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PHYSICS ASSIGNMENT

WASHING MACHINES

MADE BY :Mehak Mehtani B.Sc 2nd year (pass) Sec - B

WASHING MACHINES
A washing machine, clothes washer, or simply washer, is a machine designed to wash laundry, such as clothing, towels and sheets. The term is mostly applied only to machines that use water as the primary cleaning solution, as opposed to dry cleaning (which uses alternative cleaning fluids, and is performed by specialist businesses) or even ultrasonic cleaners. All washer machines work by using mechanical energy, thermal energy, and chemical action. Mechanical energy is imparted to the clothes load by the rotation of the agitator in top loaders, or by the tumbling action of the drum in front loaders. Thermal energy is supplied by the temperature of the wash bath. The spin speed in these machines can vary from 500 to 1600rpm.

MAJOR PARTS OF WASHING MACHINE Your washing machine is made up of a number of components that are designed to work together and to stand up to the rigors of thousands of washing cycles. Here are the players:

Controls The controls of your washing machine are made up of electrical switches and mechanical gears. These components send information to the motor and pump to control the wash and rinse cycles. The controls allow you to set the water temperature, rinse speed, load size, and the length of the washing cycle. Motor The motor of your washing machines is responsible for powering the agitator and washing tub. When agitating, the motor turns back and forth at about a three quarter rotation. While spinning, the motor turns in a singe direction at hundreds of revolutions per minute (RPMs). Plumbing A washing machine has a number of pluming components that handle water as it flows through the machine. Hot and cold water supply lines carry water from the house to the washing machine. These lines attached to a solenoid valve that mixes the water according to the temperature setting for the load of wash. A drain pump and hose carry dirty water away from the washing machine at the end of each cycle, Tub Your washing machine actually has two tubs: an outer, waterproof tub that holds the washing and rinsing water, and an inner tub that holds the clothes as theyre cleaned. The inner tub is perforated with hundreds of tiny holes that allow water to escape during the spin cycle. Agitator This plastic cone rest in the center of the inner tub. The agitator has specially designed fins that create a current in the water when they turn. The current pulls clothes down from the surface and returns clothes from the bottom of the tub. The cycling of the clothes through soapy water creates the cleaning action of your washing machine. Other components Your washing machine contains other parts that protect the machine itself including shock absorbers, vibration dampers and a clutch/brake device to help the motor speed up and slow down safely.

PRINCIPLE The working of a washing machine is based on the principle of CENTRIFUGAL FORCE , i.e. , the force that seems to make things shoot outward when they go round in
a circle.When your clothes are spinning in the drum, it's centrifugal force that throws the water out through the little holes so your washing ends up much drier.

WORKING It is mandate to know the basic working functionality of an appliance as well as possess a simple knowledge of the features. This will enable you to select the right kind of appliance to fulfill your requirements. Each and every appliance that you buy is accompanied by an instruction booklet which you must always read before using the appliance. The manual also informs you about the methods by which you can enhance the devices performance. Using a washing machine is as simple as setting the correct temperature and wash settings, fill water and detergents through the inlet and load clothes. Finally start the cycle and wait till the end of cycle buzzer. Now, the washing machine starts its operation. The timer is considered to be the brain of the washing machine. The timer is the one that controls each and every section of the washing machine. In fact, timer also decides how much electricity should be supplied at each stage. Depending on the wash cycle and the temperature, the respective solenoids open up to fill water. Once water reaches the predefined level a pressure solenoid checks the pressure of water in the tub and then cuts off the supply when required. When the supply is cut off, the water inlet solenoid is closed and a signal is sent across to the motor to begin the washing cycle. In the washing cycle, the clothes are moved and shifted in such a way that the detergent reaches all the clothes evenly. Now the detergent performs the cleaning process. Once the washing phase is completed, the machine drains off all the soapy water and takes in fresh water for rinsing. Once the rinsing is thoroughly done, the machine switches to spin mode for drying. In the spin mode, the machine exerts a centrifugal force to extract water from the clothes. Thus generally in the spin mode the clothes at whirled at a very high speed. Also a sensor is placed on top of the machine that pauses the cycle as soon as the lid is opened only to resume it later once the lid is closed. With technological advancements, lots of changes are taking place. Recently, some washing machines are using steam cleaning technology. However the basic washing and drying process is going to remain more or less same.

