Uss Health Care

Carrier BSS Upstate Symposium
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Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

PRESENTED BY:
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Brian Monk, P.E., ASHRAE DL

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009
Objectives
1. Outline specific sections of ASHRAE Standard 62.1 as it applies to Health Care Facility filtration. 2. Identify various AHU design strategies that can comply with ASHRAE 90.1 as it pertains to Hospital filtration. 3. Review the predominant filtration technologies that can be incorporated into central station AHUs to minimize Particulate, Chemical and Biological contaminants. 4. Evaluate methods of reducing life-cycle cost without sacrificing adequate air purification. 5. Explore air cleaning methods that compliment dilution and can serve as a means of controlling airborne infection, and contaminants from entering into the Health Care Environment.
ASHRAE 62.1-2007
Prescriptive standard which dictates minimum amounts of outdoor air to maintain acceptable indoor air quality within a space.
Copyright Carrier Corp. 2009
ASHRAE 90.1-2001
A standard which provides minimum energy efficiency requirements for the design and construction of new and existing buildings.
Filtration Committees
TC 2.3 Gas TC 2.4 Particulate TC 2.9 UVGI (Systems / Equipment Ch. 16) TG. Building Security :Blast, Chemical, Biological Remediation (Application Ch. 58)
Filtration Document is a Companion Document
Industry Documentation
A chemical, biological, or radiological airborne threat can come from a wartime attack, terrorist attack, or from an industrial accident Industrial accidents: To provide collective protection for a facilityclosing the O.A. intakes during a release, or protecting the air intakes with a filtration system is required. Terrorist Threat: For facilities that require continuous operation during a short duration with little or no warning, such as a terrorist attack, continuous filtration of the ventilation air intakes is required.
Key excerpts from: Design of Collective Protection Shelters to Resist Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Agents (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Feb.1999)
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Class II Filtration with little or no pressurization: This class of protection is applicable to a terrorist attack with little or no warning that produces a short duration small-scale release of agent. Outdoor air intakes will be protected by continuously operating filtration units.. The filtration system will be sized for the normal facility air intake requirements and need provide little or no facility overpressure. Toxic-free Area Overpressure: The TFA will be designed for a minimum overpressure goal of 0.02 wg.
Key excerpts from: Design of Collective Protection Shelters to Resist Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Agents (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Feb.1999)
Physical Security
Prevent Access to Outdoor Air Intakes.
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Ventilation Load Index (VLI)
High Latent to Sensible Ratio Medium Latent to Sensible Ratio Low Latent to Sensible Ratio
Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design
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ASHRAE APPLICATIONS Health Care Facilities
Industry Documentation outdoor source control
Ambient Air Quality

Regional outdoor air quality must be evaluated
ASHRAE Std 62-2004: 4.1 Regional Air Quality. The status of compliance with national ambient air quality standards shall be determined for the geographic area of the building site. In the United States, compliance status shall be either in attainment or non-attainment with ...NAAQS
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Ventilation Rates for Health Care

Appendix E: Table E-1
Emission Trends (1970-1995)
Particulates
Application:
Patient Rooms @ 10p/1000 sf Medical Procedure @ 20p/1000 sf Operating Rooms @ 20p/1000 sf Recovery / ICU @ 20p/1000 sf Autopsy Rooms @ 20p/1000 sf
6207 (visitor) Rp cfm/p 25 15 30 15 0.50 CFM/Ft2
50 40 30 Thousand Short Tons 20 10
PM-10
Vo
19
0 1970
1980
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
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Emission Trends (1970-1995) outdoor source control

Nitrogen Oxide
160 140 120 100 Thousand 80 Short Tons 60 40 20 0 1970 1980 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994
Intake Separation
Should separate intakes from strong outdoor sources Currently, no requirements In the future, minimum separation distance from intake for specific outdoor sources
Dumpster -- 15 ft Cooling tower exhaust -- 25 ft Loading dock -- 25 ft
NO
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6.2.1 OUTDOOR AIR TREATMENT
National Primary Ambient- Air Quality Standard (for O.A. as set by the US EPA)
Pollutant Averaging Period Standard 0.12 ppm 9 ppm 35 ppm 150 g/m3 365 g/m3 0.14 ppm 0.03 ppm 0.53 ppm 1.5 g/m3
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If Outdoor Air is judged to be unacceptable in accordance with Section 4.1 (National Ambient Air Quality Standard), each ventilation system that provides outdoor air through a supply fan shall comply with sections following.
Key excerpts from ASHRAE Standard 62-2004
1-hour 1-hour 8-hour Particulate Matter (PM-10) 24-hour Annual arithmetic mean 24-hour Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Annual arithmetic mean Annual arithmetic mean Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Annual arithmetic mean Lead (Pb) Ozone (O3) Carbon Monoxide (CO)
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6.2.1.3 Other Outdoor Contaminants
5.17.2.1 Air Cleaning
When the building is located in an area where the national standard for one or more contaminants not specifically addressed in Section 6.2.1 is exceeded, any design assumption and/or calculation related to the impact on indoor air quality shall be included in the design documents.
If air leaving a space or location passes through an aircleaning system, the cleaned air may be reclassified to a cleaner classification, using the subjective criteria noted above, with the approval of the authority having jurisdiction.
5.17 Air Classification and Recirculation Key excerpts from ASHRAE Standard 62-2004 Key excerpts from ASHRAE Standard 62-2004
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Filtration
For cleanliness, must filter at MERV 6 or more upstream of wet equipment
Recirculation with Filtration

