1.

Find the root of x4 - 3x3 + 3x2 - 3x + 2 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
a0 = 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1= -3.0
b1 = -2.5
c1 = -2.0

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 1.75
c2 = 0.75

a3 = -3.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = -2.125 b4 = 0.9375
c3 = -1.75

p1 = p0 - (b4 / c3) = 1.0357143

a0 = 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -3.0
b1 = -1.964
c1 = -0.928

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 0.965
c2 = 0.0038

a3 = -3.0
b3 = -1.999
c3 = -1.996

a4 = 1.0
b4 = -0.0714

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -3.0
b2 = 1.00
b3 = -2.0
c2 = 2.38E-7 c3 = -1.999

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 9.64E-5

p2 = 0.9999518
a0= 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -3.0
b1 = -2.00
c1 = -1.00

p3 = 1.0

So one of the root of the give equation is 1.0

2. Find the root of x4 - x - 10 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.5
c1 = 3.0

a2 = 0.0 a3 = 0.0
b2 = 2.25 b3 = 2.375
c2 = 6.75 c3 = 12.5

a4 = 1.0
b4 = -6.4375

p1 = 2.0149999
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 2.01

a2 = 0.0 a3 = 0.0 a4 = 1.0

b2 = 4.06 b3 = 7.18 b4 = 4.47

c0 = 1.0

c1 = 4.029 c2 = 12.18 c3 = 31.72

p2 = 1.87409
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.87
c1 = 3.74

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.51
c2 = 10.54

a3 = 0.0
b3 = 5.58
c3 = 25.32

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.46

p3 = 1.8558675
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.85
c1 = 3.71

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.44
c2 = 10.33

a3 = 0.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = 5.39 b4 = 0.0069
c3 = 24.56

p4 = 1.8555846
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.855
c1 = 3.71

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.44
c2 = 10.329

a3 = 0.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = 5.38
b4 = 2.8E-6
c3 = 24.556

p5 = 1.8555845

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.8555845.

3. Find the root of x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.5
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -5.0
p1 = 0.826087
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.17
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -4.35
p2 = 0.96769285
a0 = -6.0

a1 = 11.0

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 8.25
c2 = 5.75

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 6.72
c2 = 3.134

a2 = -6.0

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -1.875

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -0.444

a3 = 1.0

b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.03
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -4.06
p3 = 0.998544
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.001
c1 = -4.002

b2 = 6.130
c2 = 2.196

b3 = -0.0677

a2 = -6.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 6.005 b3 = -0.002
c2 = 2.0087

p4 = 0.99999696
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.00
c1 = -4.00

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 6.000
c2 = 2.00

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -5.7E-6

p5 = 0.9999998

so one of the root of the given equation is 0.9999998.

4. Find the root of x3 - 4x2 + 5x - 2 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.9
a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -2.1
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -0.19
p1 = 2.0285707
a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -1.97
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 0.057
p2 = 2.0015035
a0 = -2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 5.0
b1 = -1.99
c1 = 0.003

a2 = -4.0
b2 = 1.01
c2 = 0.63

a2 = -4.0
b2 = 1.01
c2 = 1.116

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -0.081

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.030

a2 = -4.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 1.00
b3 = 0.0015
c2 = 1.0060205

p3 = 2.0000048
a0 = -2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 5.0
b1 = -1.99
c1 = 9.5E-6

a2 = -4.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 1.0
b3 = 4.7E-6
c2 = 1.0000191

root = 2.0
so one of the root of the given equation is 2.0.

5. Find the root of x4 - x3 + 3x2 + x - 4 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -4.0 a1 = 1.0 a2 = 3.0 a3 = -1.0
a4 = 1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 0.5 b2 = 3.75 b3 = 6.625 b4 = 5.9375
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 2.0 c2 = 6.75 c3 = 16.75
p1 = 1.1455224
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.145
c1 = 1.29

a2 = 3.0 a3 = -1.0 a4 = 1.0

b2 = 3.16 b3 = 4.63 b4 = 1.3009324
c2 = 4.64 c3 = 9.95

p2 = 1.0147647
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.015
c1 = 1.029

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -1.0
b2 = 3.015 b3 = 4.06
c2 = 4.059 c3 = 8.179151

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.12

p3 = 1.0001624
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0
p4 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 1.62E-4
c1 = 1.0003

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -1.0
a4 = 1.0
b2 = 3.00 b3 = 4.001
b4 = 0.0013
c2 = 4.001 c3 = 8.001948

a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.0
c1 = 1.0

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 3.0
c2 = 4.0

a3 = -1.0
b3 = 4.0
c3 = 8.0

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.0

p5 = 1.0

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.0.

6. Find the root of x3 - x - 4 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -4.0 a1 = -1.0
a2 = -0.0
a3 = 1.0
b0 = 1.0 b1 = 1.5
b2 = 1.25
b3 = -2.125
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.0
c2 = 5.75
p1 = 1.8695652
a0 = -4.0
a1 = -1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 1.86
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.73
p2 = 1.7994524

a2 = -0.0
b2 = 2.49
c2 = 9.48

a0 = -4.0
a1 = -1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 1.79
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.59
p3 = 1.796328

a2 = -0.0
b2 = 2.24
c2 = 8.71

a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.79
c1 = 3.59

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.66

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.027

a2 = -0.0 a3 = 1.0
b2 = 2.22 b3 = 5.27E-5
c2 = 8.68

p4 = 1.7963219

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.796.