CLEANSING ACTION OF DETERGENT Three types of energies are required for effective cleaning : 1.)Chemical energy - Provided by a soap or detergent 2.)Thermal energy - Provided by warm or hot water 3.)Mechanical energy Provided by hands or washing machine
All these energies interact with each other and hence should be in proper balance. Now let us have a look at how they work together. Lets' assume we have piece of fabric with oil and grease on it. Using water alone will not help and the reason for this is that the oil and grease present in soil repel the water molecules. Now if we add a soap or detergent to the water, the water-repelling end of surfactant is repelled by water but is attracted by the oil n the soil. At the same time, the waterattracting end of surfactant is attracted to the water molecules. These two opposing forces loosen the soil and suspend it in the water. Use of warm or hot water has found to be effective in cleaning as it helps dissolve grease and oil in soil. Washing machine agitation or rubbing with hands helps in pulling the soil free.

TYPES Washing machine is now an essential appliance in the household due to the compelling circumstances created by the hectic lifestyles of the people. Traditional methods of washing are time consuming and arduous. Modern families are looking for gadgets, appliances and equipments that can save time and reduce physical hardships. Washing machine is one among many such innovations that contributed towards better living conditions in the modern society. Ever since the washing machine was developed and marketed by the manufacturers, several innovative changes have taken place in the form, content and performance of this consumer friendly product. Early versions of front loading and top loading varieties have their positive and negative aspects and the consuming public have chosen them according to the individual needs, tastes and financial capabilities. The machine underwent further changes in the course of time.

Modern washing machines are available in four configurations: top loading front loading automatic semi automatic

TOP LOADING The top loading design or V-axis clothes washer, most popular in Australia, Canada, the United States and Latin America, places the clothes in a vertically-mounted perforated basket that is contained within a water-retaining tub, with a propellerlike agitator in center of the bottom of the basket. Clothes are loaded through the top of the machine, which is covered with a hinged door. During the wash cycle, the outer tub is filled with water sufficient to suspend the clothing freely in the basket, and the movement of the agitator pulls the clothing downward in the center towards the agitator paddles. The clothing then moves outward and up the sides of the basket to repeat the process. Top-loaders are not well-suited to cleaning large objects such as pillows or sleeping bags due to the tendency for them to just float on the surface of the water without circulating, and the aggressive agitator action can damage delicate fabrics.

In most top loading washers, if the motor spins in one direction, the gearbox drives the agitator; if the motor spins the other way, the gearbox locks the agitator and spins the basket and agitator together. Similarly if the pump motor rotates one way it recirculates the sudsy water; in the other direction it pumps water from the machine during the spin cycle. Because they usually incorporate a gearbox, clutch, crank, etc, top loading washers are mechanically more complex than front loading machines but are generally lower maintenance since there is no need for a door seal (described below).

FRONT LOADING The front loading design or H-axis clothes washer, most popular in Europe and the Middle East, mounts the inner basket and outer tub horizontally, and loading is through a door at the front of the machine. The door often but not always contains a window. Agitation is supplied by the back-and-forth rotation of the cylinder and by gravity. The clothes are lifted up by paddles on the inside wall of the drum and then dropped. This motion flexes the weave of the fabric and forces water and detergent solution through the clothes load. Because the wash action does not require the clothing be freely suspended in water, only enough water is needed to moisten the fabric. Because less water is required, front-loaders typically use less soap, and the aggressive dropping and folding action of the tumbling can easily produce large amounts of foam.

Front-loaders control water usage through the surface tension of water, and the capillary wicking action this creates in the fabric weave. A front-loader washer always fills to the same low water level, but a large pile of dry clothing standing in water will soak up the moisture, causing the water level to drop. The washer then refills to maintain the original water level. Because it takes time for this water absorption to occur with a motionless pile of fabric, nearly all front-loaders begin the washing process by slowly tumbling the clothing under the stream of water entering and filling the drum, to rapidly saturate the dry clothes with water.

SEMI AUTOMATIC AND FULLY AUTOMATIC MACHINE The semi automatic washing machines of leading manufacturers are preferred by many for the cost benefits. They are comparatively cheaper than the fully automatic machines which were introduced later. But those who give preference for a machine which is easier and convenient, opted for fully automatic one notwithstanding the cost factor.
SEMI AUTOMATIC

A fully automatic washing machine is costlier by 50 to 200 percent more than its semi automatic version depending on the special features that are incorporated in them.

