Wu Thesis

DYNAMICS OF TWO UNEQUAL SPHERES IN A PRESSURE-DRIVEN CREEPING FLOW THROUGH A CYLINDRICAL CONDUIT by HANYAN WU, B.S.M.
E A THESIS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulllment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Approved Sukalyan Bhattacharya Chairperson of the Commitee Siva Parameswaran Zhaoming He Fred Hartmeister Dean of the Graduate School May, 2010
c 2010, Hanyan Wu
Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, I would like to thank my parents for supporting me to come to the United States to nish my Masters degree. Also Im very much grateful to Texas Tech University for accepting me as a graduate student and providing a wonderful environment and learning experience. I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards my advisor, Dr. Bhattacharya who bestowed the utmost condence in me, allowing for professional and intellectual growth. For his helpful guidance and support throughout the 2 years I spent under him in research that I completed successfully. Im very much grateful to Dr. He and Dr. Para for being my research committee members. Im also very much grateful to my colleagues Shahin Navardi for helping me in doing programming like LaTeX and FORTRAN and also in some parts of the analysis. Apart from those individuals, I would like to acknowledge my friends Matthew, Shane, Julius, Esther, Collin, Meiyu and Lan who made a wonderful time during these two years. Finally, I would like to thank Katie and Tonnette for helping and guiding me with all the paperwork I needed to nish for my Masters degree.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii v vii 1 1 3 4 6
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organization of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. BASIS TRANSFORMATION METHOD FOR CYLINDER-BOUND UNEQUAL SPHERES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 2.2 The system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Complete set of Stokesian basis solutions in particle and conduit coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Boundary conditions and reection relations at the particlesurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Boundary conditions and reection relations at the conduitsurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Numerical implementation and convergence . . . . . . . . . . . 14 17 12 10 8 8
3. PARABOLIC FLOW INSIDE A CONDUIT OBSTRUCTED BY A PAIR OF UNEQUAL SPHERES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.2 Variation in Stokesian quantities with axial separation . . . . . Azimuthal variation of force, torque and pressure dierence . . 24 25 27
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3.3
Results for dierent radial positions of the particles . . . . . .
28
4. DYNAMICS OF TWO UNEQUAL SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN CONDUIT BOUND PARABOLIC FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 4.2 4.3 Variation in particle-mobility with axial separation . . . . . . . Azimuthal variation of linear and angular velocities . . . . . . Change in mobility for dierent radial positions of the particles 43 43 47 48
5. CREEPING MOTION OF A SMALL SUSPENDED PARTICLE AROUND A FIXED OBSTACLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.2 5.3 Conguration with dierent axial separation . . . . . . . . . . Conguration with particles in dierent angular positions . . . Conguration with dierent radial positions . . . . . . . . . . . 63 64 66 67
6. DYNAMIC SIMULATION TO TRACE A SMALL SUSPENDED PARTICLE AROUND A FIXED LARGER ONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 6.2 The dynamic simulation algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Determination of trajectory of the smaller sphere around the xed larger one . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX STOKESIAN BASIS SOLUTIONS AND REFLECTION RELATIONS . . 98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 89 92 82 82
iv
ABSTRACT
In this thesis, we consider the creeping ow around two spherical particles with dierent radii in a parabolic pressure-driven ow through a cylinder. We generalize our recently developed methodology, basis transformation method, to account for asymmetry in the size of the spheres, and apply the generalized technique to simulate the dynamics of such bodies inside a circular channel. The geometric conguration of the system is such that both particle-particle and particle-wall hydrodynamic interactions are signicant. In our analysis, these hydrodynamic interactions are described by the spatial variation of friction tensors which relate motion-dening quantities (like translational and rotational velocities of each sphere along with the net ow-rate) with motion-inducing quantities (like force and torque on the moving bodies as well as pressure-drop in the vessel). Accordingly, the friction tensors are evaluated as a spatial function to solve three kinds of problems. First, we compute force and torque on the particles when both of them are in xed position encountering the parabolic ow. Then, we assume both spheres to be freely suspended, and determine their motion driven by the parabolic ow. In the third problem, one of the spheres is freely suspended, and the other is xed. We determine the force and torque on the xed particle as well as the motion of the suspended one so that the locus of the suspended sphere around the xed one can be traced by updating the position of the moving body with time in a dynamic simulation. In the dynamic simulation, when two spheres are about to touch for near contact situation, we exploit lubrication theory to properly describe the collision course of two particles. For all cases, the additional pressure-loss in the
channel due to the presence of the particles is also calculated representing the increase in channel-resistivity due to the spherical obstructions.
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 2.2
The conduit and particle coordinates.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The force on the smaller sphere in uid of viscosity vs. multipolar order lmax in a xed two-body system inside cylinder with a/a2 = 4.0 ,a/a1 = 2.0. The radial (solid line), azimuthal (dashed line) and axial (dash-dot line) are presented for 1) 1 = (a a2 ) 0.1 and 2 = (aa2 )0.1 (top subgure), 2) 1 = (aa2 )0.5 and 2 = (aa2 )0.5 (middle subgure), 3) 1 = (aa2 )0.5 and 2 = (aa2 )0.5 ,2 = 90o . z1 = 0 and z2 = 3.2 (lower subgure). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3
Additional pressure-drop in the channel containing uid of viscosity due to the presence of particles is plotted as a function of multipolar order lmax for 1) 1 = (a a2 ) 0.1 and 2 = (a a2 ) 0.1 (solid line), 2) 1 = (a a2 ) 0.5 and 2 = (a a2 ) 0.5 (dashed line), 3) 1 = (a a2 ) 0.5 and 2 = (a a2 ) 0.5 ,2 = 90o . z1 = 0 and z2 = 3.2 (dash-dot line). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1
Forces in r direction on two xed particles with a/a2 = 4.0 ,a/a1 = 2.0 as a function of axial separation z2 where the centers of both spheres are on a line parallel to cylinder-axis (1 = 2 , 2 = 0). We consider the larger rst particle in the left and the smaller second particle in the right where the larger particle is either near the cylinder-axis 1 = 0.1(a a1 ) (solid line) and or near the periphery 1 = 0.9(a a1 ) (dashed line). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
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3.2
Same as Fig.3.1 except forces in z direction on two xed particles are plotted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3
Same as Fig.3.1 except torques in direction on two xed particles are plotted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4
Same as Fig.3.12 except additional pressure drop in the channel due to the presence of two xed particles are plotted. . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.5
Forces in r direction on two xed particles for a/a2 = 4.0, a/a1 = 2.0 as functions of dierence in azimuthal angle 2 between the centers of two spheres where the radial and axial positions are xed for each curve. We consider the larger rst particle in the left gures and the smaller second particle in the right. The plots in the top array are for axial separation z2 = 2a2 whereas the bottom array represents cases with z2 = 3a2 . Four dierent radial congurations are considered: 1) 1 = 0.5(aa1 ) and 2 = 0.9(aa2 ) (solid lines), 2) 1 = 0.9(aa1 ) and 2 = 0.5 (a a2 ) (dashed line), 3) 1 = 0.5 (a a1 ) and 2 = 0.1 (a a2 ) (dash-dot line), and 4) 1 = 0.5 (a a1 ) and 2 = 0.5 (a a2 ) (dotted line). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.6
Same as Fig.3.5 except forces in direction on two xed particles are presented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.7
Same as Fig.3.5 except forces in z direction on two xed particles are presented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.8
Same as Fig.3.5 except torque in r direction on two xed particles are presented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
viii
3.9
Same as Fig.3.5 except torque in direction on two xed particles are presented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.10 Same as Fig.3.5 except torque in z direction on two xed particles are presented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11 Same as Fig.3.5 except the pressure-drop in the channel is described. 3.12 Forces in z direction on two xed particles for a/a2 = 5.0, a/a1 = 2.5 as functions of radial position 2 of the smaller second particle where both spheres are in the same cross-sectional plane with z2 = 0. As before, we consider the rst particle in the left gures and the second particle in the right. The plots in the top and the bottom array correspond to the radial positions of the rst particle with 1 = 0.1(a a1 ) and 1 = 0.9(a a1 ), respectively. The radial position of the second sphere varies along radial lines at 2 = 90o (solid line), 2 = 120o (dash-dot line), 2 = 150o (dash-dot line) and 2 = 180o (dotted line). . . . . . . 3.13 Same as Fig.3.12 except torque in the radial direction is shown. . . . 3.14 Same as Fig.3.12 except torque in the azimuthal direction is shown. . 3.15 Same as Fig.3.12 except pressure drop is plotted instead of forces in z direction 4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 39 40 41 37 38
Same as Fig.3.1 apart from the fact that velocity in radial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.2
Same as Fig.3.1 apart from the fact that velocity in axial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.3
Same as Fig.3.1 apart from the fact that angular velocity in azimuthal direction for two freely suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . 51
ix
4.4
Same as Fig.3.1 except the pressure drop in presence of two suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.5
Same as Fig.3.5 except velocity in radial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.6
Same as Fig.3.5 except velocity in azimuthal direction for two freely suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.7
Same as Fig.3.5 except velocity in axial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.8
Same as Fig.3.5 except angular velocity in radial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.9
Same as Fig.3.5 except angular velocity in azimuthal direction for two freely suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.10 Same as Fig.3.5 except angular velocity in axial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11 Same as Fig.3.5 except pressure drop in axial direction due to two freely suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.12 Same as Fig.3.12 except velocity in axial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.13 Same as Fig.3.12 except angular velocity in radial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.14 Same as Fig.3.12 except angular velocity in azimuthal direction for two freely suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.15 Same as Fig.3.12 except pressure drop in axial direction due to two freely suspended particles is computed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 61 60 59 58 57
5.1
Dierent components of force on the larger xed particle in presence of suspended smaller sphere as functions of axial separation for geometries exactly same as Fig.3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.2
Same as Fig.5.1 except non-zero components of velocity of freely suspended sphere are plotted when the larger particle is xed. . . . . . . 69
5.3
Same as Fig.5.1 except the azimuthal torque on the larger xed particle is plotted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.4
Same as Fig.5.1 except the azimuthal angular velocity of the smaller freely suspended particle is plotted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.5
