2.5 A, v = 7.5 V, and vg = 5 V. Thus, vC(0+) = vC(0) = 12.5 V and iL = 0 After t = 0 we are left with a series RLC circuit where i1 =
iL . We may replace the 4 dependent current source with a 0.5 resistor. Thus, we have a series RLC circuit with R = 1.25 , C = 1 mF, and L = 3 H.
Thus, =
R 1.25 = = 0.208 s 1 2L 6 1 1 and 0 = = = 18.26 rad/s LC 3 103 ) (
With < 0 we find the circuit is underdamped, so that
d = 02 2 = 18.26 rad/s
We may therefore write the response as vC (t ) = e t ( B1 cos d t + B2 sin d t ) At t = 0, vC = 12.5 B1 = 12.5 V . Noting that dvC d t = e ( B1 cos d t + B2 sin d t ) dt dt = e t [12.5cos d t + B2 sin d t ] + e t [ 12.5d sin d t + d B2 cos d t ] and this expression is equal to 0 at t = 0, we find that B2 = 0.143 V.
B
Finally, vC (t ) = e 0.208t [12.5cos18.26t + 0.143sin18.26t ] V for t > 0 and 12.5 V, t < 0
10 March 2006
56.
(a)
Series, driven: =
2 o =
R 100 = = 500, 2L 0.2
1 10 106 = = 250, 000 LC 40 Crit. damp iL ( f ) = 3(1 2) = 3, iL (0) = 3, vc (0) = 300V iL = 3 + e 500t (A1t + A 2 ) 3 = 3 + A 2 , A 2 = 6A 1 [vc (0) vR (0+ )] = 0 L 5000 t A1 = 3000 e iL (t ) = 3 + e 500t iL (0+ ) = A1 300 = (3000t + 6), t > 0 iL (t ) = 3u (t ) + [3 + e 500t (3000t + 6)] u (t )A
(b)
e500to (3000to + 6) = 3; by SOLVE, to = 3.357ms
10 March 2006
57.
vc (0) = 0, iL (0) = 0, = R 2 1 2 = = 4, o = = 4 5 = 20 2L 0.5 LC
d = 20 16 = 2 iL (t ) = e 4t (A1 cos 2t + A 2 sin 2t ) + iL , f iL , f = 10A iL (t ) = 10 + e 4t (A1 cos 2t + A 2 sin 2t ) 0 = 10 + A1 , A1 = 10, iL (t ) = 10 + e 4t (A 2 sin 2t 10 cos 2t ) iL (0+ ) = 1 vL (0+ ) = 4 0 = 0 iL (0+ ) = 0 = 2A 2 + 40, A 2 = 20 L
iL(t) = 10 - e-4t (20 sin 2t + 10 cos 2t) A, t > 0
10 March 2006
58.
= R 250 1 106 2 = = 25, o = = = 400 2L 10 LC 2500 s1,2 = 25 625 400 = 10, 40 iL (0) = 0.5A, vc (0) = 100V, iL , f = 0.5A iL (t ) = 0.5 + A1e 10t + A 2 e 40t A t = 0+ : vL (0+ ) = 100 50 1 200 0.5 = 50V 50 = 5iL (0+ ) iL (0+ ) = 10 10 = 10A1 40A 2 , 0.5 = 0.5 + A1 + A 2 A1 + A 2 = 110 = 10A 2 40 (1+A1 ) = 50A1 + 40, A1 = 1, A 2 = 0 iL (t ) = 0.5 + 1e 10t A, t > 0; iL (t ) = 0.5A, t > 0
10 March 2006
59. = 1 106 1 106+3 2 = = 4000, o = = = 20 106 2RC 100 2.5 LC 50
2 d = o 2 = 2000, iL (0) = 2A, vc (0) = 0
ic , f = 0, (vc , f = 0) ic = e 400t (A1 cos 2000t + A 2 sin 2000t ) work with vc : vc (t ) = e 4000t (B1 cos 2000t + B2 sin 2000t ) B1 = 0 1 106 + (2 1) = 8 105 vc = B2 e sin 2000t , vc (0 ) = ic (0 ) = C 2.5 4000 t 5 8 10 = 2000B2 , B2 = 400, vc = 400e sin 2000t
4000 t +
ic (t ) = Cvc = 2.5 106 400e 4000t (4000sin 200t + 2000 cos 200t ) = 106+3+3 e 4000t (4sin 2000t + 2 cos 2000t ) = e 4000t (2 cos 2000t 4sin 2000t ) A, t > 0
10 March 2006
60.
(a)
1 8 106 8 106 13 2 = = 1000, o = = 26 106 3 2RC 2 4 10 4
