PERMEABILITY CORRELATIONS FOR CARBONATE & OTHER ROCKS Paper #58400 GSA Meeting 2003 Seattle Wa.

Presentation rev. 3

Otis P. Armstrong, PE

The form: k (md) =101.5(1/Sw-c - 1)1.9 (if k calc > 200, use 1, not 10) It is presented to improve description of potentially productive zones of carbonates. Equations that do not use the form: (1/Sw-c - 1) cannot accurately describe k at both low & high Swc, .i.e. at Swc=1, k must equal zero. Following Graphs are comparisons:

1000.0 10.0 100.0

k md

0.1

opa BVW=0.02 Archie 1 Archie 2 Ar type 3 low por ss Data

1.0

por %
2.0 7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0 27.0 32.0

0.0

1.E+03

1.E+02
24.0

168.0 138.0 109.3 100.0 82.0 63.0 53.0 52.3 14.3 12.8 12.0

1.E+01
3.2 3.1 2.5 2.3 1.8

6.1

8.5

1.E+00
0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4

0.8

1.E-01 core opa Sch97 Timur

0.0

1.E-02

1.E-01

1.E-02 1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

Error w/ opa eqn is 10xs less than Sch97 and 20xs less Timur Only 2 false negatives and 3 false positives at 1md cut point

MOBILE HC VALUE Provided, a min k can be established, mobile HC factor is simply a mapping of the Bulk Volume Water Term, BVW. More correct K forms, with (1/Swc - 1)n are just more complex. Below is a simple derivation & recall (N^a)(N^-b)=N^(a-b) but ((N^a)^b)=N^(a*b): Sw-c =BVW/ in Timors equation gives: Kmin ={92.6()2.2/(Sw-c)}2 => min ={Kmin *BVW/92.6}0.313 and using these terms in the movable HC formula: (Swc0.2 Swc)7760 = 7760{( Swc/)0.2 BVW}= BBL/AcFt = 7760{0.8(BVW)0.2 BVW} => Kmin RULE : 7760[{Kmin /92.6}0.25(BVW)0.513 BVW] Other forms give similar results, but with limited range: Max Swc RULE: (BBL/AcFt)mo =7760(BVW)[(Swc)-0.8 -1] min RULE : (BBL/AcFt)mo = 7760{[min0.8 ]BVW0.2 BVW}

Effect of permeability on min HC mov 0.025 BVW

400
BBL/ac-ft move

375 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 0

opa sch97 asquith oil

m in k, m d 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

At each BVW, a MINIMUM mobility of BBL/AcFt is defined using a parametric of Porosity or Connate Water or k.

950 52 53

bbl/acft, mobil

850 750 650

0.8 100 2109 13 >1 2.5 ? 3.2 36 9 ? 1.8 0.3 0.1 ? ? 0.23 0.025 0.2 ? 168 12 0.1 0.4 ? ? ? >1 6 ? 0.2 2 100

2 2

200 1 1

138 550 450 350 14 250 150

core & (md) 0.1md Sw mx =0.525

y = 1150x

0.48

63

0.3 md Power (0.3 md) Power (0.1md)

82 0.1 0.05

50 0.005

BVW
0.045 0.065 0.085

shale 0.105 0.125 0.145

Plot of Core Data as BVW & Mobility Ratio: BBL/AcFt Minimum Proposed at 0.2md line or 780BVW0.44

Increased mobility ~ increased chance depo is economical 90% of all USA crb prdn from depo >130bbl/acft. US data shows: prospecting in low Siluran & older rocks; success rates 2-4xs higher if dolomites are tested compared to developing simular age & limestone rocks.

Min bvw max bvw min bbl/AcFt mx bbl/AcFt 0.005 0.015 76 123 vug carb vug & IX carb 0.015 0.025 123 154 .Intr gran crb. 0.025 0.040 154 189 Chalk carb 0.050 0.100 189 283 0.44 780BVW <=crb
Lithology 2nd &Vug Carbs: =>bimodal pores In logging terms: movable HC is: BBL/AcFt = 7760[a]*[(Rmf/Rxo) - (Rw/Rt) ] at irreducible H2O= 7760{ (Rw/aRt)}[ Swc)-0.8 -1] Where a is term to make F = (a/2) , typically a=1 in carb.

Summary
Typical conditions, production < 900 & >130 bbl/ac-ft. Mobile HC expressed as BBL/Acft is a handy way to evaluate deposit, provided lithology is understood The closer values are to litho-minimums, the less the chances of economic HC extraction Low mobility values also indicate low permeability, w/o bimodal pores Higher values indicate higher effective porosity Watch for chalk & silt porosity types as they have higher mins Rocks with <140 bbl/AcFt = cap rocks unless Vug or coarse ss porosity types USA prdn data show Vug type more often dolomite, more brittle & dolomites more often in Siluran & older formations.

Upper Ordovician Zone, Clean Carbonate, Western Latvia

movable HC 36 wells W. Latvia bbl/acft bbl/acft 200 235 max 94 131 avg 60 90 std 36 n IX LS clean
Indication in 36 wells: this zone is a Cap Rock, typically <140 & does not contribute to oil flow, remove this zone in Htests.

Well J-E6

Horner
t, m por % k, md Horner Geol. cores

Analysis Compare
Danish 10 11 2.5 OPA /core 0.62 17.4 40.5 md-m

gives = thickness Factors show ~1m sucrosic LS

Indications are: oil flow is from thin lower sucrosic LS/Dolo

Thanks for hearing my considerations. A more detailed Discussion is available by email request.

otis-a@oiljetpump.com