Same as Fig.5.1 except the pressure-drop in the channel due to presence of the larger xed particle and the smaller suspended sphere is plotted. 71
5.6
Dierent components of force on the larger xed particle in presence of suspended smaller sphere as functions of axial separation for geometries exactly same as Fig.3.5 where left and right panel correspond to z = 2.0a2 and z = 3.0a2 , respectively. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.7
Same as Fig.5.6 except components of velocity of freely suspended sphere are plotted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.8
Same as Fig.5.6 except dierent components of torque on the larger xed particle are plotted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.9
Same as Fig.5.6 except dierent components of angular velocity of the smaller freely suspended particle are plotted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.10 The pressure-drop in the channel due to presence of the larger xed particle and the smaller freely suspended sphere is presented for geometries exactly same as Fig.3.15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
xi
5.11 Axial force on the larger xed particle in presence of suspended smaller sphere as functions of axial separation for geometries exactly same as Fig.3.12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.12 Same as Fig.5.11 except axial velocity of freely suspended sphere are plotted when the larger particle is xed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.13 Same as Fig.5.11 except non-zero components of torque on the larger xed particle are plotted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.14 Same as Fig.5.11 except non-zero components of angular velocity of the smaller freely suspended particle are plotted. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.15 Same as Fig.5.11 except the pressure-drop in the channel due to presence of the larger xed particle and the smaller suspended sphere is plotted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Locus of the second particle under parabolic ow with initial postion of z = 12.0 and 1 = 0.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Locus of the second particle under parabolic ow with initial postion of z = 12.0 and 1 = 2.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 87 81 80 79 78 77
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
In this thesis, we present a novel solution for creeping motion of unequal spherical particles in a pressure-driven parabolic ow through a cylindrical conduit. The ultimate goal of this analysis is to describe submicron phenomena like, for example, transport of microscopic blood cells in blood vessels or motion of suspended particles in microuidic devices. The aforementioned systems typically have low Reynolds number. Accordingly, we can assume no-inertia approximation for creeping ow so that the governing ow-equation becomes a Stokesian equation. Thus, in this thesis, we focus on solving Stokes equation inside a conduit in the presence of hydrodynamically interacting particles. We specically focus on two-particle systems where each of the particles has a dierent radius. In this introductory chapter, we describe the objectives and motivations of this research along with the background works. We also provide a brief discussion on the content of the subsequent chapters.
1.1 Objectives Our primary goal is to develop a methodology which can describe hydrodynamic interations in conduit-bound multiparticle systems. The aim of the analysis is to formulate an algorithm which is more than a hundredfold faster than conventional methods like the nite element method, boundary integral techniques and molecular dynamic simulation. The method, in general, can be used to simulate three kinds of particle-conduit 1
systems which can be seen frequently in nature. Accordingly, we address three dierent problems corresponding to each of the cases by applying a generalized version of our recently developed methodology, basis transformation method [1]. Thus, the subsequent goals of the research are the following: In the rst case, both spheres are considered to be xed encountering the impending parabolic ow. This is a good model for a conduit obstructed by spherical blockage representing depositions at the conduit wall [2, 3]. For such systems, the eect of the impending ow on the xed particle is manifested by hydrodynamic force and torque on each sphere. Conversely, the eect of the constricting bodies on the pressure-driven ow is represented by an additional pressure-loss in the vessel, causing an increase in channel-resistivity. We quantify both eects in our analysis. The second problem takes into account two freely suspended spheres in a parabolic ow instead of xed ones. In such cases, the pressure-driven ow drives the particles, ensuring the net viscous force and torque on them to be zero. As the uid transports the suspended bodies, an additional pressure-drop is induced in the channel representing the increase in eective viscosity of the solution due to the presence of the particles [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. For a single-sphere system where particle-particle interactions are negligible, the pressure-loss corresponds to the increase in eective viscosity which is proportional to the volume fraction [9]. From our analysis of a two-particle system, a similar rheological estimate for a denser solution can be realized where the contribution proportional to square of the volume fraction can also be accounted for by considering two-particle hydrodynamic interactions.
In the nal problem, we assume the larger particle to be xed whereas the smaller one is freely suspended in the parabolic ow. The analysis leads to good models for a number of systems with three basic features a conning conduit, obstructing xed particles and transporting suspended particles. These features are simultaneously present in several industrial and natural processes [10, 11, 12]. Our simulation provides a general description of such phenomenon by determining 1) force and torque on the xed particle, 2) motion of the suspended one, and 3) increase in viscous loss for the particle-conduit system. Moreover, we use the computed Stokesian quantities in a dynamic simulation where we determine the trajectory of a suspended small sphere around a larger one in a parabolic ow through a cylinder. In such a simulation, the position of the freely suspended particle is updated in each time-step by integrating its instantaneous Stokesian velocity. However, when two bodies are in collision course simple integration over time would give unphysical overlap. We address this problem by using a simple and accurate procedure where lubrication theory is used to describe the correct dynamics.
1.2 Motivation The aforementioned three systems are related to a wide range of microuidic problems. Hence, they are important in the analysis of both natural and industrial systems. For example, the rst problem relates to systems of polymer material synthesis inside a microscopic conduit. Polymer clusters attached to the conduit wall resembles the conguration of the rst problem. Hence we can apply our analysis to various chemical engineering problems like polymer synthesis. 3
Similarly, for the second problem a typical example is in biouidics. Systems of suspended blood cells and radioactive sensors squeezing through a blood-conduit is a practical conguration for our second problem. Also, the third problem could be illustrate as a natural system of suspended blood cells squeeze through a blood-conduit partially constricted by a clot [10]. Likewise, natural oil contaminated with suspended silt sips through conduit-like underground pores obstructed by soil grains [11, 12].
1.3 Background In order to solve the described ow-problems, one needs an accurate description of ow-eld near the interacting bodies inside the conduit. For microscopic suspended solutes, this is possible by solving the linear Stokes equation. Further simplications in the analysis are also possible if the suspended particles have regular shapes like spheres or agglomeration of spheres, as well as if the conning conduit boundary is made of regular surfaces like planar walls or cylinder. In such case, a solution scheme can be formulated for solving a second order linear vector equation (Stokes equation) with boundary conditions at dissimilar disconnected surfaces (conduit and particle surfaces). Similar methodologies have been developed for multiparticle systems in unbounded domain [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19], and in a space bounded by one [20, 21] or two [22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29] planar walls. However, these methods are not generalized for conduits of dierent cross-sections. As a result, accurate mathematical description of multiparticle dynamics inside a cylinder is still not analyzed. To best of our knowledge, all earlier studies of Stokesian ow involving 4
cylinder-sphere systems have concentrated on single particle dynamics for axial motion. These works include both theoretical and numerical analysis. The theoretical investigations have addressed simplifying limiting cases [30]. For example, reection method [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37] is accurate only when particle-cylinder separation is much larger than the sphere radius. Similarly, planar-wall approximation of the cylindrical surface [38, 39, 40] is valid for a large ratio between the radii of the cylinder and the sphere, and singular perturbation technique [41, 42] is applicable for tightly tted particle inside the conduit. In contrast, results from numerical techniques like boundary integral [43, 44, 45, 46, 47], spectral boundary element [48], nite element [49, 50, 51] and molecular dynamics [52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57] simulations are more general. In spite of these earlier works, however, the problems involving multiparticle hydrodynamic interactions inside a tight cylinder still remain unsolved. More recently, we have formulated a new semianalytical technique which we have termed as basis transformation method and have used to solve hydrodynamic elds around a single sphere inside a cylinder [1, 58, 8]. The key features of this method are similar to simple separation of variables used for solving a linear partial dierential equation apart from two crucial dierences. Firstly, in our problem the boundary conditions are specied at dierent kinds of disconnected surfaces (the conduit and the particles). Secondly, these conditions specify a vectorial eld (velocity) instead of a scalar which is generally the dependent variable in the separation of variable. Fortunately, the developed method is equally applicable to a wider range of problems besides the single-particle Stokesian analysis that we have completed. For
example, one can use this technique to solve unsteady Stokes equation in presence of particles and connements or electrodynamic equations inside a conductor with regularly shaped defects. In this article, we specically focus on solving steady Stokes equation in a domain bounded by a cylinder containing an arbitrary number of spheres in presence of a parabolic ow. As an outcome of the analysis, we obtain the force and torque on xed particles, the motion of suspended particles, and pressure-drop in the channel for all three cases. These quantities are presented for arbitrary geometric congurations dened by the size-ratio of the particles, cylinder-radius, interparticle distance and relative positions of the spheres with respect to the conduit-axis.des a general description of such phenomenon by determining 1) force and torque on the xed particle, 2) motion of the suspended one, and 3) increase in viscous loss for the particle-conduit system. Another contribution of this thesis is the formulation of a simple dynamic simulation algorithm to analyze motion of particles in collision course inside a viscous medium. In dynamic simulation, the position of the freely suspended particle is updated in each time-step by integrating its instantaneous Stokesian velocity. However, when two bodies are closely situated and are moving towards each other, simple integration of velocity over time would give unphysical overlap. This issue has been addressed in the past either by adopting time-stepping [59] or by assuming elastic collision [60, 61] or by articial alteration of particle-size [19]. In contrast, we use a much simpler and more accurate procedure to circumvent this problem where lubrication theory is used to describe the correct dynamics.
