APWH Period III Reading Notes Period III Intro, The World Shrinks; pp.

342-7 The World Map Changes I. II. growth of new empires between 1450 and 1750, in global trade routes

Triggers for Change - revival of empire building, such as Ottomans; exploration of Africa by Europeans; new military tech allowed easier conquest over those that did not have these technologies, such as larger, sturdier ships The Big Changes A. A New Global Exchange - international trade , including Americas for the first time B. Biological Exchange - Columbian Exchange brought new diseases and crops C. New Empires - India, ME, Russia, SE Europe, etc. all 3 of these brought new shifts in world power Continuity - many societies kept to their traditions in the wake of these massive changes, such as gender relations and religious beliefs Impact on Daily Life: Work - slavery, growing pressure to work harder, including even children

III.

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Trends and Societies in the Early Modern Period Chapter 16: The World Economy, pp. 348-55 I. Chapter Intro - Western developments led to new period in world history; new areas brought into global network, most notably the Americas; truly global trade; world economy complex, but European nations key as used silver from Americas to pay for goods from Asia, particularly China; - about 30% of foods consumed today come from the Americas, especially corn and potato The Wests First Outreach: Maritime Power - Crusades brought Europe knowledge of wider world, especially superior tech of Islamic world; Europes upper classes grew accustomed to spices

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A. -

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and fine products from Asia; Europeans were generally ignorant of wider world and customs; first exploration limited New Technology: A Key to Power caravel ships, compass for navigation, mapmaking, knowledge of Chinese explosives adapted into gunnery for naval protection; began military advantage it would maintain over rest of world until 20th century Portugal and Spain Lead the Pack Portugal started exploration craze excitement of discovery, harm might cause to Muslim world and a thirst for wealth; Prince Henry the Navigator organized series into Africa, beginning in 1434; rounded Cape of Good Hope in 1488 Dias; Vasco de Gama rounded the Cape in 1498 and went to India; shocked their products not wanted by Indians, but brought back some spices; started annual voyages into Indian Ocean; arrived in Indonesia in 1514 and Japan by 1542; Columbus in 1492 to New World a big mistake as he thought it was India, hence misnomer Columbus; Vespucci gave New World its name and Spain won new approval from pope for most territory in New World; Magellans crew first to circumnavigate world in 1519; expanded territories in New World and Asia Northern European Expeditions late in 16th century, lead in exploration passed to northern Europe, as France and England gained power and strove to rival Catholic gains; Dutch and British improved design of oceanic vessels; Britain routed Spanish Armada in 1588 British, French and Dutch focused on North America because could not rival Spains South American territories establishment of trading companies Dutch East India Company, British East India Company effectively rule the territories instead of their home governments; hardships at sea disease, battles with natives, long timeframe of journey In Depth: Causation and the Wests Expansion causation can be hard to figure out; great man analysis recently lost favor; based on wonders of innovation presented by the Renaissance; rivalries between nation-states competition; new inventions led to tech superiority; no uniform agreement on this cause Chapter 16: World Economy, pp. 355-9

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Toward a World Economy A. The Columbian Exchange of Disease and Food - millions of Native Americans died from disease gained from Europeans; lost up to 80% of native populations; occurred quickly; New World crops spread rapidly to the rest of the world helped pop growth; spread animal husbandry B. The Wests Commercial Outreach

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Europeans did not monopolize trade in the East, but did come to control it; Muslims remained active in East Africa, despite a few European bases; Spain defeated Ottomans in Battle of Lepanto in 1571 to take naval control of Mediterranean Sea; Europe did not conquer much inland territory in Asia, but did not control many harbors area of contact with local and overland traders; set up areas of influence in areas they did not directly control Imbalances in World Trade competition between European states for economic control Spain dominated early due to massive silver imports, but not a good banking system and profits quickly squandered; mercantilism in which colonies provide raw materials for benefit of core nation produced precious metals, tropical goods, cheap labor; traded manufactured goods back to colonies A System of International Inequality new economic relationships were longstanding; core dependent system still in place today in many ways; coercive labor systems spread relied on cheap production of goods, so needed labor to be cheap as well as there is profit How Much World in the World Economy? huge areas of the world not yet in the world economy, but did not face big international problems until the 18th century; China benefited from world trade, but did not participate as much as Europe; choose to hold onto their traditions rather than adapt to European ways but was able to avoid general subservience to the Europeans during this time period; China had strong export position and Europeans had to use silver to get those goods, which they strongly desired; Japan also pulled out after allowing some Western influence and foreign presence, but leaders worried about too much foreign influence Japanese forbidden to travel abroad; Muslims empires mostly focused on internal development, and didnt care about foreign trade The Expansionist Trend expanded almost continually; India seen as a market for British goods; E. Europe also slowly brought into world market Chapter 16: Colonial Expansion, pp. 359-67