Problems to Work-Out:
7. Find the root of x4 - x - 4 = 0
8. Find the root of 2x3 - 3x2 + 2x - 3 = 0
9. Find the root of x3- 5x2 + 4x - 3 = 0
10. Find the root of x3 - x2 - x + 1 = 0
11. Find the root of 9x4 + 30x3 + 34x2 + 30x + 25 = 0
12. Find the root of x5 - 2x4+4x3-x2-7x+5= 0

Birge-Vieta Method
This is an iterative method to find a real root of the nth degree polynomial equation f(x) = Pn(x) = 0 of the
form
an xn + an-1 xn-1 + . . . + a1 x + a0 = 0
The theory can be understood better if we consider the above nth degree polynomial in the form
xn + a1 xn-1 + a2 xn-2 + . . . + an-1x + an = 0
If s is a real root of Pn(x) = 0 then Pn(x) = (x-s)Qn-1(x) where Qn-1(x) is an (n-1)th degree polynomial of the
form

Qn-1(x) = xn-1 + b1 xn-2 + . . . + bn-2x + bn-1.

If p is any approximation to s then Pn(x) = (x-p)Qn-1(x) + R where R is the residue which depends on p.
Now starting with p, we can use some iterative method to improve the value of p such that
R(p) = 0.
If we apply the Newton-Raphson method with a starting value p0, the iterative scheme can be written as

Pn(pi)
pi+1= pi
-

i=

0,1,2...
P'(pi)
Now by comparing the coefficients of Pn and (x-p)Qn-1(x) + R we get
a1 =
a2 =
.
.
.
ai =
.
.
.
an =

b1 - p
b2 - pb1
.
.
.
bi - pbi-1
.
.
.
R - pbn-1

b1 =
b2 =
.
.
.
bi =
.
.
.
R = bn =

a1 + p
a2 + pb1
.
.
.
ai + pbk-1
.
.
.
an + pbn-1

(or)
bi = ai + pbi-1

i=1,2,...n

with b0=1 and R = bn=Pn(p)

To find P'n(p), let us differentiate the equation

bi = ai + pbi-1
with respect to p

if we substitute (dbi / dp) = ci-1 then

dbi / dp = bi-1 + p (dbi-1 / dp)

ci-1 = bi-1 + pci-2

ci = bi + pci-1

(or)
i=1, 2, . . ., n-1

Then the cn-1 obtained from the last equation is nothing but

ci-1 = dbn / dp = dR / dp = P'n(p)

That is the Newton's method now can be written as
pi+1 = pi - bn / cn-1
On convergence this iterative process will give one root p of the polynomial equation Pn(x) = 0. Now the
deflated polynomial equation Qn-1(x) = 0 can be used to find the other real roots.
This method is often called as Birge-Vieta method.

Example :
Find the real root of x3 - x2 - x + 1 = 0
In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 1, a1 = -1, a2 = -1, a3 = 1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
p0 = 5

a0
+1

a1
-1
+0.5

a2
-1
-0.25

a3
+1
-0.625

+1

-0.5
+0.5

-1.25
0

+0.375
-0.625

+1

-1.25

p1 = p0 - b4 / c3

p1 = 0.8

= 0.5 -

(b4 = R)
(c2 = R')

0.375
0.375
= 0.5 +
= 0.5 + 0.3 = 0.8
-1.25
1.25

a0
+1

a1
-1
+0.8

a2
-1
-0.16

a3
+1
-0.928

+1

-0.2
+0.8

-1.16
+0.48

+0.072

(b4 = R)

+1

p2 = 0.8 -

-0.68

0.072
0.072
= 0.8 +
-0.68
0.68

p2 = 0.9059

p3 = 0.905 -

+0.6

(c2 = R')

= 0.8 + 0.1059 = 0.9059

a0
+1

a1
-1
+0.9059

a2
-1
-0.0852

a3
+1
-0.9831

+1

-0.0941
+0.9059

-1.0852
+0.7354

+0.0169 (b4 = R)

+1

+0.8118

-0.3498

(c2 = R')

0.0169
0.0169
= 0.905 +
= 0.905 + 0.0483 = 0.9533
-0.3498
0.3498

The exact root is 1.0

Worked out problems
Find a root and the corrponding polynomial factor for the following polynomial
equations
Exapmple 1
Exapmple 2
Exapmple 3
Exapmple 4
Exapmple 5
Exapmple 6

x4 - 3x3 + 3x2 - 3x + 2 = 0
4

x -x-10 = 0
3

x - 6x + 11x - 6 = 0
x - 4x + 5x - 2 = 0
4

x - x + 3x + x - 4 = 0
3

x -x-4=0
Problems to workout

Work out here :

Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution

Solution of Transcendental Equations | Solution of Linear System of Algebraic Equations | Interpolation & Curve
Fitting
Numerical Differentiation & Integration | Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations
Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations
search

1. Find the root of x4 - 3x3 + 3x2 - 3x + 2 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
a0 = 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1= -3.0
b1 = -2.5
c1 = -2.0

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 1.75
c2 = 0.75

a3 = -3.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = -2.125 b4 = 0.9375
c3 = -1.75

p1 = p0 - (b4 / c3) = 1.0357143

a0 = 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -3.0
b1 = -1.964
c1 = -0.928

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 0.965
c2 = 0.0038

a3 = -3.0
b3 = -1.999
c3 = -1.996

a4 = 1.0
b4 = -0.0714

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -3.0
b2 = 1.00
b3 = -2.0
c2 = 2.38E-7 c3 = -1.999

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 9.64E-5

p2 = 0.9999518
a0= 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0
p3 = 1.0

a1 = -3.0
b1 = -2.00
c1 = -1.00

So one of the root of the give equation is 1.0

2. Find the root of x4 - x - 10 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.5
c1 = 3.0

a2 = 0.0 a3 = 0.0
b2 = 2.25 b3 = 2.375
c2 = 6.75 c3 = 12.5

a4 = 1.0
b4 = -6.4375

p1 = 2.0149999
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
a2 = 0.0 a3 = 0.0 a4 = 1.0
b1 = 2.01 b2 = 4.06 b3 = 7.18 b4 = 4.47
c1 = 4.029 c2 = 12.18 c3 = 31.72

p2 = 1.87409
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.87
c1 = 3.74

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.51
c2 = 10.54

a3 = 0.0
b3 = 5.58
c3 = 25.32

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.46

p3 = 1.8558675
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.85
c1 = 3.71

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.44
c2 = 10.33

a3 = 0.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = 5.39 b4 = 0.0069
c3 = 24.56

p4 = 1.8555846
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0
p5 = 1.8555845

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.855
c1 = 3.71

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.44
c2 = 10.329

a3 = 0.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = 5.38
b4 = 2.8E-6
c3 = 24.556

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.8555845.