Outdoor Air is not always acceptable The use of Outdoor Air for Dilution ventilation is not possible when contaminants in O.A are above odor threshold or TLV. Properly cleaned air CAN be recirculated using the Air Quality Method Section 6.3 ASHRAE Std. 62-2004
Std 62-2004: 5.9 Particulate Matter Removal. Particulate matter filters or air cleaners having a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of not less than 6 shall be provided upstream of all cooling coils or other devices with wetted surfaces...
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AHU Design
Capacity (cfm) / area = velocity

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MERV Ratings for Particle Filtration
Operating Cost
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Air Contaminant Sizes

SCAN. ELEC. MICROSCOPE OPT. MICROSCOPE EYE
SMOG FUMES DUSTS SPORES TOBACCO SMOKE BACTERIA VIRUSES MOLECULES HUMAN HAIR POLLEN
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10
100
Particle Size, microns

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High Efficiency Gas Absorbers
Removal Mechanisms
POTASSIUM IMPREGNATED ALUMINA

COAL BASED ACTIVATED CARBON
ADSORPTION ABSORPTION CHEMISORPTION

CATALYSIS
ACTIVATED CARBON IMPREGNATED WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID ACTIVATED CARBON IMPREGNATED WITH POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
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Pore Structure
Macropores (r > 25 nm) Used to enter Mesopores (r = 1-25 nm) Used to transport Micropores (r < 1 nm) Used to adsorb
Chemisorption
Oxidation Reaction
Oxidant + Contaminant + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water
Acid-Base Reaction
Acid + Base Salt + Water
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Adsorption Wave
T1
Unused Media
FLOW SCHEMATIC THIN BED SYSTEM (TRS L.T. 0.4s)

T3
Unused Media
R ou g hing P re-F ilter P e rfo ra ted "V -S h a pe d" M ed ia H old in g M o du le s H ig h E fficien cy P articu la te F ilte r
T2
Unused Media
MTZ
MTZ
Active Media
MTZ
Active Media Spent Media
Active Media
C on tam in ate d A ir E n tering
C le an A ir Le a ving
Spent Media
Spent Media
C h em ica l F iltra tio n M ed ia
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THIN BED Filtration SYSTEM
FEATURES
High Sealing Integrity Size Flexibility Multiple Stages of Particulate and Gas-Phase Filtration Optional Bi-Polar Ionization Section
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Technology Evaluation Report Biological Inactivation Efficiency by HVAC In-Duct Ultraviolet Light Systems The U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (EPAs) National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) Technology Testing and Evaluation Program (TTEP) is helping to protect human health and the environment from adverse impacts resulting from acts of terror by carrying out performance tests on homeland security technologies. The objective of testing the device was to evaluate its bioaerosol inactivation efficiency as a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) in-duct ultraviolet light system.
Technology Evaluation Report Biological Inactivation Efficiency by HVAC In-Duct Ultraviolet Light Systems The bioaerosol inactivation efficiencies calculated for the three organisms were 93% for B. atrophaeus, $99.97% for S. marcescens and 99% for MS2. The irradiance was measured as 1200 W/cm2 at 133 cm (52.4 in.) upstream from the closest glass part of the lamps with an airflow of 0.93 m3/sec (1970 cfm). The system had five lamps that were burned in for 100 hours prior to measurements.
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110 100 90 80 70 Eff germ ( ) 60 50 % 40 30 20 10 0 200
Natural UV Source : The Sun WHAT is the equivalent Germicidal UV DOSE received by a bacteria living OUTDOORS?
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300
320
340
360
380
400
Avg ge rm_eff :=
1 Eff ge rm ( ) d 400 300 300
400
Avg ge rm_eff = 3.03 %
UV radiation that reached the sea level are > 290 nm at p.93 source : Atmospheric Chemistry: Fundamentals and Experimental techniques, B.J. Finlayson-Pitts and J.N.Pitts, John-Wiley & Sons, 1986, 1098p.
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3- Effect of natural UV on OUTDOOR air