In the semi automatic type of washing machines there are two tubs. One is provided for soaking, washing and rinsing. The second one is intended for drying the clothes. The clothes after washing and rinsing should be transferred to the second tub manually. It takes about 45 minutes to one hour to complete the process. In the fully automatic washing machine there is only a single tub for all the three operations and the need for transferring clothes in between the operations does not arise. There are many innovative features in the latest models of fully automatic machines. Some machines have facility to provide hot water which can be used for heavily soiled clothes. Machines with facility to pump in hot air to expedite the drying process in cold and humid climates are also available.

FULLY AUTOMATIC

Washing machines of modern days have provisions for different settings for different varieties or textures of clothes such as cotton, silk, wool etc. Dispensers to add detergents, softeners, bleach or starch are also provided. The automatic process is very convenient for those who are busy both at home and workplace. Once the machine is loaded and switched on, there is no need to attend to the same. However fully automatic machines takes more time to complete the wash process than a semi automatic one. It takes about 1.5 to 2 hours depending on the size of the machine as well as the weight of the clothes loaded and the programme

selected. Water and energy consumption will be more in the fully automatic machines. As already mentioned earlier the consumers have many options. There are innumerable brands, models and sizes available in the market. Online shopping is ideal as the consumer can have a look at the products presented in the virtual show rooms. Fully automatic or Semi automatic, washing machines have made the work of homemakers very easy and simple.

DISADVANTAGES 1. The most notable, common and distinct problem with a washer and dryer combo washing machine, is that these combo washing machines can handle only very small loads of laundry, so you might be using the washing machine more than once, which does lead to some wastage of electricity and water. 2. The washer and dryer combo washing machines, take a lot of time for one load of laundry. A load of laundry that may be weighs in at say five pounds, will take approximately five hours to complete the whole washer dryer combo cycle. When the washing sequence of the washing machine finishes, the dryer sequence can only dry a half of the total washing load at any given time. This essentially means that, after the washing cycle is done, you will have to manually unload half of the washing machine from the washer dryer combo washing machine and then use the dryer, so you essentially end up using the dryer twice for the same washing load.

ADVANTAGES 1.One very big advantage, if you do not mind the time cycle for cleaning and drying your clothes in a washer and dryer combo washing machine, is the price of the combo washing machine. An in expensive stackable washer and dryer and very well comparable to the least expensive washer and dryer combo washing machine.It's like purchasing two machines with the price of one.

2. Another huge advantage of the washer and dryer combo washing machine system, is the expense of using the washer and dryer combo washing machines. They energy efficient and save you some amount of money. They are also environmentally sound, since they require the same amount of water that a normal washing machine requires.It will actually save you more money with your utilities and it is energy-saving. 3. The washer dryer combo washing machines spatial advantage is very clear and beneficial, if you do live in a space constrained environment, like a small house or may be a studio apartment. The washer and dryer combo washing machine uses space in an excellent manner.

DIFFERENT BRANDS There are different brands of washing machine available in market. Different brands have different models. According to brand and their models washing machines have different prices.Below we have considered some washing machines of different brands with their specific model. 1.WHIRLPOOL Whirlpool-Superwash SSAN651 Rs 8,340/This 6.5 kg top loading semi-automatic washing machine with agitator wash has 2 preset programmes. The machine allows heavy wash and normal wash. It has see through wash and spin tub windows and a rust proof plastic base.

Whirlpool-Ebony Classic Rs 13,990/This 6 kg top loading fully automatic washing machine with agitator wash has 4 preset programmes. The machine allows prewash (soak), heavy wash, normal wash and delicate wash. It has other features like wash load sensor, automatic

drainage and auto restart. It has 25 minutes of soak process. It has impeller wash system and 6th sense technology. It also has see through wash tub window.

Whirlpool-Sport Rs 26,500/This 7 kg front loading fully automatic washing machine with tumble wash has multiple wash programmes. The machine allows prewash (soak), heavy wash, normal wash, delicate wash, quick wash and hot water wash. It also has additional features like washload sensor, automatic drainage, auto restart and child lock. It has anti-bacterial, active cotton, active lycra and stain wash programmes. It has anticrease cycle and variable temperature 0-95 C. It has a max. spin speed of 1000 rpm. It does not require permanent plumbing and has flexible loading.

2.SAMSUNG Samsung-WT8501EG Rs 7,715/This 6.5 kg top loading semi-automatic washing machine with pulsator wash has 3 preset programmes. The machine allows heavy wash, delicate wash and normal wash. It has has double storm pulsator. Its Air Turbo Drying System ensures speedy drying. It also has transparent window for the wash and spin tub. It is available in light grey colour.