3. Find the root of x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.5
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -5.0
p1 = 0.826087
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.17
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -4.35
p2 = 0.96769285
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.03
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -4.06
p3 = 0.998544
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.001
c1 = -4.002

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 8.25
c2 = 5.75

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 6.72
c2 = 3.134

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -1.875

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -0.444

a2 = -6.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 6.130 b3 = -0.0677
c2 = 2.196

a2 = -6.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 6.005 b3 = -0.002
c2 = 2.0087

p4 = 0.99999696
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.00
c1 = -4.00

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 6.000
c2 = 2.00

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -5.7E-6

p5 = 0.9999998

so one of the root of the given equation is 0.9999998.

4. Find the root of x3 - 4x2 + 5x - 2 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.9
a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -2.1
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -0.19
p1 = 2.0285707
a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -1.97
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 0.057
p2 = 2.0015035

a2 = -4.0
b2 = 1.01
c2 = 0.63

a2 = -4.0
b2 = 1.01
c2 = 1.116

a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -1.99
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 0.003
p3 = 2.0000048
a0 = -2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 5.0
b1 = -1.99
c1 = 9.5E-6

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -0.081

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.030

a2 = -4.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 1.00
b3 = 0.0015
c2 = 1.0060205

a2 = -4.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 1.0
b3 = 4.7E-6
c2 = 1.0000191

root = 2.0
so one of the root of the given equation is 2.0.

5. Find the root of x4 - x3 + 3x2 + x - 4 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -4.0 a1 = 1.0 a2 = 3.0 a3 = -1.0
a4 = 1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 0.5 b2 = 3.75 b3 = 6.625 b4 = 5.9375
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 2.0 c2 = 6.75 c3 = 16.75

p1 = 1.1455224
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.145
c1 = 1.29

a2 = 3.0 a3 = -1.0 a4 = 1.0

b2 = 3.16 b3 = 4.63 b4 = 1.3009324
c2 = 4.64 c3 = 9.95

p2 = 1.0147647
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.015
c1 = 1.029

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -1.0
b2 = 3.015 b3 = 4.06
c2 = 4.059 c3 = 8.179151

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.12

p3 = 1.0001624
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0
p4 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 1.62E-4
c1 = 1.0003

a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.0
c1 = 1.0

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -1.0
a4 = 1.0
b2 = 3.00 b3 = 4.001
b4 = 0.0013
c2 = 4.001 c3 = 8.001948

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 3.0
c2 = 4.0

a3 = -1.0
b3 = 4.0
c3 = 8.0

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.0

p5 = 1.0

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.0.

6. Find the root of x3 - x - 4 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -4.0 a1 = -1.0
a2 = -0.0
a3 = 1.0
b0 = 1.0 b1 = 1.5
b2 = 1.25
b3 = -2.125
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.0
c2 = 5.75
p1 = 1.8695652
a0 = -4.0

a1 = -1.0

a2 = -0.0

a3 = 1.0

b0 = 1.0
b1 = 1.86
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.73
p2 = 1.7994524

b2 = 2.49
c2 = 9.48

a0 = -4.0
a1 = -1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 1.79
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.59
p3 = 1.796328

a2 = -0.0
b2 = 2.24
c2 = 8.71

a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.79
c1 = 3.59

b3 = 0.66

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.027

a2 = -0.0 a3 = 1.0
b2 = 2.22 b3 = 5.27E-5
c2 = 8.68

p4 = 1.7963219

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.796.

Problems to Work-Out:
7. Find the root of x4 - x - 4 = 0
8. Find the root of 2x3 - 3x2 + 2x - 3 = 0
9. Find the root of x3- 5x2 + 4x - 3 = 0
10. Find the root of x3 - x2 - x + 1 = 0
11. Find the root of 9x4 + 30x3 + 34x2 + 30x + 25 = 0
12. Find the root of x5 - 2x4+4x3-x2-7x+5= 0

1. Find the root of x4 - 3x3 + 3x2 - 3x + 2 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
a0 = 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1= -3.0
b1 = -2.5
c1 = -2.0

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 1.75
c2 = 0.75

a3 = -3.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = -2.125 b4 = 0.9375
c3 = -1.75

p1 = p0 - (b4 / c3) = 1.0357143

a0 = 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -3.0
b1 = -1.964
c1 = -0.928

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 0.965
c2 = 0.0038

a3 = -3.0
b3 = -1.999
c3 = -1.996

a4 = 1.0
b4 = -0.0714

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -3.0
b2 = 1.00
b3 = -2.0
c2 = 2.38E-7 c3 = -1.999

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 9.64E-5

p2 = 0.9999518
a0= 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -3.0
b1 = -2.00
c1 = -1.00

p3 = 1.0

So one of the root of the give equation is 1.0

2. Find the root of x4 - x - 10 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.5
c1 = 3.0

a2 = 0.0 a3 = 0.0
b2 = 2.25 b3 = 2.375
c2 = 6.75 c3 = 12.5

a4 = 1.0
b4 = -6.4375

p1 = 2.0149999
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 2.01

a2 = 0.0 a3 = 0.0 a4 = 1.0

b2 = 4.06 b3 = 7.18 b4 = 4.47

c0 = 1.0

c1 = 4.029 c2 = 12.18 c3 = 31.72

p2 = 1.87409
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.87
c1 = 3.74

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.51
c2 = 10.54

a3 = 0.0
b3 = 5.58
c3 = 25.32

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.46

p3 = 1.8558675
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.85
c1 = 3.71

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.44
c2 = 10.33

a3 = 0.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = 5.39 b4 = 0.0069
c3 = 24.56

p4 = 1.8555846
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.855
c1 = 3.71

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.44
c2 = 10.329

a3 = 0.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = 5.38
b4 = 2.8E-6
c3 = 24.556

p5 = 1.8555845

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.8555845.