d = 26 1 103 = 5000, vc (0) = 8V iL (0) = 8mA, vc , f = 0 vc = e1000t (A1 cos1000t + A 2 sin 5000t ) 1 8 0.008) = 0 ic (0+ ) = 8 106 (0.01 C 4000 5000A 2 1000 8 = 0, A 2 = 1.6 A1 = 8; vc (0+ ) =
So vc(t) = e-1000t (8 cos 1000t + 1.6 sin 1000t) V, t > 0 (b)
10 March 2006
61.
R 1 1 2 = = 1, o = = 1 crit. damp 2L 1 LC 5 vc (0) = 12 = 10V, iL (0) = 2A, vc , f = 12V 6 1 1 vc (t ) = 12 + e t (A1t 2); vc (0+ ) = ic (0+ ) = iL (0+ ) = 1 C 2 t 1 = A1 + 2; A1 = 1 vc (t ) = 12 e (t + 2) V, t > 0 =
10 March 2006
62.
(a)
1 106 vs = 10u (t ) V : = = = 1000 2RC 2000 0.5 1 2 106 3 2 o = = = 0.75 106 s1,2 = 500, 1500 LC 8 vc = A1e 500t + A 2 e 1500t , vo (0) = 10V, iL (0) = 10mA A1 + A 2 = 10, vc (0+ ) = 2 106 [iL (0) iR (0+ )] = 2 106 10 0.01 = 0 500A1 1500 A 2 = 0, 1000 A1 3A 2 = 0; add: 2 A 2 = 10, A 2 = 5, A1 = 15 vc (t ) = 15e 500t 5e1500t V t > 0 iR (t ) = 15e 500t 5e1500t mA, t > 0
(b)
vs = 10u (t ) V, vc , f = 10, vc = 10 + A 3e500t + A 4 e1500t , vc (0) = 0, iL (0) = 0 A 3 + A 4 = 10V, vc (0+ ) = 2 106 [iL (0) iR (0+ )] = 2 106 (0 0) = 0 = 500A 3 1500A 4 A 3 3A 4 = 0, add: 2A 4 = 10, A 4 = 5 A 3 = 15 vc (t ) = 10 15e 500t + 5e 1500t V, t > 0 iR (t ) = 10 15e 500t + 5e1500t mA, t > 0
10 March 2006
63.
(a)
1 106 = = 1000 2RC 1000 1 106 3 3 2 o = = s1,2 = 1000 106 106 = 500, 1500 LC 4 4 500 t 1500 t vc , f = 0 vc = A1e + A2e , vc (0) = 10V, iL (0) = 0 vs (t ) = 10u (t ) V: = 10 4 10 = A1 + A 2 , vc = 106 ic (0+ ) = 106 0 = 2 10 500 4 2 10 = 500A1 1500A 40 = A1 + 3A 2 30 = 2A 2 , A 2 = 15, A1 = 5 vc = 5e 500t + 15e 1500t V, t > 0 is = ic = Cvc is = 106 (2500e 500t 22,500e 1500t ) = 2.5e 500t 22.5e 1500t mA, t > 0
(b)
vs (t ) = 10u (t ) V vc , f = 10V, vc (0) = 0, iL (0) = 0 vc = 10 + A3 e 500t + A 4 e1500t A 3 + A 4 = 10 10 4 vc (0+ ) = 106 ic (0+ ) = 106 0 + = 2 10 = 500 A 3 1500 A 4 500 A 3 3A 4 = 40, add: 2A 4 = 30, A 4 = 15, A 3 = 5, vc = 10 + 5e 500t 15e1500t V, is = ic = 106 (2500e 500t + 22,500e 1500t ) = 25e 500t + 22.5e1500t mA, t > 0
10 March 2006
64.
Considering the circuit at t < 0, we see that iL(0-) = 15 A and vC(0-) = 0. The circuit is a series RLC with = R/2L = 0.375 s-1 and 0 = 1.768 rad/s. We therefore expect an underdamped response with d = 1.728 rad/s. The general form of the response will be vC(t) = e-t (A cos dt + B sin dt) + 0 (vC() = 0)
vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 0 = A and we may therefore write vC(t) = Be-0.375t sin (1.728t) V iC(t) = -iL(t) = C dvC = (8010-3)(-0.375B e-0.375t sin 1.728t dt
At t = 0+, iC = 15 + 7 iL(0+) = 7 = (8010-3)(1.728B) so that B = 50.64 V. Thus, vC(t) = 50.64 e0.375t sin 1.807t V and vC(t = 200 ms) = 16.61 V. The energy stored in the capacitor at that instant is CvC2 = 11.04 J