1.4 Organization of the Thesis This thesis is organized in the following manner. 6
In chapter 2, we generalize our basis transformation method for multiparticle system inside cylindrical connement, also we present the details of the numerical implementation and convergence tests. Chapter 3 describes the interactions between two xed spheres in cylinder-bound parabolic ow. The calculation is repeated for a pair of freely suspended particles in chapter 4. In chapter 5, we consider the larger particle to be xed and the smaller one to be freely suspended to nd the dynamics of a suspended body near an obstacle. In chapter 6, the trajectory of a freely suspended sphere around a spherical obstacle is illustrated by a dynamic simulation which uses a simple procedure to properly resolve particle-particle collision. Finally, in chapter 7 the conclusions are drawn. A few details of necessary analytical expressions are given in the two appendices.
CHAPTER 2 BASIS TRANSFORMATION METHOD FOR CYLINDER-BOUND UNEQUAL SPHERES
In this chapter, we briey outline the generalization of our semianalytical approach basis transformation method for analyzing multiparticle hydrodynamic interactions between unequal particles inside a conduit. Consequently, the mathematical procedure is focused on solving Stokes equation in presence of disconnected dissimilar surfaces like the conduit and the particles.
2.1 The system In the analysis, we assign a cylindrical coordinate system (, , z) for the conduit and a spherical coordinate system (ri , i , i ) for an arbitrary i-th particle. The cylindrical coordinate is centered at the conduit-axis whereas origins of the spherical coordinates are at the center of respective particles. Thus, the vessel-surface is dened by = a whereas the surface of the i-th particle is dened by ri = ai . The specic geometry and coordinates are schematically described in Fig.2.1. Our method is valid for any arbitrary number of particles. However, for sake of brevity, we focus on a two-sphere system with particles of dissimilar size. We specify
=a (, , z) i ri = ai (ri , i , i)
rj = aj (rj , j , j )
Figure 2.1. The conduit and particle coordinates. 8
the dynamics of such systems in two ways in presence of a parabolic ow with center-line velocity Up . Firstly, for given translational uj and rotational j velocity of the spheres, one can nd the viscous force fiex and torque ex on the particles by using i Ftt uj + ij Ftr j + fip Up = fiex , ij
(2.1)
and
j
Frt uj + ij
Frr j + p Up = ex . ij i i
(2.2)
Here second order friction tensors Ftt , Frr , Ftr , Frt relate the motion inducing ij ij ij ij quantities like force or torque on the i-th body with motion dening quantities like translational and rotational velocities of the j-th one. The force and torque on the i-th xed sphere in a parabolic ow with unit ow-rate are given by fip and p . i Secondly, when both force and torque on the bodies are zero, we describe the motion of the freely suspended particles by inverting the linear relation in eqs.2.1 and 2.2. The inverted relations are given by (Mtt fjp + Mtr p ), ij ij j
ui = Up and i = Up
(2.3)
(Mrt fjp + Mrr p ), ij ij j
(2.4)
where second order mobility tensors Mtt , Mrr , Mtr , Mrt are determined from the ij ij ij ij inverses of the friction tensors. The ultimate goal of our study is to nd fip and p for given particle-motion as i 9
well as to compute ui and i for freely suspended spheres. Moreover, we intend to evaluate the additional pressure-drop P in the channel due to the presence of the particles by using the following equation fjp uj + p j . j
P = kUp +
j
(2.5)
Here k is the resistivity of the channel partially blocked by a sphere. In contrast, the last two terms in the right hand side appears due to the pressure creation by a translating and a rotating particle, respectively. The particular form of these contribution are derived by using the reciprocal theorem.
2.2 Complete set of Stokesian basis solutions in particle and conduit coordinates In order to determine the aforementioned quantities, we rst solve the Stokes equation satisfying boundary conditions at the particle and channel surface. To this end, we nd the expression of general vectorially separable basis-solutions for the Stokes equation in coordinate systems (, , z) and (ri , i , i ) for all is. As the governing equation is of second order, we seek for two sets of independent solutions for each system to properly solve the velocity eld. Accordingly, the basis solutions
i for the conduit and the particle coordinates are denoted as v and vlm where
superscript + and represent regular and singular solution, respectively. All of these basis functions are expressed in separable form so that
v = s=0,1,2 es (, , z)fs (),
(2.6)
10
and
i vlm = i ei (ri , i , i ) flms (ri ). lms s=0,1,2
(2.7)
Here l, m, , are indices related to harmonic functions, and s, = 0,1,2 complete the
i set of vector basis functions. The index-dependent scalar functions fs s or flms s
depend only on or ri . The vector functions es s or ei s are orthogonal elds lms e e s ddz = ss s and ei ei m s di di = ll mm ss , (2.8) lms l
by which any vector function can be expanded at - or ri -constant surface, respectively. The aforementioned scalar and vector functions are explicitly derived for cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. Apart from eqs.2.62.8, the obtained solutions satisfy proper normalizations as indicated in [1]. Appendix A describes these elds in details. In the next step, we express the ow eld v as a combination of regular and singular elds, v = vR + vS . (2.9)
Here, vR is purely regular whereas vS is constituted by functions with singularity at a point of inside the conduit. We note that there cannot be any singularity if the ow-domain is entirely continuous with no sphere. On the other hand, the presence of particles allows us to introduce functions with singularities located inside the spheres. In other words, we exploit the fact that the volume occupied by the particles is actually excluded from the ow-domain, and introduce functions like
i vlm with singularities at the center of the i-th sphere. As a result, vS is expressed
11
in terms of a collection of singular solutions centered at each of the particles

j vlm cj , l m jl m
vS =
(2.10)
where cj are unknown constants representing the amplitudes of the singularities. l m We also recognize that, unlike vS , due to its regularity, vR can be uniquely dened by the linear combination of basis functions from any single set of regular solutions so that vR =
+ v b+ = lm i+ vlm ci+ lm
i = 1, 2, 3, . . .
(2.11)
with b+ , ci+ being constant amplitudes. Thus, combining eqs.2.92.11, one nds lm either v=
+ v b+ + jl m j vlm cj , l m
(2.12)
or v=
lm i+ vlm ci+ + lm jl m j vlm cj , l m
(2.13)
for any arbitrary i. Therefore, if the unknown constants ci+ and cj are lm l m computed v can be solved. For this reason, we construct two independent sets of linear equations from which ci+ and cj can be calculated. lm l m 2.3 Boundary conditions and reection relations at the particle-surfaces We obtain the rst set of linear equations involving ci+ and cj from the lm l m boundary conditions at the surface of each particle. We consider an inhomogeneous boundary condition at the particle-surface corresponding to a no-slip criterion at the solid-liquid interface with specied motion. Accordingly, we assume that the 12
vector eld v at the surface ri = ai of an arbitrary i-th body is Vi (i , i) which is a function of i and i . We can express Vi (i , i) in two dierent ways. Firstly, considering set of orthogonal vector functions ei to be complete, one can write Vi(i , i ) as a linear lms combination Vi (i , i) =
lms
ei ai , lms lms
(2.14)
where ai s are the amplitudes. Secondly, Vi (i , i ) can also be obtained from the lms vector eld v in eq.2.13. By combining eqs.2.7 and 2.13, and by setting ri = ai , we determine
i=j i+ i+ i i i+ flms(ai )clm +flms(ai )clm + flms(ai )S(Rij |lm, l m )cj l m m jl
Vi (i , i) = ei lms lms
(2.15) Here, S ij (Rij |lm, l m ) are the displacement coecients [15] which relate a singular Stokesian solution in terms of the regular ones centered around a point separated by Rij from the point of singularity
j vlm = l m i+ vlm S ij (Rij |lm, l m )
for
ri < |Rij |
(2.16)
with Rij being the separation between the centers of the i-th and the j-th spheres. Hence, by comparing eqs.2.14 and 2.15, one can nd a relation between known ai , and unknown cj+ , cj lms lm lm
i=j i+ [flms (ai )ci+ lm
i flms (ai )ci ] lm
+
jl m
i+ flms (ai )S(Rij |lm, l m )cj = ai . lms l m
(2.17)
13
Equation 2.17 can be simplied by introducing reection coecients for each sphere
i=j
ci+ + lm
Rp (lm
; ai )ci + lm
jl m
S(Rij |lm, l m )cj = l m
i+ glms (ai )ai = di lms lm s
(2.18) where the reection coecients Rp (lm ; ai ) for the i-th particle are given by Rp (lm ; ai ) =
s=0,1,2 i+ i glms (ai )flms (ai ),
(2.19)
i+ and the constants glms (ai ) are dened in the following manner
+ + g1 s (a)fs2 (a) = 1 2 . s=0,1,2
(2.20)
Here, the Kronecker delta is dened by .
