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of ATPsynthase present in thylakoids, stroma contains all enzymes needed for light independent reaction and chloroplast envelope keeps reactants fot photosynthesis close to reaction sites.
Redox Reactions - Reactions that involve oxidation (losing of electrons) and reduction (gaining of electrons) Hydrolysis - Splitting of a molecule using water (ATP hydrolysed to ADP) Photolysis - Splitting (lysis) of a molecule using light Photophosphorylation - Adding of a phosphate molecule using light Phosphorylation - Adding phosphate to a molecule (ADP is phosphorylated into ATP)
Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
Occurs in Photosystem 2 in 4 stages: 1) Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll. Absorbed light energy excites electrons, causing them to have a higher energy level, which then move down the ETC. 2) Photolysis of water, produces H ions and Oxygen. Used ot replace lost electrons, light energy spilts water into protons (H ions), electrons and Oxygen. H20 = (2H+)+(1/2O2) 3) Energy from excited electrons make ATP. Excited electrons travel down the ETC and the electrons lose energy. This lost energy is used to transport protons into the thylakoid, forming a proton gradient across the membrane. The energy from this movement of phosphates causes ATP synthase to resynthesis ADP back to ATP. 4) Generates reduced NADP. Light energy from PS1 excites electrons to an even higher energy level. The electrons are then tranferred to NADP along with a proton (H ion) to form reduced NADP.
However PS1 only produces a small amount of ATP. Electrons are excited by 700nm light energy absorbed by PS1, the excited electrons are sent to the electron transport chain, as they travel down the ETC the electrons lose energy. This lost energy is used to transport protons into the thylakoid, forming a proton gradient across the membrane. The energy from this movement of phosphates causes ATP synthase to resynthesis ADP back to ATP. Electrons from chlorophyll molecules aren't passed onto NADP, but are passed back to PS1 via electron carriers. So electrons are recycled and repeatedly flow through PS1. ONLY PRODUCES ATP + ONLY USES PHOTOSYSTEM 1 (PS1)
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CALVIN CYCLE
Needs to turn 6 times in order to make one glucose molecule. 3 turns of the calvin cylce produces 6 TP molecules (2 TP formed for every 1 Co2). However 5/6 of the TP molecules are used in regeneration of RuBP. So for every 3 turns of the calvin cycle, only one molecule of TP is produced to make glucose with. Glucose however needs 6C, so 2 TP molecules are needed, meaning the calvin cycle has to turn 6 times to produce one glucose molecule, 6 turns of the calvin cycle requires; 18 ATP and 12 reduced NADP molecules.