3. Find the root of x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.5
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -5.0
p1 = 0.826087
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.17
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -4.35
p2 = 0.96769285
a0 = -6.0

a1 = 11.0

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 8.25
c2 = 5.75

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 6.72
c2 = 3.134

a2 = -6.0

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -1.875

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -0.444

a3 = 1.0

b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.03
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -4.06
p3 = 0.998544
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.001
c1 = -4.002

b2 = 6.130
c2 = 2.196

b3 = -0.0677

a2 = -6.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 6.005 b3 = -0.002
c2 = 2.0087

p4 = 0.99999696
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.00
c1 = -4.00

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 6.000
c2 = 2.00

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -5.7E-6

p5 = 0.9999998

so one of the root of the given equation is 0.9999998.

4. Find the root of x3 - 4x2 + 5x - 2 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.9
a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -2.1
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -0.19
p1 = 2.0285707
a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -1.97
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 0.057
p2 = 2.0015035
a0 = -2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 5.0
b1 = -1.99
c1 = 0.003

a2 = -4.0
b2 = 1.01
c2 = 0.63

a2 = -4.0
b2 = 1.01
c2 = 1.116

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -0.081

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.030

a2 = -4.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 1.00
b3 = 0.0015
c2 = 1.0060205

p3 = 2.0000048
a0 = -2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 5.0
b1 = -1.99
c1 = 9.5E-6

a2 = -4.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 1.0
b3 = 4.7E-6
c2 = 1.0000191

root = 2.0
so one of the root of the given equation is 2.0.

5. Find the root of x4 - x3 + 3x2 + x - 4 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -4.0 a1 = 1.0 a2 = 3.0 a3 = -1.0
a4 = 1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 0.5 b2 = 3.75 b3 = 6.625 b4 = 5.9375
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 2.0 c2 = 6.75 c3 = 16.75
p1 = 1.1455224
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.145
c1 = 1.29

a2 = 3.0 a3 = -1.0 a4 = 1.0

b2 = 3.16 b3 = 4.63 b4 = 1.3009324
c2 = 4.64 c3 = 9.95

p2 = 1.0147647
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.015
c1 = 1.029

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -1.0
b2 = 3.015 b3 = 4.06
c2 = 4.059 c3 = 8.179151

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.12

p3 = 1.0001624
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0
p4 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 1.62E-4
c1 = 1.0003

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -1.0
a4 = 1.0
b2 = 3.00 b3 = 4.001
b4 = 0.0013
c2 = 4.001 c3 = 8.001948

a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.0
c1 = 1.0

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 3.0
c2 = 4.0

a3 = -1.0
b3 = 4.0
c3 = 8.0

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.0

p5 = 1.0

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.0.

6. Find the root of x3 - x - 4 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -4.0 a1 = -1.0
a2 = -0.0
a3 = 1.0
b0 = 1.0 b1 = 1.5
b2 = 1.25
b3 = -2.125
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.0
c2 = 5.75
p1 = 1.8695652
a0 = -4.0
a1 = -1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 1.86
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.73
p2 = 1.7994524

a2 = -0.0
b2 = 2.49
c2 = 9.48

a0 = -4.0
a1 = -1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 1.79
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.59
p3 = 1.796328

a2 = -0.0
b2 = 2.24
c2 = 8.71

a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.79
c1 = 3.59

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.66

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.027

a2 = -0.0 a3 = 1.0
b2 = 2.22 b3 = 5.27E-5
c2 = 8.68

p4 = 1.7963219

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.796.

Problems to Work-Out:
7. Find the root of x4 - x - 4 = 0
8. Find the root of 2x3 - 3x2 + 2x - 3 = 0
9. Find the root of x3- 5x2 + 4x - 3 = 0
10. Find the root of x3 - x2 - x + 1 = 0
11. Find the root of 9x4 + 30x3 + 34x2 + 30x + 25 = 0
12. Find the root of x5 - 2x4+4x3-x2-7x+5= 0

1. Find the root of x4 - 3x3 + 3x2 - 3x + 2 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
a0 = 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1= -3.0
b1 = -2.5
c1 = -2.0

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 1.75
c2 = 0.75

a3 = -3.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = -2.125 b4 = 0.9375
c3 = -1.75

p1 = p0 - (b4 / c3) = 1.0357143

a0 = 2.0
b0 = 1.0

a1 = -3.0
b1 = -1.964

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 0.965

a3 = -3.0
b3 = -1.999

a4 = 1.0
b4 = -0.0714

c0 = 1.0

c1 = -0.928

c2 = 0.0038

c3 = -1.996

p2 = 0.9999518
a0= 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -3.0
b1 = -2.00
c1 = -1.00

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -3.0
b2 = 1.00
b3 = -2.0
c2 = 2.38E-7 c3 = -1.999