2.4 Boundary conditions and reection relations at the conduit-surfaces Apart from eq.2.17, an additional set of equations is necessary for evaluation of ci and ci+ . These equations are derived from the boundary condition at the lm lm conduit where
+ es fs (a)b+ + s jl m j cj vlm |=a l m
v|=a = 0 =
(2.21)
for any Vi (i , i). To proceed further, we nd two sets of transformation relations between the basis
14
solutions of the particle and the conduit coordinates. These transformations are
j vlm (r) = v (r) Tf (, lm |Rj ),
(2.22)
and
+ v (r) = lm i+ vlm (r) Tr (Ri |lm, ).
(2.23)
Here, Ri and Rj are the position vectors of center of the i-th and the j-th particles with respect to the cylinder-axis. The transformation coecients Tf and Tr are related to the conjugate of each other if the basis functions are constructed according to appendix A satisfying proper normalization constraints [1] Tf (, lm |R) = Tr (R|lm , ).
(2.24)
We derive the explicit expressions for the non-zero Tr (Ri|lm , ) by Taylor series
+ expansion of v and nd Tf (, lm |R) from eq.2.24. Our analysis shows that
Tr (R|lm0, 0) = Tr (R|lm1, 1) = Tr (R|lm2, 2) = Clm M(R|, ; l, m), (2.25) im Clm M(R|, ; l, m), l
Tr (R|lm0, 1) = Tr (R|lm1, 2) = and
(2.26)
Tr (R|lm0, 2) =
R Clm [M(R|, ; l + 1, m 1) M(R|, ; l + 1, m + 1)], (2.27) 42
l(l 1)(2l 1) (l2 m2 )(l 2) Clm M(R|, ; l, m) 22 l(2l 1)
15
where 2 M(R|, ; l, m) = (i)l (im ) Exp[i( m)B] Exp[iZ] I|m| (R) and Clm = 1 4(lm)!(l+m)!(2l+1) . (2.29)
(2.28)
For other values of and , Tr (Ri |lm , ) is simply zero. By substituting, eq.2.22 in eq.2.21, one infers that
+ es [fs (a)b+ + fs (a) s jlm
v|=a = 0 =
Tf (, lm |Rj )cj ]. lm
(2.30)
Then, eq.2.30 is simplied by introducing the reection coecients for the cylinder b+ 1 +
2
Rc (1 2 ; a)
jlm
Tf (2 , lm |Rj )cj , lm
(2.31)
where cylindrical reection coecients Rc (1 2 ; a) are given by

+ g1 s (a)fs2 (a), s=0,1,2
Rc (1 2 ; a) =
(2.32)
+ with the constants g1 s (a) being dened as
+ + g1 s (a)fs2 (a) = 1 2 . s=0,1,2
(2.33)
+ and determined from f1 s (a).
Finally, we replace b+ 1 by ci+ to obtain the second set of equations involving lm
16
ci+ and cj . For this, we combine eqs.2.11 and 2.23 to conclude lm lm ci+ = lm
1
Tr (Ri |lm, 1 )b+ 1 .
(2.34)
After multiplying eq.2.31 by Tr(lm,1) and summing over , , 1 , the relation becomes Tr (Ri |lm,1) Rc (1 2 ;a) Tf (2 ,l m |Rj ) cj . l m
ci+ = lm
(2.35)
jl m 1 2
Thus, ci+ and cj can be evaluated from eqs.2.18 and 2.35. Our numerical lm l m scheme basically solves these two systems of equations.
2.5 Numerical implementation and convergence In the nal step of the analysis, we relate the linear system of equations in eqs.2.18 and 2.35 with the equation involving motion inducing and motion dening quantities as given in eqs.2.1 and 2.2. For this purpose, the special signicance of cj is rst recognized these constants are associated to the motion-inducing l m quantities like force and torque on the j-th sphere. Then, realizing the coecients di uniquely represent the motion of the i-th particle, we seek to eliminate ci+ in lm lm eq.2.18 by using eq.2.35 so that a set of equations involving only cj and di can lm l m be obtained. Accordingly, we nd M(ij|lm, l m )cj l m
jl m
di = lm
(2.36)
17
where M is referred as the grand mobility matrix and has the following form M(ij|lm, l m ) = Rp (lm ; a )ll mm ij + (1 ij )S(Rij |lm, l m )

Tr (lm, 1 ) Rc (1 2 ; a) Tf (2 , l m ) d. (2.37)
1 2 =
In our methodology, we numerically evaluate M(lm, l m ) by evaluating the involved integral over and the summation over . Then, one can invert the linear equations represented by eq.2.37 to express cj in terms of di lm l m cj = l m
jl m
L(ji|l m , lm)di lm
(2.38)
where coupling constants L(ji|l m , lm) are grand friction coecients and satisfy L(ji|l m , lm)M(ik|lm, l m ) = jk l l m m .
klm
(2.39)
The resistivity k in eq.2.5 as well as components of vectors fip , p and friction i tensors Fji , Fji , Fji , Fji are evaluated from L(ji|l m , lm). tt tr rt rr Thus, we rst compute M by numerically integrating over and summing over 1 , 2 and . Then, we invert the matrix representing M to calculate L. Finally, the relevant quantities are extracted from dierent linear combinations of L(ji|l m , lm). However, an error is introduced in the inversion of M because the innite set of coecients are truncated at some nite value. Ideally, in the matrix M(ij|l m , lm), the integer indices l and l vary from 1 to . In practice, the innite dimensional matrix M is truncated to a certain dimension and then inverted
18
to evaluate M approximately. Accordingly, we assign a maximum value lmax for both l and l , and construct the matrix L representing L(ji|l m , lm) with the primed and unprimed indices corresponding to rows and columns, respectively. Consequently for l m l , l m l and , = 0, 1, 2, one can determine the dimension of the matrix to be q q where q = 3Nlmax (lmax + 2) with N being the total number of particles. The error in L due to truncation in the dimension of M is manifested by a convergence test (known as spectral convergence) which demonstrates how the friction coecients saturate to a certain value with increasing lmax . We accelerate the rate of convergence by applying lubrication subtraction a standard procedure frequently used in Stokesian dynamics [13, 20, 21]. According to this approach, the lubrication forces causing a slow convergence with lmax are included by a superposition approximation. Both the interparticle and particle-wall lubrication corrections are taken into account in this way. As a result, the grand friction matrix L is constructed as L(ji|l m , lm) = L2 s (ji|l m , lm) + ij L1 (ii|l m , lm) + L(ji|l m , lm). w f (2.40) Here, L2 s (ji|l m , lm) is summation of grand mobility matrices for two-particle f systems evaluated considering an isolated pair in free space. In contrast L1 (ii|l m , lm) is grand mobility matrix of a single particle inside a cylinder. w Expressions of both L2 s (ji|l m , lm) and L1 (ii|l m , lm) can be obtained w f analytically [41, 42, 62, 63]. The remaining term L(ji|l m , lm) is determined numerically for truncation at specic lmax by subtracting computed values of L2 s (ji|l m , lm) and L1 (ii|l m , lm) from L(ji|l m , lm). It is well known w f 19
that the convergence of L(ji|l m , lm) with lmax is fast. We present a few spectral convergence results in Figs.2.2, and 2.3 for two particle systems with a1 = 2a2 and a = 4a2 . Because of lubrication subtraction, the relative error in convergence plot is insignicant when contacting surfaces are very near to each other. Also, for well-separated surfaces, the error becomes insignicant due to negligible interparticle and particle-wall interactions. Consequently, we observe critical convergence issues when the surface to surface separation is moderate. Thus, we select three congurations with moderate interparticle and particle-wall distance where the convergence is typically problematic. In the rst case, the large particle is near the cylinder-axis with R1 = 0.1(a a1 )x , and the second particle is at an e axially separated peripheral position with R2 = 0.9(a a2 )x + 3.2a2 ez . Then, we e assume the both bodies to be in a central position with R1 = 0.5(a a1 )x and e R2 = 0.5(a a2 )x + 3.2a2 ez . In the third conguration, the second particle is e azimuthally shifted so that R2 = 0.5(a a2 )y + 3.2a2 ez with R1 being kept at e 0.5(a a1 )x . Hence, for all three conditions, the interparticle surface to surface e separation is approximately a2 corresponding to most problematic convergence.
p In Fig 2.2, we plot computed components of f2 in radial azimuthal and axial
directions as functions of lmax . In the rst two cases, the azimuthal component of force should be zero from symmetry consideration. The presented plots corroborate this fact. In contrast, for the third situation, as the second particle is not only axially separated but also azimuthally displaced with respect to the larger one, the azimuthal component of fip is nonzero. The results show that all quantities converge
p well at lmax = 4 which is a very small number. We also check the convergence for f1
which exhibits an even faster saturation rate with lmax .