10 March 2006
65.
(a) vS(0-) = vC(0-) = 2(15) = 30 V (b) iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 15 A Thus, iC(0+) = 22 15 = 7 A and vS(0+) = 3(7) + vC(0+) = 51 V (c) As t , the current through the inductor approaches 22 A, so vS(t ,) = 44 A. (d) We are presented with a series RLC circuit having = 5/2 = 2.5 s-1 and o = 3.536 rad/s. The natural response will therefore be underdamped with d = 2.501 rad/s. iL(t) = 22 + e-t (A cos dt + B sin dt) iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 15 = 22 + A so A = -7 amperes Thus, iL(t) = 22 + e-2.5t (-7 cos 2.501t + B sin 2.501t) di di vS(t) = 2 iL(t) + L L = 2iL + L = 44 + 2e-2.5t (-7cos 2.501t + Bsin 2.501t) dt dt -2.5t 2.5e (-7cos 2.501t + Bsin 2.501t) + e-2.5t [7(2.501) sin 2.501t + 2.501B cos 2.501t)] vS(t) = 51 = 44 + 2(-7) 2.5(-7) + 2.501B so B = 1.399 amperes and hence vS(t) = 44 + 2e-2.5t (-7cos 2.501t + 1.399sin 2.501t) -2.5e-2.5t (-7cos 2.501t + 1.399sin 2.501t) + e-2.5t [17.51sin 2.501t + 3.499cos 2.501t)] and vS(t) at t = 3.4 s = 44.002 V. This is borne out by PSpice simulation:
10 March 2006
66.
For t < 0, we have 15 A dc flowing, so that iL = 15 A, vC = 30 V, v3 = 0 and vS = 30 V. This is a series RLC circuit with = R/2L = 2.5 s-1 and 0 = 3.536 rad/s. We therefore expect an underdamped response with d = 2.501 rad/s. 0<t<1 vC(t) = e-t (A cos dt + B sin dt)
vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 30 = A so we may write vC(t) = e-2.5t (30 cos 2.501t + B sin 2.501t) dvC = -2.5e-2.5t(30 cos 2.501t + B sin 2.501t) dt + e-2.5t [-30(2.501)sin 2.501t + 2.501B cos 2.501t] iC(0+) = C dvC
dt
t = 0+
= 8010-3[-2.5(30) + 2.501B] = -iL(0+) = -iL(0-) = -15 so B = -44.98 V
Thus, vC(t) = e-2.5t (30 cos 2.501t 44.98 sin 2.501t) and iC(t) = e-2.5t (-15 cos 2.501t + 2.994 sin 2.501t). Hence, vS(t) = 3 iC(t) + vC(t) = e-2.5t (-15 cos 2.501t 36 sin 2.501t) Prior to switching, vC(t = 1) = -4.181 V and iL(t = 1) = -iC(t = 1) = -1.134 A. t > 2: Define t' = t 1 for notational simplicity. Then, with the fact that vC() = 6 V, our response will now be vC(t') = e-t' (A' cos dt' + B' sin dt') + 6. With vC(0+) = A' + 6 = -4.181, we find that A' = -10.18 V. iC(0+) = C dv C
dt
t = 0+
= (8010-3)[(-2.5)(-10.18) + 2.501B')] = 3 iL(0+) so B' = 10.48 V
Thus,
vC(t') = e-2.5t (-10.18 cos 2.501t' + 10.48 sin 2.501t') and iC(t') = e-2.5t (4.133 cos 2.501t' 0.05919 sin 2.501t'). Hence, vS(t') = 3 iC(t') + vC(t') = e-2.5t (2.219 cos 2.501t' + 10.36 sin 2.501t')
We see that our hand calculations are supported by the PSpice simulation.
10 March 2006
67.
Its probably easiest to begin by sketching the waveform vx: vx (V)