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 9.64E-5

p3 = 1.0

So one of the root of the give equation is 1.0

2. Find the root of x4 - x - 10 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.5
c1 = 3.0

a2 = 0.0 a3 = 0.0
b2 = 2.25 b3 = 2.375
c2 = 6.75 c3 = 12.5

a4 = 1.0
b4 = -6.4375

p1 = 2.0149999
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
a2 = 0.0 a3 = 0.0 a4 = 1.0
b1 = 2.01 b2 = 4.06 b3 = 7.18 b4 = 4.47
c1 = 4.029 c2 = 12.18 c3 = 31.72

p2 = 1.87409
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.87
c1 = 3.74

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.51
c2 = 10.54

a3 = 0.0
b3 = 5.58
c3 = 25.32

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.46

p3 = 1.8558675
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.85
c1 = 3.71

p4 = 1.8555846

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.44
c2 = 10.33

a3 = 0.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = 5.39 b4 = 0.0069
c3 = 24.56

a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.855
c1 = 3.71

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.44
c2 = 10.329

a3 = 0.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = 5.38
b4 = 2.8E-6
c3 = 24.556

p5 = 1.8555845

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.8555845.

3. Find the root of x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.5
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -5.0
p1 = 0.826087
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.17
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -4.35
p2 = 0.96769285
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.03
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -4.06
p3 = 0.998544
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.001
c1 = -4.002

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 8.25
c2 = 5.75

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 6.72
c2 = 3.134

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -1.875

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -0.444

a2 = -6.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 6.130 b3 = -0.0677
c2 = 2.196

a2 = -6.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 6.005 b3 = -0.002
c2 = 2.0087

p4 = 0.99999696
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.00
c1 = -4.00

p5 = 0.9999998

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 6.000
c2 = 2.00

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -5.7E-6

so one of the root of the given equation is 0.9999998.

4. Find the root of x3 - 4x2 + 5x - 2 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.9
a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -2.1
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -0.19
p1 = 2.0285707
a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -1.97
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 0.057
p2 = 2.0015035

a2 = -4.0
b2 = 1.01
c2 = 0.63

a2 = -4.0
b2 = 1.01
c2 = 1.116

a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -1.99
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 0.003
p3 = 2.0000048
a0 = -2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 5.0
b1 = -1.99
c1 = 9.5E-6

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -0.081

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.030

a2 = -4.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 1.00
b3 = 0.0015
c2 = 1.0060205

a2 = -4.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 1.0
b3 = 4.7E-6
c2 = 1.0000191

root = 2.0
so one of the root of the given equation is 2.0.

5. Find the root of x4 - x3 + 3x2 + x - 4 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -4.0 a1 = 1.0 a2 = 3.0 a3 = -1.0
a4 = 1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 0.5 b2 = 3.75 b3 = 6.625 b4 = 5.9375
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 2.0 c2 = 6.75 c3 = 16.75
p1 = 1.1455224
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.145
c1 = 1.29

a2 = 3.0 a3 = -1.0 a4 = 1.0

b2 = 3.16 b3 = 4.63 b4 = 1.3009324
c2 = 4.64 c3 = 9.95

p2 = 1.0147647
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.015
c1 = 1.029

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -1.0
b2 = 3.015 b3 = 4.06
c2 = 4.059 c3 = 8.179151

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.12

p3 = 1.0001624
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0
p4 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 1.62E-4
c1 = 1.0003

a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.0
c1 = 1.0

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -1.0
a4 = 1.0
b2 = 3.00 b3 = 4.001
b4 = 0.0013
c2 = 4.001 c3 = 8.001948

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 3.0
c2 = 4.0

a3 = -1.0
b3 = 4.0
c3 = 8.0

p5 = 1.0

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.0.

6. Find the root of x3 - x - 4 = 0

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1

Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -4.0 a1 = -1.0
a2 = -0.0
a3 = 1.0
b0 = 1.0 b1 = 1.5
b2 = 1.25
b3 = -2.125
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.0
c2 = 5.75
p1 = 1.8695652
a0 = -4.0
a1 = -1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 1.86
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.73
p2 = 1.7994524

a2 = -0.0
b2 = 2.49
c2 = 9.48

a0 = -4.0
a1 = -1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 1.79
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.59
p3 = 1.796328

a2 = -0.0
b2 = 2.24
c2 = 8.71

a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.79
c1 = 3.59

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.66

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.027

a2 = -0.0 a3 = 1.0
b2 = 2.22 b3 = 5.27E-5
c2 = 8.68

p4 = 1.7963219

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.796.

Problems to Work-Out:
7. Find the root of x4 - x - 4 = 0
8. Find the root of 2x3 - 3x2 + 2x - 3 = 0
9. Find the root of x3- 5x2 + 4x - 3 = 0
10. Find the root of x3 - x2 - x + 1 = 0
11. Find the root of 9x4 + 30x3 + 34x2 + 30x + 25 = 0
12. Find the root of x5 - 2x4+4x3-x2-7x+5= 0

1. Find the root of x4 - 3x3 + 3x2 - 3x + 2 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
a0 = 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1= -3.0
b1 = -2.5
c1 = -2.0

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 1.75
c2 = 0.75

a3 = -3.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = -2.125 b4 = 0.9375
c3 = -1.75

p1 = p0 - (b4 / c3) = 1.0357143

a0 = 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -3.0
b1 = -1.964
c1 = -0.928

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 0.965
c2 = 0.0038

a3 = -3.0
b3 = -1.999
c3 = -1.996

a4 = 1.0
b4 = -0.0714

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -3.0
b2 = 1.00
b3 = -2.0
c2 = 2.38E-7 c3 = -1.999