20
In Fig 2.3, we present the convergence of the resistivity k for all three aforementioned congurations. The plots show similar features as the convergence
p of f2 .
21
0.2 0.1 0 -0.1

p f2 6a2
-0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 1 1.2 1 0.8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
p f2
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 2 1.5 1 0.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6a2
p f2
0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6a2
lmax Figure 2.2. The force on the smaller sphere in uid of viscosity vs. multipolar order lmax in a xed two-body system inside cylinder with a/a2 = 4.0 ,a/a1 = 2.0. The radial (solid line), azimuthal (dashed line) and axial (dash-dot line) are presented for 1) 1 = (a a2 ) 0.1 and 2 = (a a2 ) 0.1 (top subgure), 2) 1 = (a a2 ) 0.5 and 2 = (a a2 ) 0.5 (middle subgure), 3) 1 = (a a2 ) 0.5 and 2 = (a a2 ) 0.5 ,2 = 90o . z1 = 0 and z2 = 3.2 (lower subgure).
22
-0.24 -0.26 -0.28
a2 k
-0.3 -0.32 -0.34 -0.36 -0.38 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
lmax
Figure 2.3. Additional pressure-drop in the channel containing uid of viscosity due to the presence of particles is plotted as a function of multipolar order lmax for 1) 1 = (a a2 ) 0.1 and 2 = (a a2 ) 0.1 (solid line), 2) 1 = (a a2 ) 0.5 and 2 = (a a2 ) 0.5 (dashed line), 3) 1 = (a a2 ) 0.5 and 2 = (a a2 ) 0.5 ,2 = 90o . z1 = 0 and z2 = 3.2 (dash-dot line).
23
CHAPTER 3 PARABOLIC FLOW INSIDE A CONDUIT OBSTRUCTED BY A PAIR OF UNEQUAL SPHERES
In this chapter, two xed spheres of unequal radius inside a cylindrical conduit are considered. Accordingly, we use eqs.2.1, 2.2 and 2.5 where the translational velocities u1 , u2 and rotational velocities 1 , 2 are substituted as 0. We determine the net hydrodynamic forces f1 , f2 and torques 1 , 2 on these spheres along with the additional pressure loss P when the blocking spheres are in a pressure-driven parabolic ow of unit strength Up = 1. We conclude that for such problems fi = fip i = p i
P = k,
(3.1)
and obtain the force, torque and pressure-drop in non-dimensional form p = fi fip 6a2 i p p i = 8a2 2 ka2 , k=
(3.2)
where is the viscosity, and a2 being the radius of the smaller sphere is assigned as the length-scale for our simulation. As our main focus in this article is on the interparticle hydrodynamic interactions, we evaluate the forces, the torques and the pressure drop as functions of radial positions and interparticle relative displacement. The larger rst particle is assumed to be at = 1 , = 0, z = 0. The smaller second sphere is located at = 2 , = 2 , z = z2 . Hence, in the simulation, ip , p and k are determined as a f i function of normalized coordinates 1 /a2 , 2 /a2 , z2 /a2 and 2 . It is to be noted that
24
the amount of data required to represent the entire parametric space is inconveniently extensive. This is why we selectively choose the representative results which can describe the essential features of the variation in Stokesian quantities with axial separation, relative angular orientation and radial positions.
3.1 Variation in Stokesian quantities with axial separation To illustrate the variation in Stokesian forces and torques with axial separation between two spheres, we consider their centers to be on a line parallel to the cylinder-axis at z2 distance from each other. Hence, in this conguration, there is no relative displacement in the cross-sectional plane, and computed quantities are presented as functions of varying axial distance z2 . We choose two cases where the larger particle is either very near to the axis of the conduit or very close to the bounding wall. In the aforementioned conguration, the symmetries of a Stokesian system dictate that p = f p ez + f p e fi iz i i p = i e p (3.3)
where subscripts , , z denote components along the respective directions. Thus, p p p in our plots, we present fiz , fi , i in Figs.3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 along with k in Fig.3.4. The common characteristics of all the curves in Figs.3.13.4 is that they saturate to a constant value corresponding to single-particle system very fast when the axial separation is comparable to the radius of the cylinder. This is the well known screening eect which is especially strong in cylindrical conduits where the scattered far-eld ow decays very fast away from the scattering particles. The reason behind the strong far-eld decay can be explain by a simple argument there cannot be
25
nite far-eld ow due to scattering in the innite cylinder to maintain nite pressure dierence. Our results also manifest such behavior. p It is evident from the gures that apart from fiz , all other quantities have higher values for peripheral position of the particles than the same for the axisymmetric position. When the spheres are near the conduit surface, the stronger interactions p p with bounding wall generate stronger reected ow, and increase the value of fi , i p and k. For fiz , however, reected ow from the wall is not the only aecting factor. As the particles block the channel, a pressure dierence is created across them causing an increase in hydrodynamic force in the z-direction. The cylinder is more eectively blocked for an axisymmetric position of the spheres causing a larger p pressure-dierence and a larger fiz . p It is to be noted that unlike other quantities relative variation in fi in Fig.3.1 is signicant and nonmonotonous. This feature of the radial force on both spheres can help to explain why in multispecies suspensions larger species migrates dierently than the smaller species. We will discuss this eect more elaborately in the next chapter where the dynamics of two unequal suspended particles are described. p p In Figs.3.2 and 3.3, one can see that relative variations in f2z , 2 are more than p p f1z , 1 . This is understandable because eect of a larger particle on smaller one is more signicant than the reciprocal eect. In Fig.3.2, the axial force on the smaller sphere is less when it is nearer to the larger particle. This happens because the larger sphere tends to screen the axial ow along an axial line passing through its center creating a shadow region. As the smaller particle is on this line, it encounters less axial force when it is close to the other sphere. In contrast, Fig.3.3 shows an increase in azimuthal torque on the
26
second sphere with decreasing axial separation, because as the net ow-rate is same in any cross-section, lower uid velocity on axial line implies higher ow outside the shadow region imparting higher torque on the xed body. The negative sign in Fig.3.4 implies a drop in pressure along the direction of ow. It shows that the pressure-drop is less when the particles are closer to each other. It is a common feature of multiparticle system where closely situated cluster of particle induces less pressure drop compared to the isolated spheres.
3.2 Azimuthal variation of force, torque and pressure dierence In Figs.3.53.11, we present the variation in Stokesian force, torque and pressure-drop for change in angular position of the second particle. For each curve, radial positions of both spheres and axial separation between them are kept constant. Dierent curves are produced by changing the axial separation and radial distances. The axial separation is chosen to be 2a2 and 3a2 , whereas we consider four dierent radial congurations. In such conditions, the force and the torque on both particles have non-zero components along radial, angular and axial directions. Accordingly, we present radial, angular and axial forces on both spheres in Figs.3.5, 3.6, 3.7, respectively. Similarly, the radial, angular and axial torques on two bodies are plotted as function of angle 2 in Figs.3.8, 3.9, 3.10. The additional pressure-drop due to the xed obstacles is described in Fig.3.11. We vary 2 from 0 to , because symmetry dictates that the presented functions of 2 are either even or odd with a periodicity 2. When axial separation is 2a2 , the particles can overlap for specic values of 2 which are excluded from the described results. This is why some of the curves in Fig.3.53.11 appear incomplete for 27
z2 = 2a2 . In contrast, when axial separation is 3a2 the spheres never overlap and the curves are complete. In the gures, one can see a general trend which indicates that for z2 = 2a2 the variation with 2 is more rapid whereas for z2 = 3a2 the curves show slower variation. The rapid changes in Stokesian quantities occur when two particles are close to each other in a near touching situation. Also it is to be noted that the relative variation in hydrodynamic forces on smaller particle is more prominent than the corresponding changes in the same quantities for larger sphere. It is understandable because the eect of larger particle on smaller one is more considerable than the eect of smaller body on the larger one.
3.3 Results for dierent radial positions of the particles In Figs. 3.123.15, the dependence of viscous force and torque on xed particles with changing radial position is illustrated. We assume the centers of both spheres to be in the same cross-sectional plane. The plots are obtained by varying the radial position of the second particle. For each curve, the relative angular position and the radial coordinate of the larger sphere are kept xed. Dierent curves are produced by taking into account a central and a peripheral position of the large particle as well as four relative angular positions. When both particles lie in the same cross-sectional plane, the radial and azimuthal forces as well as axial torque are zero as per symmetry p = f p ez fi iz i p p = i e + i e . p
(3.4)
So, we only plot the non-zero components of the force and the torque. Accordingly, 28
we present the axial force in Fig.3.12 along with the torque towards the radial and the azimuthal direction in Figs.3.13 and 3.14. The additional pressure-dierence is described in Fig.3.15. In order to have a substantial variation in 2 , we assume a = 5a2 instead of a = 4a2 as considered to describe axial or azimuthal variation. The geometric congurations are such that we able to plot continuous curves representing sucient variation along 2 .