75
t (s)
1 2 3 4
(a) The source current ( = iL(t) ) = 0 at t = 0-. (b) iL(t) = 0 at t = 0+ (c) We are faced with a series RLC circuit having = R/2L = 2000 rad/s and 0 = 2828 rad/s. Thus, an underdamped response is expected with d = 1999 rad/s. The general form of the expected response is iL(t) = e-t (A cos dt + B sin dt) iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0 = A so A = 0. This leaves iL(t) = B e-2000t sin 1999t vL(t) = L diL = B[(510-3)(-2000 e-2000t sin 1999t + 1999 e-2000t cos 1999t)] dt
vL(0+) = vx(0+) vC(0+) 20 iL(0+) = B (510-3)(1999) so B = 7.504 A. Thus, iL(t) = 7.504 e-2000t sin 1999t and iL(1 ms) = 0.9239 A. (d) Define t' = t 1 ms for notational convenience. With no source present, we expect a new response but with the same general form: iL(t') = e-2000t' (A' cos 1999t' + B' sin 1999t') diL , and this enables us to calculate that vL(t = 1 ms) = -13.54 V. Prior to the dt pulse returning to zero volts, -75 + vL + vC + 20 iL = 0 so vC(t' = 0) = 69.97 V. vL(t) = L iL(t' = 0) = A' = 0.9239 and vx + vL + vC + 20 iL = 0 so that B' = -7.925. Thus, iL(t') = e-2000 t' (0.9239 cos 1999t' 7.925 sin 1999t') and hence iL(t = 2 ms) = iL(t' = 1 ms) = -1.028 A.
10 March 2006
68.
The key will be to coordinate the decay dictated by , and the oscillation period determined by d (and hence partially by ). One possible solution of many: Arbitrarily set d = 2 rad/s. We want a capacitor voltage vC(t) = e-t (A cos 2t + B sin 2t). If we go ahead and decide to set vC(0-) = 0, then we can force A = 0 and simplify some of our algebra. Thus, vC(t) = B e-t sin 2t. This function has max/min at t = 0.25 s, 0.75 s, 1.25 s, etc. Designing so that there is no strong damping for several seconds, we pick = 0.5 s-1. Choosing a series RLC circuit, this now establishes the following: R/2L = 0.5 so R = L and
d = 02 - = 39.73 rad/s =
1 2
1 LC
Arbitrarily selecting R = 1 , we find that L = 1 H and C = 25.17 mF. We need the first peak to be at least 5 V. Designing for B = 10 V, we need iL(0+) = 2(25.1710-3)(10) = 1.58 A. Our final circuit, then is:
And the operation is verified by a simple PSpice simulation:
10 March 2006
69.
The circuit described is a series RLC circuit, and the fact that oscillations are detected tells us that it is an underdamped response that we are modeling. Thus,
iL(t) = e-t (A cos dt + B sin dt) where we were given that d = 1.825106 rad/s.
0 =
1 = 1.914106 rad/s, and so d2 = 02 2 leads to 2 = 332.8109 LC
Thus, = R/2L = 576863 s-1, and hence R = 1003 . Theoretically, this value must include the radiation resistance that accounts for the power lost from the circuit and received by the radio; there is no way to separate this effect from the resistance of the rag with the information provided.
10 March 2006
70.
For t < 0, iL(0-) = 3 A and vC(0-) = 25(3) = 75 V. This is a series RLC circuit with = R/2L = 5000 s-1 and 0 = 4000 rad/s. We therefore expect an overdamped response with s1 = -2000 s-1 and s2 = -8000 s-1. The final value of vC = -50 V. For t > 0, vC(t) = A e-2000t + B e-8000t - 50 vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 75 = A + B 50 so A + B = 125 [1]
dvC = -2000 Ae-2000t 8000 Be-8000t dt iC(0+) = C