DOSEou tdoor := Eff ge rm ( ) UV ( ) d dt 400 300 0 h r 300 1
12 h r 400
UV Type
_________ UV - C (254 nm ) nm) UV - V (185 nm )
Effects
_______ Germicidal Sterilisation Photo-Oxidation
( hydroxyl radicals)
Operating Mode
______________________ Acts on Inhibits Reproduction UVV + O2 O* + H2O CO +2OH* O* + O * OH* + OH* CO2 + H 2O
T otal Daily Natural Outdoor UV Dose :
DOSEou tdoor = 19189
microwatt sec cm
2
DNA
Minimum Germicidal UV output pow er requirement per square foot of indoor floor assuming 24/24 continuous use :
Specsqft_ou tput :=
DOS Eou tdoor 24 hr
S pecsqft_ou tput = 206
microwatt ft
2
Oxidation of organic chemicals in the upper atmosphere
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Natural Source (The Sun) DAILY germicidal UV DOSE received by a bacteria living in OUTDOOR AIR :
Molds ( SPORES) Alternaria Aspergillius flavis Aspergillius glaucus Aspergillius niger Aureobasidium pullulans Cladosporium Mucor racemosus A Mucor racemosus B Oospora lactis Penicillium expansum Penicillium roqueforti Penicillium digitatum Rhisopus negricans
Comments Olive green-black Yellowish-green color Bluish-green color Black color White-gray color Greenish to black White-gray color White-gray color White color Olive color Green color Olive color Black
UVC LETHAL DOSE ( microWatt.sec/cm2 ) 23600 26100 19100 57300 29600 12300 7400 7400 2200 1300 5600 19100
19,189 microwatt.sec/cm2
48200
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4 Air Purification Techniques : the place of the UV technology

Pollutant Type Solids Chemicals
Examples
CASE STUDY
Sharp Hospital O.A / R.A. with Filtration Outdoor air filtration to remove harmful pollutants such as NOx, SOx, O3 and HC MERV 6 MERV 13 UVGI Activated Carbon Cells HEPA (MERV 16)
Remediation technology
Filters Adsorption on activated charcoal Thermal oxidation
Dust Solvents Formaldehyde VOC Fungi Molds Bacteria
UV-Photo-oxidation
Germicidal chemical products
Biological
UV Sterilization of DNA
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CASE STUDY
Washoe Medical Center, Nevada Outdoor Air Purification Helicopter landing pad
O.A. filtration of Hydrocarbons, particulates
CASE STUDY
Clinic OVO Montreal, Canada Fertility clinic O.A./R.A. filtration
Respiratory difficulties Chemical Filtration / HEPA particulate filtration Fertility Clinic

Central AHU total filtration system
12,500 CFM O.A./R.A filtered MERV 8 /chemical filters / UV / HEPA

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CASE STUDY
Forensic Pathology, Toronto Biological / Chemical Filtration
CASE STUDY
HIV Dental Clinic, Albany, NY Dedicated Filtration in Dental Surgery Areas
Chief Coroner Office Ontario

Main body storage area, pathology center
Protect HIV patients from airborne contamination Filter Gases, Particulates, Biological Contaminants
Maintain positive pressure 0.1 W.C. within Dental Surgery Area.
20-40 ACH Combines UV / Chemical Filtration / HEPA particulate filtration

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References
Schoen, Larry: ASHRAE Std 62, Ventilation for Acceptable Air Quality. Boston Society of Architects, Chapter of AIA, May 2004 Vasselli, John: Economics and Energy in Buildings. Bynum Training Center, Carrier Corporation, NOV 2006. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Mobile Sources. Air Toxics from Motor Vehicles. February, 1995. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Mobile Sources. Environmental Fact Sheet - Adopted Aircraft Engine Emission Standards. August, 1994. 1997 Current Market Outlook - World Market Demand and Airplane Supply Requirements. Boeing, 1997. Chang, K.M., The Integration of Airport Planning and Environmental Assessment - A focus on Air Quality Analysis, 1978. Pant, Bhuvan C., Diesel Exhaust Irritants and Odorants, Materials Research, Development and Production Center, 1987. Persily, Andrew: ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 Introduction and Overview. ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando , FL, Feb 2005. Carrier Corporation: Demand Controlled Ventilation System Design, Saving Energy Cost while optimizing Indoor Air Quality. Syracuse 2001. Stanke, Dennis. System Operation: Dynamic Reset Option, Standard 62.1-2004. ASHRAE Journal December 2006 National Air Filtration Association (1997) Installation, Operation and Maintenance or Air Filtration Systems. Washington D.C., NAFA
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Carrier BSS Upstate Symposium

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Please Turn Off Cell Phones

Brian Monk, P.E., ASHRAE DL

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Copyright Carrier Corp. 2009

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Copyright Carrier Corp. 2009

Filtration Document is a Companion Document

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Copyright Carrier Corp. 2009

Ventilation Load Index (VLI)

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Copyright Carrier Corp. 2009

ASHRAE APPLICATIONS Health Care Facilities

Industry Documentation outdoor source control

Ambient Air Quality

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Ventilation Rates for Health Care

Emission Trends (1970-1995)

6207 (visitor) Rp cfm/p 25 15 30 15 0.50 CFM/Ft2

50 40 30 Thousand Short Tons 20 10

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Copyright Carrier Corp. 2009

Emission Trends (1970-1995) outdoor source control

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

6.2.1 OUTDOOR AIR TREATMENT

Key excerpts from ASHRAE Standard 62-2004

Carrier Symposium 28-04-2009

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design

Copyright Carrier Corp. 2009

6.2.1.3 Other Outdoor Contaminants

5.17.2.1 Air Cleaning

Health Care Facilities: Filtration and HVAC Design