Samsung-WA78D4P Rs 10,690/This 5.8 kg top loading fully automatic washing machine with pulsator wash has 2 preset programmes. The machine allows prewash (soak), heavy wash and normal wash. It also has additional features like washload sensor, automatic drainage, auto restart and child lock. It has a light grey colour body with light grey colour top cover.

Samsung-WF8652SEA Rs 31,490/This 6.5 kg front loading fully automatic washing machine with tumble wash has 13 preset programmes. The machine allows prewash (soak), heavy wash, normal wash, delicate wash and hot wash. It also has additional features like wash load sensor, automatic drainage, auto restart and child lock. It uses silver nano technology, has a diamond drum which reduces fabric damage and has a ceramic heater. It has a wide door opening, voltage control (165V - 400V.) and user friendly interface. It also has centre time display. It is available in white/chromed + black colour.

3. LG

LG-WP-9224 Rs 7,190/This 6.2 kg Top laoding semi-automatic washing machine with pulsator wash has 3 preset programmes. The machine allows hot wash, heavy wash, normal wash and delicate wash. It has transparent window for the spin tub. It has a hot and cold water inlet. It has intello motor which gives adequate power for efficient wash. It also has collar scrubber for cleaner cuffs and collars.

LG-WF-N6861DN Rs 10,490/This 5.8 kg top loading fully automatic washing machine with pulsator wash has fuzzy wash programme. The machine allows prewash (soak). It also has additional features like wash load sensor, automatic drainage and auto restart. It has plastic wash tub with turbo drum which reduces tangling. It has 3 step wash for better quality wash. It is available in cool grey colour.

LG-WD-80490NP Rs 24,490/This 5.5 kg front loading fully automatic washing machine with tumble wash has 8 preset programmes. The machine allows prewash (soak), heavy wash, normal wash, delicate wash and hot wash. It also has additional features like wash load sensor, automatic drainage, auto restart and child lock. It has other 7 special wash options like baby care and hand wash. It also has no spin option. It has a round door type. It is available in white colour.

4. ONIDA Onida-Hydrofall 72B/E/S Rs 8,790/This 7.2 kg top loading semi-automatic washing machine with plugitator wash has 3 preset programmes (72E also availabel with 2 preset programme). The machine allows prewash soak (72S), hot water wash, heavy wash, normal wash and delicate wash. It has hot and cold water inlet, rust free fiber body, window for wash and spin window.

Onida-Hydromatic 60FP Rs 11,990/This 6 kg top loading fully automatic washing machine with pulsator wash has 3 preset programmes. The machine allows heavy wash, normal wash and delicate wash. It also has additional features like washload sensor, automatic drainage and auto restart. It has rust free fiber body.

Onida-Tumble 55 Rs 19,990/This 5.5 kg front loading fully automatic washing machine has tumble wash. The machine allows prewash (soak), heavy wash, normal wash, delicate wash, quick wash and hot water wash. It also has additional features like automatic drainage, auto restart and child lock. The rinse plus feature gives you the extra rinsing facility. It has an anti-crease feature. It has a wide porthole of 300mm and has reversible door opening with 180-degree opening angle.

5. GODREJ Godrej-GWS 7501 Rs 8,190/This 7.5 kg top loading semi-automatic washing machine has a pulsator wash. The machine allows heavy wash and normal wash. Its has a rust proof poly propylene body and a has a transparent window which allows you to monitor the wash process. It has Optima Water Force design that creates ideal washing conditions to preserve clothes longer.

Godrej-GWF 650FC Rs 13,200/This 6.5 kg top loading fully automatic washing machine has pulsator wash with 6 preset programmes. The machine allows heavy wash, normal wash, delicate wash and quick wash. It also has additional features like washload sensor, automatic drainage, auto restart and child lock. It has Dynamic Aqua-Power Control (DAC). It has other features like dual air vents, water optimizer and sleep mode.

Godrej-GFT 600 Rs 17,000/This 5 kg front loading fully automatic washing machine with tumble wash has 16 preset programmes. The machine allows heavy wash, normal wash, delicate wash and hot water wash. It also has additional features like automatic drainage. It has can use spin free feature where-in the water drains directly and spin mode can be skipped completely. Its anti crease feature prevents the crease that forms in clothes due to spinning. It has 180 degree door opening for easy loading of clothes. It has 3 in 1 Detergent Dispenser for pre-wash detergents, wash detergents and softeners. It is designed which ensures minimum vibrations and silent operations.

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