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 9.64E-5

p2 = 0.9999518
a0= 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -3.0
b1 = -2.00
c1 = -1.00

p3 = 1.0

So one of the root of the give equation is 1.0

2. Find the root of x4 - x - 10 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.5
c1 = 3.0

a2 = 0.0 a3 = 0.0
b2 = 2.25 b3 = 2.375
c2 = 6.75 c3 = 12.5

a4 = 1.0
b4 = -6.4375

p1 = 2.0149999
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
a2 = 0.0 a3 = 0.0 a4 = 1.0
b1 = 2.01 b2 = 4.06 b3 = 7.18 b4 = 4.47
c1 = 4.029 c2 = 12.18 c3 = 31.72

p2 = 1.87409
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.87
c1 = 3.74

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.51
c2 = 10.54

a3 = 0.0
b3 = 5.58
c3 = 25.32

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.46

p3 = 1.8558675
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.85
c1 = 3.71

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.44
c2 = 10.33

a3 = 0.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = 5.39 b4 = 0.0069
c3 = 24.56

p4 = 1.8555846
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.855
c1 = 3.71

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.44
c2 = 10.329

a3 = 0.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = 5.38
b4 = 2.8E-6
c3 = 24.556

p5 = 1.8555845

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.8555845.

3. Find the root of x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.5
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -5.0
p1 = 0.826087
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.17
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -4.35
p2 = 0.96769285
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.03
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -4.06
p3 = 0.998544
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.001
c1 = -4.002

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 8.25
c2 = 5.75

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 6.72
c2 = 3.134

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -1.875

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -0.444

a2 = -6.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 6.130 b3 = -0.0677
c2 = 2.196

a2 = -6.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 6.005 b3 = -0.002
c2 = 2.0087

p4 = 0.99999696
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.00
c1 = -4.00

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 6.000
c2 = 2.00

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -5.7E-6

p5 = 0.9999998

so one of the root of the given equation is 0.9999998.

4. Find the root of x3 - 4x2 + 5x - 2 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1

Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.9
a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -2.1
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -0.19
p1 = 2.0285707
a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -1.97
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 0.057
p2 = 2.0015035

a2 = -4.0
b2 = 1.01
c2 = 0.63

a2 = -4.0
b2 = 1.01
c2 = 1.116

a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -1.99
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 0.003
p3 = 2.0000048
a0 = -2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 5.0
b1 = -1.99
c1 = 9.5E-6

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -0.081

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.030

a2 = -4.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 1.00
b3 = 0.0015
c2 = 1.0060205

a2 = -4.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 1.0
b3 = 4.7E-6
c2 = 1.0000191

root = 2.0
so one of the root of the given equation is 2.0.

5. Find the root of x4 - x3 + 3x2 + x - 4 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -4.0 a1 = 1.0 a2 = 3.0 a3 = -1.0
a4 = 1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 0.5 b2 = 3.75 b3 = 6.625 b4 = 5.9375
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 2.0 c2 = 6.75 c3 = 16.75

p1 = 1.1455224
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.145
c1 = 1.29

a2 = 3.0 a3 = -1.0 a4 = 1.0

b2 = 3.16 b3 = 4.63 b4 = 1.3009324
c2 = 4.64 c3 = 9.95

p2 = 1.0147647
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.015
c1 = 1.029

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -1.0
b2 = 3.015 b3 = 4.06
c2 = 4.059 c3 = 8.179151

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.12

p3 = 1.0001624
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0
p4 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 1.62E-4
c1 = 1.0003

a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.0
c1 = 1.0

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -1.0
a4 = 1.0
b2 = 3.00 b3 = 4.001
b4 = 0.0013
c2 = 4.001 c3 = 8.001948

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 3.0
c2 = 4.0

a3 = -1.0
b3 = 4.0
c3 = 8.0

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.0

p5 = 1.0

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.0.

6. Find the root of x3 - x - 4 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -4.0 a1 = -1.0
a2 = -0.0
a3 = 1.0
b0 = 1.0 b1 = 1.5
b2 = 1.25
b3 = -2.125
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.0
c2 = 5.75
p1 = 1.8695652
a0 = -4.0

a1 = -1.0

a2 = -0.0

a3 = 1.0

b0 = 1.0
b1 = 1.86
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.73
p2 = 1.7994524

b2 = 2.49
c2 = 9.48

a0 = -4.0
a1 = -1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 1.79
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.59
p3 = 1.796328

a2 = -0.0
b2 = 2.24
c2 = 8.71

a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.79
c1 = 3.59

b3 = 0.66

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.027

a2 = -0.0 a3 = 1.0
b2 = 2.22 b3 = 5.27E-5
c2 = 8.68

p4 = 1.7963219

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.796.

Problems to Work-Out:
7. Find the root of x4 - x - 4 = 0
8. Find the root of 2x3 - 3x2 + 2x - 3 = 0
9. Find the root of x3- 5x2 + 4x - 3 = 0
10. Find the root of x3 - x2 - x + 1 = 0
11. Find the root of 9x4 + 30x3 + 34x2 + 30x + 25 = 0
12. Find the root of x5 - 2x4+4x3-x2-7x+5= 0

1. Find the root of x4 - 3x3 + 3x2 - 3x + 2 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
a0 = 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1= -3.0
b1 = -2.5
c1 = -2.0

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 1.75
c2 = 0.75

a3 = -3.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = -2.125 b4 = 0.9375
c3 = -1.75

p1 = p0 - (b4 / c3) = 1.0357143

a0 = 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -3.0
b1 = -1.964
c1 = -0.928

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 0.965
c2 = 0.0038

a3 = -3.0
b3 = -1.999
c3 = -1.996

a4 = 1.0
b4 = -0.0714

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -3.0
b2 = 1.00
b3 = -2.0
c2 = 2.38E-7 c3 = -1.999

