Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
I. INTRODUCTION
The rectified pulse will have a voltage peak equal to the source voltage peak subtracted by 2 diode voltage drops (0.7V for ordinary silicon diodes).
HIS experiment will examine a linear DC variable voltage power supply. Results will be reported at the different stages of the power supply (rectifier, filter, and regulator). We will then study the specific components and the effect they have on the final voltage output. After optimizing the values for different components, a procedure to measure the power efficiency will be developed and reported. Lastly, in contrast to the examined linear power supply, we will discuss how a switched-mode power supply can be more compact and efficient.
B. Filter A filter consisting of capacitors and resistors will now be used to smooth the pulsating direct voltage. Here is the rectifier circuit diagram from above with a -filter added:
II. PROCEDURE FOR LINEAR POWER SUPPLY A. Rectifier The first step for an AC-DC conversion is to rectify the alternating current. This rectification process will take alternating current, which periodically reverses direction, and convert it to a pulsating direct current, which flows in one direction. After adjusting a transformer to step-down the 120V AC signal to 9V AC, we built the rectifier circuit as follows.
Manuscript received October 27, 2011. P. M. DeMarco is with the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA (e-mail: pauldema@buffalo.edu). Fig. 3. Full-wave rectifier with -filter attached
We would now like to examine the dependence of DC Voltage and AC ripple voltage against the load current. As we changed the values of RL we plotted the effect of each.
AC Ripple (V)
2
1.5 1 0.5 0
0.02
0.08
0.1
From the above plots, we observe that as the load current increases (RL decreased), the DC voltage decreases while the AC ripple voltage increases.
Fig. 5. Oscilloscope screen captures of voltage out for different values of R3. Read from left to right: R3 = 0, 1k, 3.3k, 5.6k, 10k. Note that ripple occurs at a high value of R3.
R3/R2 0 1
V-in (DC) 11.343 11.285 11.149 11.069 11.049 11.048 11.047 11.035
The resistors R2 and R3 can control the output voltage. We observe the dependence of output voltage as a function of R3/R2.
12 10 V-out (V)
From the above plot and accompanying table, we can see that the minimum output voltage (R3=0) is 1.2485V. The maximum output voltage before any AC ripple occurs is 9.443V, for which the input voltage to the LM317 is 11.048V. This means that a minimum voltage drop of 11.048V-9.443V = 1.605V is required by the IC (LM317K) to function properly. Now constraining R3/R2 to give a solid output of 5V, we would like to observe the effect of changing the load resistor RL. We take more measurements to see if there is any effect on AC Ripple and DC Voltage. The following plots were rendered.
8
6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 R3/R2 8 10 12
3 configurations. Ideal switching elements have no resistance when closed and carry no current when open, they can theoretically deliver 100% of the power to the load. Without the need for a transformer, the switched-mode power supply is much more compact. IV. CONCLUSION We have fully examined the various stages of the linear power supply; consisting of the rectifier, filter, and regulator. It was also shown that by manipulating the R3/R2 ratio of the regulators voltage divider, we can alter the output voltage. This did surface some restraints though, such as the required minimum voltage-drop of 1.6V for the LM317 to function properly. After completing our analysis and setting the output at a solid 5V, we adjusted the load resistance to obtain a current of 100mA. From here we examined our power efficiency by taking the load dissipation divided by the input power. This inefficient result led us to discussing better alternatives, such as the switched-mode power supply, which is not only more efficient (>90%) but is also more light-weight and compact.
6 5 DC Voltage (V) 4 3 2 1 0 0
It is obvious that the voltage is consistent with variable load. D. Power Efficiency Power efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power dissipated in the load versus the input power. For this power supply we can take the input power as delivered by the fullwave rectifier and the output power as the dissipation in heat by RL (P = V*I). Here is a table of those measured values:
[4]
LM317K V-in Voltage (V) 9.63 Current (A) 0.08419 Power (W) 0.8107497
III. DISCUSSION OF LINEAR VS SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY The linear power supply as examined above is very inefficient, since it sheds the difference voltage as dissipating heat. A switching, or switched-mode power supply regulates output voltage by switching storage components in and out of