29
0.15 0.1 0.05 0
0.6 0.5 0.4
f1
-0.05 -0.1 -0.15 -0.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
f2
0.3 0.2 0.1 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
z2 /a2
z2 /a2
Figure 3.1. Forces in r direction on two xed particles with a/a2 = 4.0 ,a/a1 = 2.0 as a function of axial separation z2 where the centers of both spheres are on a line parallel to cylinder-axis (1 = 2 , 2 = 0). We consider the larger rst particle in the left and the smaller second particle in the right where the larger particle is either near the cylinder-axis 1 = 0.1(a a1 ) (solid line) and or near the periphery 1 = 0.9(a a1 ) (dashed line).
10 9.5 9
2 1.8 1.6 1.4
fz1
8.5 8 7.5 7 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
fz2
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
z2 /a2
z2 /a2
Figure 3.2. Same as Fig.3.1 except forces in z direction on two xed particles are plotted.
30
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2
0.15 0.1 0.05 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
z2 /a2
z2 /a2
Figure 3.3. Same as Fig.3.1 except torques in direction on two xed particles are plotted.
-5 -5.5 -6
-6.5 -7 -7.5 -8 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
z2 /a2
Figure 3.4. Same as Fig.3.12 except additional pressure drop in the channel due to the presence of two xed particles are plotted.
31
1.2 1 0.8 0.6
0.6 0.4 0.2 0
f1
0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-0.2 f2
-0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
1 0.8 0.6 0.4
0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1
f1
0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
f2 -0.2
-0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Figure 3.5. Forces in r direction on two xed particles for a/a2 = 4.0, a/a1 = 2.0 as functions of dierence in azimuthal angle 2 between the centers of two spheres where the radial and axial positions are xed for each curve. We consider the larger rst particle in the left gures and the smaller second particle in the right. The plots in the top array are for axial separation z2 = 2a2 whereas the bottom array represents cases with z2 = 3a2 . Four dierent radial congurations are considered: 1) 1 = 0.5 (a a1 ) and 2 = 0.9 (a a2 ) (solid lines), 2) 1 = 0.9 (a a1 ) and 2 = 0.5 (a a2 ) (dashed line), 3) 1 = 0.5 (a a1 ) and 2 = 0.1 (a a2 ) (dash-dot line), and 4) 1 = 0.5 (a a1 ) and 2 = 0.5 (a a2 ) (dotted line).
32
0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
f1 -0.8
-1 -1.2 -1.4 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
f2
0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3
0 -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 -0.2
f1 -0.4
-0.5 -0.6 -0.7 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
f2 -0.25
-0.3 -0.35 -0.4 -0.45 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Figure 3.6. Same as Fig.3.5 except forces in direction on two xed particles are presented.
33
10.5 10 9.5 9
3.5 3 2.5
fz1
8.5 8 7.5 7 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
fz2
2 1.5 1 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
9.8 9.6 9.4 9.2 9 8.8
2.5
1.5
fz1
8.6 8.4 8.2 8 7.8 7.6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
fz2
0.5
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Figure 3.7. Same as Fig.3.5 except forces in z direction on two xed particles are presented.
34
0 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004
0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1
-0.005 -0.006 -0.007 -0.008 -0.009 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.3 0.25
-0.0005
0.2 0.15
-0.001
0.1
-0.0015
0.05 0
-0.002
-0.05 -0.1
-0.0025 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-0.15 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Figure 3.8. Same as Fig.3.5 except torque in r direction on two xed particles are presented.
35
3 2.8 2.6 2.4
0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2
2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.15 0.1 0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2 1.9 1.8 1.7
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Figure 3.9. Same as Fig.3.5 except torque in direction on two xed particles are presented.
36
0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
0.03 0.02 0.01 0 -0.01
z1
0 -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
z2
-0.02 -0.03 -0.04 -0.05 -0.06 -0.07 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08
0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01
z1
0.06 0.04 0.02 0 -0.02 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
z2
0 -0.01 -0.02 -0.03 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Figure 3.10. Same as Fig.3.5 except torque in z direction on two xed particles are presented.
37
-5.8 -6 -6.2 -6.4
-6.6 -6.8 -7 -7.2 -7.4 0.5 -5.6 -5.8 -6 -6.2 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-6.4 -6.6 -6.8 -7 -7.2 -7.4 -7.6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2 Figure 3.11. Same as Fig.3.5 except the pressure-drop in the channel is described.
38
7.1
2.1 2
7.05 1.9 7 1.8
fz1
6.95
fz2
1.7 1.6
6.9 1.5 6.85 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 1.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
6 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.5
2.2 2 1.8
fz1
5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5 4.9 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
fz2
1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
2 /a2
2 /a2
Figure 3.12. Forces in z direction on two xed particles for a/a2 = 5.0, a/a1 = 2.5 as functions of radial position 2 of the smaller second particle where both spheres are in the same cross-sectional plane with z2 = 0. As before, we consider the rst particle in the left gures and the second particle in the right. The plots in the top and the bottom array correspond to the radial positions of the rst particle with 1 = 0.1(a a1 ) and 1 = 0.9(a a1 ), respectively. The radial position of the second sphere varies along radial lines at 2 = 90o (solid line), 2 = 120o (dash-dot line), 2 = 150o (dash-dot line) and 2 = 180o (dotted line).
39
0 -0.0001
0.0002 0 -0.0002
-0.0002 -0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0005
-0.0004 -0.0006
-0.0008 -0.001 -0.0012 -0.0014
-0.0006 2.6 0.0002 0.0001 0 -0.0001 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
-0.0016 2.6 0.0002 0.0001 0 -0.0001 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
-0.0002 -0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0005 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-0.0002 -0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0005 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
2 /a2
2 /a2
Figure 3.13. Same as Fig.3.12 except torque in the radial direction is shown.
40
0.3 0.2 0.1 0
0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 2.2 2.1 2 1.9 1.8 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
-0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5
2.2 2.1 2 1.9 1.8
1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
2 /a2
2 /a2
Figure 3.14. Same as Fig.3.12 except torque in the azimuthal direction is shown.
41
-3.1 -3.15 -3.2 -3.25 -3.3
-3.35 -3.4 -3.45 -3.5 -3.55 -3.6 2.6

-2 -2.2 -2.4
2.8
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
-2.6 -2.8 -3 -3.2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
2 /a2 Figure 3.15. Same as Fig.3.12 except pressure drop is plotted instead of forces in z direction
42
CHAPTER 4 DYNAMICS OF TWO UNEQUAL SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN CONDUIT BOUND PARABOLIC FLOW
The ow-physics of a colloidal solution inside a cylinder can be described by analyzing the motion of freely suspended multiparticle systems. This is why, here, we consider two suspended unequal particles in a parabolic ow, and simulate their motion in absence of any external force or torque as described by eqs.2.3 and 2.4. The results are presented in terms of translational velocity ui and rotational velocity i in the normalized form ui Up a2 i . Up
ui =
i =
(4.1)
We evaluate ui and i as functions of radial positions and interparticle relative displacement assuming the larger rst particle to be at = 1 , = 0, z = 0 and the smaller second sphere to be at = 2 , = 2 , z = z2 . Hence, as in the previous chapter, the simulated quantities are determined as a function of normalized coordinates 1 /a2 , 2 /a2 , z2 /a2 and 2 . We selectively choose the representative results which can describe the essential features of the variation in particle-motion for dierent axial separations, relative angular orientations and radial positions.