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 9.64E-5

p2 = 0.9999518
a0= 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -3.0
b1 = -2.00
c1 = -1.00

p3 = 1.0

So one of the root of the give equation is 1.0

2. Find the root of x4 - x - 10 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.5
c1 = 3.0

p1 = 2.0149999

a2 = 0.0 a3 = 0.0
b2 = 2.25 b3 = 2.375
c2 = 6.75 c3 = 12.5

a4 = 1.0
b4 = -6.4375

a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
a2 = 0.0 a3 = 0.0 a4 = 1.0
b1 = 2.01 b2 = 4.06 b3 = 7.18 b4 = 4.47
c1 = 4.029 c2 = 12.18 c3 = 31.72

p2 = 1.87409
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.87
c1 = 3.74

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.51
c2 = 10.54

a3 = 0.0
b3 = 5.58
c3 = 25.32

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.46

p3 = 1.8558675
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.85
c1 = 3.71

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.44
c2 = 10.33

a3 = 0.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = 5.39 b4 = 0.0069
c3 = 24.56

p4 = 1.8555846
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.855
c1 = 3.71

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.44
c2 = 10.329

a3 = 0.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = 5.38
b4 = 2.8E-6
c3 = 24.556

p5 = 1.8555845

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.8555845.

3. Find the root of x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.5
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -5.0
p1 = 0.826087
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.17
c1 = -4.35

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 8.25
c2 = 5.75

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 6.72
c2 = 3.134

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -1.875

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -0.444

p2 = 0.96769285
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.03
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -4.06
p3 = 0.998544
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.001
c1 = -4.002

a2 = -6.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 6.130 b3 = -0.0677
c2 = 2.196

a2 = -6.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 6.005 b3 = -0.002
c2 = 2.0087

p4 = 0.99999696
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.00
c1 = -4.00

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 6.000
c2 = 2.00

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -5.7E-6

p5 = 0.9999998

so one of the root of the given equation is 0.9999998.

4. Find the root of x3 - 4x2 + 5x - 2 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.9
a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -2.1
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -0.19
p1 = 2.0285707
a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -1.97
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 0.057
p2 = 2.0015035

a2 = -4.0
b2 = 1.01
c2 = 0.63

a2 = -4.0
b2 = 1.01
c2 = 1.116

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -0.081

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.030

a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -1.99
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 0.003
p3 = 2.0000048
a0 = -2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a2 = -4.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 1.00
b3 = 0.0015
c2 = 1.0060205

a1 = 5.0
b1 = -1.99
c1 = 9.5E-6

a2 = -4.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 1.0
b3 = 4.7E-6
c2 = 1.0000191

root = 2.0
so one of the root of the given equation is 2.0.

5. Find the root of x4 - x3 + 3x2 + x - 4 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -4.0 a1 = 1.0 a2 = 3.0 a3 = -1.0
a4 = 1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 0.5 b2 = 3.75 b3 = 6.625 b4 = 5.9375
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 2.0 c2 = 6.75 c3 = 16.75
p1 = 1.1455224
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.145
c1 = 1.29

a2 = 3.0 a3 = -1.0 a4 = 1.0

b2 = 3.16 b3 = 4.63 b4 = 1.3009324
c2 = 4.64 c3 = 9.95

p2 = 1.0147647
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.015
c1 = 1.029

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -1.0
b2 = 3.015 b3 = 4.06
c2 = 4.059 c3 = 8.179151

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.12

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 1.62E-4

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -1.0
b2 = 3.00 b3 = 4.001

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.0013

p3 = 1.0001624
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0

c0 = 1.0
p4 = 1.0

c1 = 1.0003

a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.0
c1 = 1.0

c2 = 4.001 c3 = 8.001948

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 3.0
c2 = 4.0

a3 = -1.0
b3 = 4.0
c3 = 8.0

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.0

p5 = 1.0

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.0.

6. Find the root of x3 - x - 4 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -4.0 a1 = -1.0
a2 = -0.0
a3 = 1.0
b0 = 1.0 b1 = 1.5
b2 = 1.25
b3 = -2.125
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.0
c2 = 5.75
p1 = 1.8695652
a0 = -4.0
a1 = -1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 1.86
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.73
p2 = 1.7994524

a2 = -0.0
b2 = 2.49
c2 = 9.48

a0 = -4.0
a1 = -1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 1.79
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.59
p3 = 1.796328

a2 = -0.0
b2 = 2.24
c2 = 8.71

a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.79
c1 = 3.59

p4 = 1.7963219

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.66

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.027

a2 = -0.0 a3 = 1.0
b2 = 2.22 b3 = 5.27E-5
c2 = 8.68

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.796.

Problems to Work-Out:
7. Find the root of x4 - x - 4 = 0
8. Find the root of 2x3 - 3x2 + 2x - 3 = 0
9. Find the root of x3- 5x2 + 4x - 3 = 0
10. Find the root of x3 - x2 - x + 1 = 0
11. Find the root of 9x4 + 30x3 + 34x2 + 30x + 25 = 0
12. Find the root of x5 - 2x4+4x3-x2-7x+5= 0

1. Find the root of x4 - 3x3 + 3x2 - 3x + 2 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
a0 = 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1= -3.0
b1 = -2.5
c1 = -2.0

p1 = p0 - (b4 / c3) = 1.0357143

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 1.75
c2 = 0.75

a3 = -3.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = -2.125 b4 = 0.9375
c3 = -1.75

a0 = 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -3.0
b1 = -1.964
c1 = -0.928

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 0.965
c2 = 0.0038

a3 = -3.0
b3 = -1.999
c3 = -1.996

a4 = 1.0
b4 = -0.0714

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -3.0
b2 = 1.00
b3 = -2.0
c2 = 2.38E-7 c3 = -1.999