II.

Colonial Expansion A. The Americas: Loosely Controlled Colonies - colonies were especially inviting in the Americas, where European guns and other tech offered special advantages Spanish colonized very quickly; Cortes with Aztecs, Pizarro with Incas Atahualpa assassinated in 1541; early colonies were developed by gold-hungry Europeans; became more formal administration France, Britain and Holland came later, but had big empires none the less

B. British and French North America: Backwater Colonies - North America colonies different than Caribbean and Latin America religious refugees in North America; New France in Quebec, led to Seven Years War in North America between France and GB France took islands in West Indies and Britain took North American holdings North American products not as valuable as those from Caribbean; US pop 3 million, far less than in Latin areas - Colonists consumed political ideas from Europe such as John Locke; North American leaders saw themselves as part of larger Western world - By 18th century, some Americans were trading with China; GB wanted to get greater tax revenue from colonies; Europeans displaced natives from much of their territory Europeans generally did not intermingle with natives as they did in Latin America; by 1700 importation of African slaves was more important to culture than natives; by 18th century, 23 % of English colonies were of African origin C. North America and Western Civilization - most white settlers wanted to bring their own traditions into new setting; colonists married earlier than their European counterparts; rebellions were using European ideas D. Africa and Asia: Coastal Trading Stations - Europeans content with small coastal fortresses in Africa negotiated with kings but did not take large amounts of territory; exceptions were Portuguese in Angola and Dutch in Cape Colony in south Africa Dutch farmers developed own culture, called Boers - Same situation in Asia Spain sent Catholic missionaries in Philippines Dutch East India Company in Indonesia; British and French were involved in a struggle for India British East India Company won control trade ports E. Impact on Western Europe - Western Europe affected by economic and diplomatic success of its colonies; Seven Years War was a truly global conflict; sugar became more common for everyone F. The Impact of a New World Order - of slavery, China prospered from silver

Chapter 17: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750, pp. 368-76 I. Chapter Intro - Western civ changed in dramatic ways by 1750; still largely agricultural but growing manufacturing and commercial; overseas expansion and dominance in international role; 4 Cousins II. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce A. A New Spirit - Petrarch father of humanism, but still a humanist B. The Italian Renaissance - first developed in Italy in 14th and 15th century mostly artistic; well into it by 1450 competitive city-states led to better painting; Machiavelli political theory; humanism focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor commercial civilization as well as focus on classical Greek and Roman art improved banking techniques led to commerce; more professional armies C. The Renaissance Moves Northward - Italy began to decline as a center by 1500 ideas moved northward after 1450 classical focus also, blended secular interests with Christian devotion; state power - Impact should not be overstated ordinary folks little touched by Renaissance values D. Changes in Technology and Family - printing press by Gutenberg helped spread ideas and literacy; later marriage age and emphasis on nuclear families with limited birth rates E. The Protestant and Catholic Reformations - Martin Luther and 95 Theses posted 1517, criticizing Catholic Church; particularly selling of indulgences; challenged papal authority, and that priests should be able to marry; Bible in vernacular and local control also a focus dubbed Protestantism; some peasants saw this movement as a call to arms against their landlords

