ORGAN/BODY PARTS POSITION

Heart Obliquely in middle mediastinum 2nd rib to 5th intercostal space 2/3 to left 1/3 to right mediastinum On diaphragm, btwn lungs Anterior to vertebra, posterior to sternum Base- upwards, backwards to right Apexdownward, forwards, to left Coverings fibrous (outer,dense connective tissues) serous pericardium (parietal. Visceral, pericardial deep, thin, cavity in btwn) Wall epicardium( visceral serous pericardium), myocardium (heart muscle), endocardium ( epithelial lining) Chambers- right, left atrium, right, left ventricle Valves semilunar,bicuspid ( left AV), tricuspid (right AV)

Thorax Thoracic cavity

Kidney Behind peritoneal cavity On posterior abd. Wall Either side of vert. column

RELATIVE POSITION

PARTS

Anterior to 12 thoracic vertebrae. Posterior to sternum, costal cartilages. Sternum - Manubrium (T3&T4) - Body (T5T8) - Xiphoid process Ribs - 1-7th true ribs (vertebra-sternal) - 8-10th false ribs (vertebrachondral) - 11,12th floating ribs - 3rd-9th typical - 1st, 2nd 10th12th atypical. Muscles - EI, II, innermost intercostals - (11 pairs) Costal grooves - Intercostals vein.artery. nerves

T12-L3 vertb. Left kidney related to 11th & 12th rib Right related to only 12th rib

Upper pole (thick round,nearer to median) Lower pole - Ant( convex) - Post(flat) - Lat (convex) - Med (concave) Hilum - Renal vein - Renal art. - Pelvis of ureter Right suprarenal (pyramidal) Left suprarenal(cresentic, comma shaped)

Heart SPECIAL FEATURES Valve is attached to papillary muscle by Chordae tendineae Elevation in heart chamberstrabeculae carneae Cardiac musclestriated, single nucleus, cell fixed together by intercalated disc Fibrous skeleton- spiral, circularly arranged.

Thorax External intercostals muscles - 11 pairs - Elevate ribs - Synergist of diaphragm - Downward, forward medially - Inspiration Internal intercostals - 11 pairs - Right angle to EI - Deeper to EI - Downwards backwards - Depress ribs - expiration muscles - pectoralis major (beneath it pectoralis minor) - pectoralis fascia ( deep fascia) - Superficial fascia (under skin) breast is located.

Kidney Pelvis of ureter - 3 major calyces - Branches into 8-18 minor calyces Medulla 8-18 pale triangular pyramid - Straight part of nephrone (CD & LOH) Cortex dark brown - Outer cortical region, inner juxtamedullary region - Contain nephrone (convulated) Nephron ( functional unit of kidney) Bowmans capsule - Vascular and urinary pole (PCT arise) - Inner visceral layer(podocytes), outer parietal layer) - Filtration barrier- capillary endothelium,basal lamina, podocytes PCT - Simple cuboidal with microvilli for reabsorbtion LOH - Simple squamos DCT - Secretion of K+ and H+ - Simple cuboidal no villi URETER Pelvis of ureter (hilum to lower pole of kidney) Abd. Part (lower kidney pole to inlet of pelvis) Pelvic part (inlet of pelvis/pelvic brim to lateral angle of bladder) (3 parts) Inlet of pelvis to ischial spine Ischial spine to outer bladder wall Inside bladder wall 3 constriction 1. Renal pelvis joins abd. part of ureter(uretero-pelvic junction) 2. Crosses pelvic brim to enter pelvis 3. Pierces bladder wall Trigone of bladder - Equilateral triangle inside bladder (no folds) - Apex external urethral orifice - Base inter-ureteric ridge

BLOOD SUPPLY

Right coronary artery (from right aortic sinus) - Right atrium - Right ventricle - Part of left ventricle - Posterior 1/3 of IV septum - SA/AV node Left coronary artery (rise from left aortic sinuses) - Left atrium - Left ventricle - Part of right V - Anterior 2/3 of IV septum - AV bundle

9 pairs (anterior intercostals artery) - Branch of internal thoracic art. 11 pairs (posterior intercostals art.) - Branch of descending thoracic aorta

Renal art. - Arises from abd. Aorta opp. to L2 at right angle *right art longer (aorta on left) Renal 5 segmentallobar interlobararcuate interlobularafferent arterioleGlomerulusefferent arterioleperitubular net (in cortical nephrone).

VENOUS/ LYMPHATIC

Great cardiac Middle cardiac Small cardiac

INNERVATION

I.N also supplies parietal pleura & diaphragm

Anterior intercostals vein drains into internal thoracic veins Posterior intercostals veins drains into azygos vein 11 pairs of intercostals nerves Anterior ramus of thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T11) 3rd -6th typical (confined to thoracic wall) Branches - Communicating br of sym.trunk - Lat. Cutaneous br. - Ant. Cutaneous br. - Collateral br. - Muscular br.

Peritubular net(cortical nephrone)interlobular veinarcuate vein In juxtamedullary nephrone, efferent arteriole forms vasa rectavenulae rectaarcuate veininterlobar veinlobar veinrenal vein IVC Left renal vein longer (VC on right)

kidney Sympathetic control renal blood flow Renal plexus - T10-T12 - L1 spinal nerves Bladder Sympathetic- controls sphincter (inferior hypogastric plexus) Parasympathetic- control constriction of smooth muscle (detrusor)- initiate micturition reflex ( pelvic splanchnic nerve S2,S3,S4)