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 9.64E-5

p2 = 0.9999518
a0= 2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -3.0
b1 = -2.00
c1 = -1.00

p3 = 1.0

So one of the root of the give equation is 1.0

2. Find the root of x4 - x - 10 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.5
c1 = 3.0

a2 = 0.0 a3 = 0.0
b2 = 2.25 b3 = 2.375
c2 = 6.75 c3 = 12.5

a4 = 1.0
b4 = -6.4375

p1 = 2.0149999
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
a2 = 0.0 a3 = 0.0 a4 = 1.0
b1 = 2.01 b2 = 4.06 b3 = 7.18 b4 = 4.47
c1 = 4.029 c2 = 12.18 c3 = 31.72

p2 = 1.87409
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.87
c1 = 3.74

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.51
c2 = 10.54

a3 = 0.0
b3 = 5.58
c3 = 25.32

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.46

p3 = 1.8558675
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.85
c1 = 3.71

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.44
c2 = 10.33

a3 = 0.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = 5.39 b4 = 0.0069
c3 = 24.56

p4 = 1.8555846
a0 = -10.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.855
c1 = 3.71

a2 = 0.0
b2 = 3.44
c2 = 10.329

a3 = 0.0
a4 = 1.0
b3 = 5.38
b4 = 2.8E-6
c3 = 24.556

p5 = 1.8555845

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.8555845.

3. Find the root of x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 0.5
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.5
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -5.0
p1 = 0.826087
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.17
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -4.35
p2 = 0.96769285
a0 = -6.0
a1 = 11.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -5.03
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -4.06
p3 = 0.998544
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.001
c1 = -4.002

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 8.25
c2 = 5.75

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 6.72
c2 = 3.134

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -1.875

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -0.444

a2 = -6.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 6.130 b3 = -0.0677
c2 = 2.196

a2 = -6.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 6.005 b3 = -0.002
c2 = 2.0087

p4 = 0.99999696
a0 = -6.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 11.0
b1 = -5.00
c1 = -4.00

a2 = -6.0
b2 = 6.000
c2 = 2.00

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -5.7E-6

p5 = 0.9999998

so one of the root of the given equation is 0.9999998.

4. Find the root of x3 - 4x2 + 5x - 2 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.9
a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -2.1
c0 = 1.0
c1 = -0.19
p1 = 2.0285707
a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -1.97
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 0.057
p2 = 2.0015035

a2 = -4.0
b2 = 1.01
c2 = 0.63

a2 = -4.0
b2 = 1.01
c2 = 1.116

a0 = -2.0
a1 = 5.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = -1.99
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 0.003
p3 = 2.0000048
a0 = -2.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 5.0
b1 = -1.99
c1 = 9.5E-6

a3 = 1.0
b3 = -0.081

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.030

a2 = -4.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 1.00
b3 = 0.0015
c2 = 1.0060205

a2 = -4.0
a3 = 1.0
b2 = 1.0
b3 = 4.7E-6
c2 = 1.0000191

root = 2.0
so one of the root of the given equation is 2.0.

5. Find the root of x4 - x3 + 3x2 + x - 4 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -4.0 a1 = 1.0 a2 = 3.0 a3 = -1.0
a4 = 1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 0.5 b2 = 3.75 b3 = 6.625 b4 = 5.9375
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 2.0 c2 = 6.75 c3 = 16.75
p1 = 1.1455224
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.145
c1 = 1.29

a2 = 3.0 a3 = -1.0 a4 = 1.0

b2 = 3.16 b3 = 4.63 b4 = 1.3009324
c2 = 4.64 c3 = 9.95

p2 = 1.0147647
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.015
c1 = 1.029

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -1.0
b2 = 3.015 b3 = 4.06
c2 = 4.059 c3 = 8.179151

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.12

p3 = 1.0001624
a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0
p4 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 1.62E-4
c1 = 1.0003

a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = 1.0
b1 = 0.0
c1 = 1.0

a2 = 3.0
a3 = -1.0
a4 = 1.0
b2 = 3.00 b3 = 4.001
b4 = 0.0013
c2 = 4.001 c3 = 8.001948

a2 = 3.0
b2 = 3.0
c2 = 4.0

a3 = -1.0
b3 = 4.0
c3 = 8.0

p5 = 1.0

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.0.

a4 = 1.0
b4 = 0.0

6. Find the root of x3 - x - 4 = 0

In this problem the coefficients are a0 = 2, a1 = -3, a2 = +3, a3 = -3, a4 = +1
Let the initial approximation to p be p0 = 1.5
a0 = -4.0 a1 = -1.0
a2 = -0.0
a3 = 1.0
b0 = 1.0 b1 = 1.5
b2 = 1.25
b3 = -2.125
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.0
c2 = 5.75
p1 = 1.8695652
a0 = -4.0
a1 = -1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 1.86
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.73
p2 = 1.7994524

a2 = -0.0
b2 = 2.49
c2 = 9.48

a0 = -4.0
a1 = -1.0
b0 = 1.0
b1 = 1.79
c0 = 1.0
c1 = 3.59
p3 = 1.796328

a2 = -0.0
b2 = 2.24
c2 = 8.71

a0 = -4.0
b0 = 1.0
c0 = 1.0

a1 = -1.0
b1 = 1.79
c1 = 3.59

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.66

a3 = 1.0
b3 = 0.027

a2 = -0.0 a3 = 1.0
b2 = 2.22 b3 = 5.27E-5
c2 = 8.68

p4 = 1.7963219

so one of the root of the given equation is 1.796.

Problems to Work-Out:
7. Find the root of x4 - x - 4 = 0
8. Find the root of 2x3 - 3x2 + 2x - 3 = 0
9. Find the root of x3- 5x2 + 4x - 3 = 0
10. Find the root of x3 - x2 - x + 1 = 0
11. Find the root of 9x4 + 30x3 + 34x2 + 30x + 25 = 0

12. Find the root of x5 - 2x4+4x3-x2-7x+5= 0