dvC dt
= 3 5 iL(0-) = -5 = -2510-6 (2000A + 8000B)

t =0+
Thus, 2000A + 8000B = 5/2510-6
[2]
Solving Eqs. [1] and [2], we find that A = 133.3 V and B = -8.333 V. Thus,
vC(t) = 133.3 e-2000t 8.333 e-8000t 50

and vC(1 ms) = -31.96 V. This is confirmed by the PSpice simulation shown below.
10 March 2006
71.
= 0 (this is a series RLC with R = 0, or a parallel RLC with R = ) o2 = 0.05 therefore d = 0.223 rad/s. We anticipate a response of the form: v(t) = A cos 0.2236t + B sin 0.2236t
v(0+) = v(0-) = 0 = A therefore v(t) = B sin 0.2236t dv/dt = 0.2236B cos 0.2236t; iC(t) = Cdv/dt = 0.4472B cos 0.2236t
iC(0+) = 0.4472B = -iL(0+) = -iL(0-) = -110-3 so B = -2.23610-3 and thus v(t) = -2.236 sin 0.2236t mV
In designing the op amp stage, we first write the differential equation: dv 1 t -3 (iC + iL = 0) 0 v dt + 10 + 2 dt = 0 10 and then take the derivative of both sides: d 2v 1 = - v 2 dt 20 dv With = (0.2236)(2.236 10 3 ) = 5 10 4 , one possible solution is: dt t = 0 +
PSpice simulations are very sensitive to parameter values; better results were obtained using LF411 instead of 741s (both were compared to the simple LC circuit simulation.)
Simulation using 741 op amps
Simulation using LF411 op amps
10 March 2006
72.
= 0 (this is a series RLC with R = 0, or a parallel RLC with R = ) o2 = 50 therefore d = 7.071 rad/s. We anticipate a response of the form: v(t) = A cos 7.071t + B sin 7.071t, knowing that iL(0-) = 2 A and v(0-) = 0.
v(0+) = v(0-) = 0 = A therefore v(t) = B sin 7.071t dv/dt = 7.071B cos 7.071t; iC(t) = Cdv/dt = 0.007071B cos 7.071t
iC(0+) = 0.007071B = -iL(0+) = -iL(0-) = -2 so B = -282.8 and thus v(t) = -282.8 sin 7.071t V
In designing the op amp stage, we first write the differential equation: 1 t - 3 dv (iC + iL = 0) 0 v dt + 2 + 10 dt = 0 20 and then take the derivative of both sides: d 2v = - 50v dt 2 dv With = (7.071)(282.8) = 2178 , one possible solution is: dt t = 0 +
10 March 2006
73.
v dv + 3.3 10- 3 1000 dt or dv 1 = v dt 3.3 (b) One possible solution: = 0
(a)
10 March 2006
74.
We see either a series RLC with R = 0 or a parallel RLC with R = ; either way, = 0. (combining the two inductors in parallel for the calculation). We expect a response of the form i(t) = A cos dt + B sin dt.
02 = 0.3 so d = 0.5477 rad/s
i(0+) = i(0-) = A = 110-3 di/dt = -Ad sin dt + Bd cos dt vL = 10di/dt = -10Ad sin dt + 10Bd cos dt vL(0+) = vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 0 = 10B(0.5477) so that B = 0 and hence i(t) = 10-3 cos 0.5477t A The differential equation for this circuit is
and
di dt
=0
t =0+
1 1 dv -3 vdt + 10 + 2 vdt + 2 dt 10 0 0 or d 2v = 0.3v dt 2
= 0
i 1
One possible solution is:
10 March 2006
75.
(a) vR = vL 20(-iL) = 5 diL dt or diL = - 4iL dt
(b) We expect a response of the form iL(t) = A e-t/ where = L/R = 0.25. We know that iL(0-) = 2 amperes, so A = 2 and iL(t) = 2 e-4t diL = -4(2) = -8 A/s. dt t = 0 + One possible solution, then, is
8V 1 F
1 M
i
1 4 k
1 k