4.1 Variation in particle-mobility with axial separation The axial variations in linear velocity ui and angular velocity i of freely suspended spheres are presented in Figs.4.14.3. For each curves, we consider the sphere-centers to be on a line parallel to the cylinder-axis at z2 distance from each 43
other. Dierent curves correspond to dierent radial positions of the two particles. We especially ensure the selection of two contrasting congurations where the larger particle is either very near to the axis of the conduit or very close to the bounding wall. In the chosen geometries, as seen in eq.3.3, the symmetries of a Stokesian system dictate that ui = uiz ez + ui e i = i e (4.2)
where subscripts , , z denote components along the respective directions. Thus, in our plots, we present uiz , ui , i in Figs.4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, respectively. As observed in Figs.3.13.4, the curves in Figs.4.14.3 saturate to a constant value corresponding to single-particle system very fast when the axial separation is comparable to the radius of the cylinder. This is a further verication of the screening eect discussed in section 3.1. The gures show that the magnitude of axial velocity is more when particles are at the central position of the channel because then they encounter larger local velocity due to parabolic ow. In contrast, ui and i have the reverse trend, as the symmetry makes them zero for axisymmetric conguration and viscous interactions increase them in the region of higher strain-rate. Unlike other quantities, relative variation in ui in Fig.4.1 is signicant and nonmonotonous. Also, it shows that the velocities of two particles are in opposite direction which is consistent with the streamline pattern in presence of a large and a small body inside a conduit. As the large particle precedes the smaller one, the streamlines should curve away from the center-line behind the large sphere inducing a radially outward velocity on the subsequent particle. On the other hand, the 44
reected ow from the smaller body will cause a radially inward motion of the preceding sphere These features of the radial velocity can contribute in radial migration of suspended particles in a dense multispecies medium under small shear. The migration process is especially important in blood vessels. There, if the shear-rate is very small, the larger particles like blood cells prefer to stay at the periphery. However, if the shear-rate is above a critical value the larger cells start to migrate towards the conduit axis leaving smaller species near the vessel-wall a phenomenon known as plasma screening. We believe that for high shear-rate condition the behavior is inertia-driven and beyond the scope of present analysis. In contrast, for low shear-rate, the crowding of the large particles near the boundary can be explained by Fig.4.1. In Fig.4.1, the small particle precedes the larger one with a slightly larger relative velocity in axial direction. Hence, we can conclude that there will be a dierence in number density of smaller spheres across the larger one in axial direction when a bidisperse suspension is owing through the cylinder. There will be more number of smaller species behind the larger sphere than in front of it. This means that if we use reectional symmetry and ow reversal property the net drift of the larger body will be in the reverse direction of the velocity shown in Fig.4.1. Thus, the larger species will have a net positive radial velocity driving it towards periphery. The described eect is due to asymmetry in particle-size, and is dierent than well-known shear-induced migration. The eect due to asymmetric size along with shear-induced drift can produce a very complex radial dependence in species density for multispecies solution in low shear-rate. However, it is to be noted that the computed radial motion as well as axial relative velocity is very small. So
45
their migrational eect is not very prominent leading to the conjecture of inertia-driven plasma screening. In Figs.4.2 and 4.3, one can see that relative variations in u2z , 2 are more than u1z , 1 . This is understandable because eect of a larger particle on smaller one is more signicant than the reciprocal eect. In Fig.4.2, the axial velocity of the smaller sphere is less when it is nearer to the larger particle. This happens because the larger sphere forces the smaller body to move with a lower velocity when they are close together. In contrast, Fig.4.3 shows an increase in angular velocity of the second sphere with decreasing axial separation. This occurs because as the net ow-rate is same in any cross-section, lower translational-velocity of the smaller sphere has to be compensated by higher angular velocity to maintain proper uid ux crossing across it. In Fig.4.4, we describe the extra pressure-drop in the channel due to the presence of two freely suspended bodies. The negative sign in Fig.4.4 implies a drop in pressure along the direction of ow. Unlike Fig.3.4, it shows that the pressure-drop remains unaected by the interparticle axial separation. This happens because when two particles are moving freely with the uid, the pressure-loss inside the conduit mainly happens due to the presence of the larger particle. The contribution of the smaller sphere is relatively small in the rst place. Moreover, for small z2 , the smaller particle resides into the shadow region where its eect is further suppressed. This is why we can observe a slight increase in pressure-drop when the spheres are well separated, and the smaller body can manifest its individual eect.
46
4.2 Azimuthal variation of linear and angular velocities In Figs.4.54.11, we present the variation in instantaneous particle motion for change in angular position of the second particle. For each curve, radial positions of both spheres and axial separation between them are kept constant. Dierent curves are produced by changing the axial separation and radial distances. The axial separation is chosen to be 2a2 and 3a2 , whereas we consider four dierent radial congurations. In such conditions, the linear and angular velocity of both particles have non-zero components along radial, angular and axial directions. Accordingly, we present radial, angular and axial linear velocities of both spheres in Figs.4.5, 4.6, 4.7, respectively. Similarly, the radial, azimuthal and axial angular velocities of two bodies are plotted as function of angle 2 in Figs.4.8, 4.9, 4.10. The pressure-drop due to the presence of both freely suspended spheres is described in Fig.4.11. As in Fig.3.53.11, here 2 is varied from 0 to , because symmetry dictates that the presented functions of 2 are either even or odd with a periodicity 2. When axial separation is 2a2 , the particles can overlap for specic values of 2 which are excluded from the described results. This is why some of the curves in Fig.4.54.11 appear incomplete for z2 = 2a2 . In contrast, when axial separation is 3a2 the spheres never overlap and the curves are complete. In the gures, one can see that for z2 = 2a2 the variation with 2 is more abrupt because when two particles are touching their velocities have to match leading to a non-oscillating characteristics of the curves. In contrast, for z2 = 3a2 the curves are more representative of sinusoidal oscillations. Also, it is to be noted that the relative variation in hydrodynamic velocities on
47
smaller particle is more prominent than the corresponding changes in the same quantities for larger sphere. It is understandable because the eect of larger particle on smaller one is more considerable than the eect of smaller body on the larger one.
4.3 Change in mobility for dierent radial positions of the particles In Figs.4.124.15, the dependence of linear and angular velocities of the freely suspended particles with changing radial position is illustrated. As in Figs.3.123.15, we assume the centers of both spheres to be in the same cross-sectional plane. The plots are obtained by varying the radial position of the second particle. For each curve, the relative angular position and the radial coordinate of the larger sphere are kept xed. Dierent curves are produced by taking into account a central and a peripheral position of the large particle as well as four relative angular positions. When both particles lie in the same cross-sectional plane, the radial and azimuthal linear velocities as well as axial angular velocities are zero as per symmetry
ui = uiz ez
i = i e + i e .
(4.3)
So, we only plot the non-zero components of the linear and angular velocities. Accordingly, we present the axial velocity in Fig.4.12 along with the angular velocity towards the radial and the azimuthal direction in Figs.4.13 and 4.14. The corresponding extra pressure-dierence in the channel is described in Fig.4.15. In order to have a substantial variation in 2 , we assume a = 5a2 instead of a = 4a2 as considered to describe axial or azimuthal variation. The geometric congurations are such that we able to plot continuous curves representing sucient 48
variation along 2 . From the gures, one can see that when the small sphere approaches towards the conduit periphery, its axial velocity decreases because it encounters less ow. In contrast, its angular velocity generally increases in peripheral position because there it encounters more shear-rate.
49
0 -0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0003
0.05 0.045 0.04 0.035 0.03
u1-0.0004
-0.0005 -0.0006 -0.0007 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
u2
0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
z2 /a2
z2 /a2
Figure 4.1. Same as Fig.3.1 apart from the fact that velocity in radial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed.
0.86 0.84 0.82 0.8 0.78
1 0.95 0.9 0.85
uz1 0.76
0.74 0.72 0.7 0.68 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
uz2
0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
z2 /a2
z2 /a2
Figure 4.2. Same as Fig.3.1 apart from the fact that velocity in axial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed.
50
0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1
0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12
0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
z2 /a2
z2 /a2
Figure 4.3. Same as Fig.3.1 apart from the fact that angular velocity in azimuthal direction for two freely suspended particles is computed.
-0.05 -0.1 -0.15
a2 P Up
-0.2 -0.25 -0.3 -0.35 -0.4 -0.45 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
z2 /a2
Figure 4.4. Same as Fig.3.1 except the pressure drop in presence of two suspended particles is computed.
51
0.006 0.004
0.09 0.08 0.07
0.002 0 -0.002 -0.004
0.06 0.05
u1
u2
0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01
-0.006 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0
0.015 0.01 0.005 0 -0.005
u1 -0.001
-0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
u2 -0.015
-0.025
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03 -0.035 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Figure 4.5. Same as Fig.3.5 except velocity in radial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed.
52
0.005 0 -0.005 -0.01 -0.015 -0.02 -0.025 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05
u1
u2 0.04
0.03 0.02 0.01 0 -0.01 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.006 0.004 0.002 0
0 -0.002 -0.004 -0.006 -0.008
u1
-0.002 -0.004 -0.006 -0.008 -0.01 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
u2
-0.01 -0.012 -0.014 -0.016 -0.018 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Figure 4.6. Same as Fig.3.5 except velocity in azimuthal direction for two freely suspended particles is computed.
53
0.8 0.78 0.76 0.74
1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75
uz1
0.72 0.7 0.68 0.66 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
uz2
0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.8
1 0.9 0.8
0.795
0.79
uz1
0.785
uz2
0.7 0.6
0.78
0.5 0.4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.775
Figure 4.7. Same as Fig.3.5 except velocity in axial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed.
54
2e-05 0 -2e-05 -4e-05 -6e-05 -8e-05 -0.0001 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02
0 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08 -0.1 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
6e-06 5e-06 4e-06 3e-06 2e-06
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02
1e-06 0 -1e-06 -2e-06 -3e-06 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2 -0.02
-0.04 -0.06 -0.08 -0.1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Figure 4.8. Same as Fig.3.5 except angular velocity in radial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed.
55
0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11
0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1
0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2 0.08
0.06 0.04 0.02 0 -0.02 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.082 0.08 0.078 0.076 0.074
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.072 0.07 0.068 0.066 0.064 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2 0.05
0
-0.05 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Figure 4.9. Same as Fig.3.5 except angular velocity in azimuthal direction for two freely suspended particles is computed.