- Henry VIII of England started Anglican Church so he could divorce to produce a male heir; Jean Calvin Calvinism believed in predestination - Started Catholic Reformation in response to purify problems within the church attacked popular superstitions, Jesuits Catholic cheerleaders F. The End of Christian Unity in the West - led to religious wars in Europe throughout late 16th and 17th centuries Edict of Nantes supported tolerance in France; Thirty Years War in Holy Roman Empire in 1618 to 1648 killed up to 60% of pop in some areas ended with Treaty of Westphalia granted religious toleration to Calvinists - English Civil War in 1640s battle between king and Parliament for authority, Charles I killed by king returned in 1660 (Restoration) - Eventually accepted that Christian unity could not be restored - People eventually saw less of a connection between God and nature; by 1630, 47% of English were literate, compared with 1570 when 20% were G. The Commercial Revolution - economic structure redefined in this time period; trade levels rose, as did goods available; price inflation in 16th century spurred commercialization; massive import of gold and silver from colonies; new wealth led to in demand for products; great trading companies formed, often with govt. backing; colonial markets provided raw goods for manufacturing; by 1600 the average Western European owned 5x as much stuff as a contemporary in SE Europe H. Social Protest - creation of proletariat people without access to property ownership people were upset by the gap between rich and poor; social tension, also an outlet was witchcraft craze usually targets are older women, seen as a danger Chapter 17: Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, pp. 376-80

I.

Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change - Scientific Revolution affected formal intellectual life, but also promoted change in the social outlook; more decisive governments arose, based on the notion of a nation-state A. Did Copernicus Copy? - role of science in intellectual life; first step was Copernicus and his heliocentric theory; based his findings on math, also based on similar ideas by 13th and 14th century Muslim clerics not sure if Copernicus had his ideas independently or based on their research B. Science: The New Authority - Kepler discovered the elliptical basis of planetary motion; Galileo publicized Copernicus work persecuted by the church; John Harvey demonstrated flow of blood in body; Descartes was a skeptic methodology of doubt, Cogito ergo sum; Newton Principia Mathematica laws of motion, gravity; quickly popularized among educated Westerners research popularized, new belief that people could control and understand their environment - popularized deism clockmaker God; John Locke argued that people could learn everything through reason emphasis on rational thought C. Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies - feudal monarchy began to decline in 17th century monarchs gained new powers, French kings built up their powers great example of absolute monarchy, Louis XIV I am the state. Supported mercantilism, built strong bureaucracy in service of the state Spain, Prussia, etc., believed strong military necessary - Britain and Netherlands examples of parliamentary monarchies; 1688 Glorious Revolution, saw balance of power shift from king to parliament D. In Depth: Elites and Masses - some argue that witch hunts were stopped by elites stepping in to decrease the hysteria; Ren, Ref and Commercial Rev all required substantial action by the elites to spread those ideas; but, widespread

changes also came from decisions by artisan classes, etc. E. The Nation-State - both kinds of monarchs led nation-states; unlike previous great empires, they ruled people who shared a common culture and language; people believed government should rule in their interest Chapter 17: The West by 1750, pp. 381-7 I. The West by 1750 A. Political Patterns - political changes became well settled in 18th century in Western Europe; in Eastern Europe more lively developments; Prussia Frederick the Great built a great military state; conflict between Britain and France across the globe in the Seven Years War B. Enlightenment Thought and Popular Culture - Enlightenment was centered in France, but spread throughout Europe; scientific methods to the study of human society; Adam Smith Wealth of Nations, invisible hand, laissez-faire capitalism; Diderot and his Encyclopedia spread the ideas of the Enlightenment; generally thought human beings are good and progress is possible; thinkers such as Mary Wollstonecraft, who advocated womens rights; reading clubs and coffeehouses; attitudes toward kids became more loving; popularization of novel, such as Samuel Richardsons Pamela C. Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing - economic changes paralleled pop culture and intellectual life; demand for products among lower and middle classes; more productive agriculture techniques meant more population growth; New World crops such as the potato and corn meant more people could be supported; capitalism also spread; 18th century saw spread of textile production, especially in Great Britain; new tech made textiles easier and faster to make D. Innovation and Instability - in 18th century, the various strands of change intertwined in Europe stronger governments

promoted agricultural improvements, which pop growth; strands of change in commercial, cultural and political realms were all in place by 1750; Europeans thought their Christianity made them superior to others, grew confidant of their place in the world