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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Nine Solutions

Parallel RLC circuit: (a) =

(c) The circuit is overdamped since > 0 .

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Nine Solutions

Thus, R > 707 k. (b) For critical damping, 1 L R= = 707 k 2 C

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Nine Solutions

Parallel RLC circuit: (a) =

2 (b) s1,2 = 2 0 = 0.5 109 j 1021 (0.25)(1018 ) = 0.5 j 31.62 Grad/s

(c) The circuit is underdamped since < 0 .

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Nine Solutions

1 L 1 1015 . ; R> 2 C 2 2 1018

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Nine Solutions

rad/s 6.928 L = 10, L = 1.4434H, 1 1 C= = 14.434mF, = 7 R = 4.949 48L 2RC

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Nine Solutions

ic = 40e 100t 30e 200t mA, C = 1mF, v(0) = 0.25V

v(t ) = 0.4e100t + 0.15e200t V

2 2 200 = 150 22500 o o = 20000

v = 0.12e 100t + 0.045e 200t A R

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Nine Solutions

1 = 5 109 s 1 2 RC 1 So R = 10 =1 M (10 ) (100 1018 ) = is the neper frequency: 5 Gs-1

5 109 = = 7.071 105 12 o 70.7110

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Nine Solutions

Show that v(t ) = e t ( A1t + A2 ) is a solution to C d 2 v 1 dv 1 + + v=0 dt 2 R dt L [1]

dv = e t ( A1 ) e t ( A1t + A2 ) dt = ( A1 A1t A2 ) e t d v = ( A1 A1t A2 ) (e t ) A1e t 2 dt = ( A1 A2 + A1 A1t ) e t = (2 A1 A2 A1t )e t

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Nine Solutions

The resonant frequency is unchanged, so o = 800 rad/s

Define the percent change as

new old 100 old

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Nine Solutions

L = 5H, R = 8, C = 12.5mF, v(0+ ) = 40V

v(t ) = 120e 2t + 160e 8t V, t > 0

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Nine Solutions

1 L 1 103 1 10 = = = 2 C 2 104 2 Therefore (a) RC = R = 0.1RC = 158.1 m (b) =

1 = 3.162 104 s 1 and 0 = 2RC

1 = 3.162 103 rad/s LC

2 Thus, s1,2 = 2 0 = 158.5 s 1 and 6.31 104 s 1

So we may write i (t ) = A1e158.5t + A2 e6.3110

With i(0 ) = i(0+ ) = 4 A and v(0 ) = v(0+ ) = 10 V A1+ A2 = 4 Noting

103 158.5 A1 6.31 104 A2 = 10

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Nine Solutions

1 = 500 s 1 and 0 = 2RC

2 Thus, s1,2 = 2 0 = 10.10 s 1 and 989.9 s 1

[2] diR ( t ) dt = 1 dv dv [3] and iC = C = i iR . dt R dt

dv v(0+ ) = i (0+ ) iR (0+ ) = 2 103 = 2 103 [4] dt t =0+ R

Therefore, we may write based on Eqs. [3] and [4]:

mA (c) We see that the simulation agrees.

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition

Chapter Nine Solutions

i (0) = 40A, v(0) = 40V, L =

1 80 2 = 25, o = = 400, 2 0.1 0.2 0.2