56
0.004 0.002 0 -0.002
-0.005
-0.01
z1
-0.004 -0.006 -0.008 -0.01 -0.012 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
z2
-0.015
-0.02
-0.025 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.003 0.002 0.001 0
0 -0.002 -0.004 -0.006 -0.008 -0.01 -0.012 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
z1
-0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005
z2
Figure 4.10. Same as Fig.3.5 except angular velocity in axial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed.
57
0 -0.05 -0.1 -0.15
a2 P Up
-0.2 -0.25 -0.3 -0.35 -0.4 -0.45 0.5 0 -0.05 -0.1 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
a2 P Up
-0.15 -0.2 -0.25 -0.3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2 Figure 4.11. Same as Fig.3.5 except pressure drop in axial direction due to two freely suspended particles is computed.
58
0.905 0.9 0.895 0.89 0.885 0.88 0.875 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5
uz1
uz2
0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
0.674 0.672 0.67 0.668 0.666
1.1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7
uz1
0.664 0.662 0.66 0.658 0.656 0.654 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
uz2 0.6
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
2 /a2
2 /a2
Figure 4.12. Same as Fig.3.12 except velocity in axial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed.
59
4e-05 3.5e-05 3e-05 2.5e-05 2e-05
0.0008 0.0007 0.0006 0.0005 0.0004
1.5e-05 1e-05 5e-06 0 -5e-06 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0 -0.0001 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
9e-06 8e-06 7e-06 6e-06 5e-06
0.0006 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003
4e-06 3e-06 2e-06 1e-06 0 -1e-06 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0.0002 0.0001 0 -0.0001 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
2 /a2
2 /a2
Figure 4.13. Same as Fig.3.12 except angular velocity in radial direction for two freely suspended particles is computed.
60
0.03 0.028 0.026 0.024 0.022 0.02
0.05 0 -0.05
0.018 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.01 0.008 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
-0.1 -0.15 -0.2 -0.25 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
0.132 0.131 0.13 0.129 0.128
0 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08
0.127 0.126 0.125 0.124 0.123 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
2-0.12
-0.14 -0.16 -0.18 -0.2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-0.1
2 /a2
2 /a2
Figure 4.14. Same as Fig.3.12 except angular velocity in azimuthal direction for two freely suspended particles is computed.
61
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04
a2 P Up
0.02 0 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08 2.6 -0.08 -0.1 -0.12 -0.14 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
a2 P Up
-0.16 -0.18 -0.2 -0.22 -0.24 -0.26 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
2 /a2 Figure 4.15. Same as Fig.3.12 except pressure drop in axial direction due to two freely suspended particles is computed.
62
CHAPTER 5 CREEPING MOTION OF A SMALL SUSPENDED PARTICLE AROUND A FIXED OBSTACLE
In this chapter, we describe a system where both xed and freely moving suspended particles are present. Hence, there are three basic features in the simulated system a conduit connes the domain, xed particle blocks the channel creating an obstacle and a suspended particle moves through it. Such features are simultaneously present in several industrial and natural processes. For example, natural oil contaminated with suspended silt sips through conduit-like underground pores obstructed by soil grains [11, 12]. Similarly, trickle-bed reactor transports multiphase suspension through irregular passages inside catalytic beds [64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69]. Thus, our results give a useful insight for understanding these complex phenomena. The hydrodynamic interactions between the xed and the suspended sphere can be illustrated by determining the force and torque on the stationary particle and by simulating motion of the moving one for dierent radial positions and interparticle relative displacements. Hence, for the larger xed particle at = 1 , = 0, z = 0, we use eq.3.1 to compute ip , p as dened in eq.3.2. In contrast, for the freely f i suspended smaller sphere at = 2 , = 2 , z = z2 , eqs.2.3 and 2.4 are applied to describe its motion in terms of ui , i as in eq.4.1. The representative results are presented by expressing the simulated quantities as functions of normalized coordinates 1 /a2 , 2 /a2 , z2 /a2 and 2 for selective cases illustrating the basic features of the system.
63
5.1 Conguration with dierent axial separation Figures 5.15.4 illustrate the variation in force and torque on the xed larger particle as well as the motion of the freely suspended one with axial separation between two spheres. Like in cases of two xed or two suspended bodies, we consider the sphere-centers to be on a line parallel to the cylinder-axis at z2 distance from each other. Hence, in this conguration, there is no relative displacement in the cross-sectional plane, and computed quantities are presented as functions of varying axial distance z2 . We choose two cases where the larger particle is either very near to the axis of the conduit or very close to the bounding wall. Hence, by considering the symmetries of a Stokesian system one can presume the form of 1 , p and u2 , 2 . Accordingly, we conclude that fp 1 p = f p ez + f p e f1 1z 1 and u2 = u2z ez + u2 e 2 = 2 e (5.2) 1 p p = 1 e (5.1)
where subscripts , , z denote components along the respective directions. Thus, in our plots, we present non-zero components of 1 , u2 , p , 2 in Figs.5.15.4. fp 1 As observed in Figs.3.13.4, the curves in Figs.5.15.4 saturate to a constant value corresponding to single-particle system very fast when the axial separation is comparable to the radius of the cylinder. This is a further verication of the screening eect discussed in section 3.1. The gures show that the magnitude of axial force on xed body and axial velocity of the freely suspended one is more when particles are at the central
64
position of the channel because then they encounter larger local velocity due to p p parabolic ow. In contrast, f1 , 1 , u2 , 2 have the reverse trend, as the symmetry makes them zero for axisymmetric conguration and viscous interactions increase them in the region of higher strain-rate. p It is to be noted that unlike other quantities relative variation in f1 and u2 in Figs.5.1 and 5.2 are signicant and nonmonotonous. This causes the smaller particle to trace a complex trajectory around the larger sphere. Also, in Fig.5.2, one can observe higher radial velocity of the smaller sphere near the xed particle than the same when both bodies are freely moving with similar separating distance. The relative velocity of ow is more around the xed larger sphere than when it is moving. The enhanced uid velocity with respect to the xed body induces rolling motion of the suspended smaller sphere causing an increase in its radial velocity. In Fig.5.2, the axial velocity of the smaller sphere is very small when it is near to the larger particle. This happens because the larger sphere forces the smaller body to nearly stop and only allow a rolling motion when they are close together. In Fig.5.5, we describe the extra pressure-drop in the channel due to the presence of one xed and one freely suspended body. The negative sign in Fig.5.5 implies a drop in pressure along the direction of ow. In contrast to Fig.3.4, it shows that the pressure-drop is more when the particles are closer to each other. This happens because the rolling motion of the smaller sphere in close contact with the xed obstacle causes an extra pressure dierence. The pressure-drop in Fig.5.5 is less than the values in Fig.3.4 for two xed particles, and more than the values in Fig.4.4 for two suspended bodies. A xed obstacle always induces more viscous loss than a freely moving object of same size.
65
The observed behavior is consistent with this phenomenon.
5.2 Conguration with particles in dierent angular positions In Figs.5.65.10, we present the variation in motion dening and motion inducing quantities for change in angular position of the second particle. For each curve, radial positions of both spheres and their axial distance are constant. Dierent curves are plotted by changing the axial separation and radial distances. The axial separation is chosen to be 2a2 and 3a2 , whereas we consider four dierent radial congurations. In such conditions, the force, torque, linear velocity and angular velocity have non-zero components along radial, angular and axial directions. Accordingly, we present radial, angular and axial forces on xed sphere in Fig.5.6. Similarly, all three components of torque on it are plotted as function of angle 2 in Fig.5.8. In Figs.5.7 and 5.9, three components of linear and angular velocity of freely suspended small particle are described. The extra pressure-drop inside the channel due to the presence of two bodies is described in Fig.5.10.. As before, we vary 2 from 0 to , because symmetry dictates that the presented functions of 2 are either even or odd with a periodicity 2. When axial separation is 2a2 , the particles can overlap for specic values of 2 which are excluded from the described results. This is why some of the curves in Fig.5.65.10 appear incomplete for z2 = 2a2 . In contrast, when axial separation is 3a2 the spheres never overlap and the curves are complete.
66
5.3 Conguration with dierent radial positions In Figs. 5.115.15, the dependence of relevant motion inducing and motion dening quantities on radial position is illustrated. We assume the centers of both spheres to be in the same cross-sectional plane. The plots are obtained by varying the radial position of the second particle. For each curve, the relative angular position and the radial coordinate of the larger sphere are kept xed. Dierent curves are produced by taking into account a central and a peripheral position of the large particle as well as four relative angular positions. When both particles lie in the same cross-sectional plane, the radial and azimuthal forces as well as axial torque on xed particle are zero as per symmetry p = f p ez f1 1z 1 p p = 1 e + 1 e . p
(5.3)
For similar reason, the radial and azimuthal linear velocities along with axial angular velocity for freely moving sphere are zero
u2 = u2z ez
2 = 2 e + 2 e .
(5.4)
So, we only plot the non-zero components of 1 , p , u2 , 2 . Accordingly, we present fp 1 the axial component of 1 and u2 in Figs.5.11 and 5.12. Then, in Figs.5.13 and 5.14, fp 1 the non-zero components of p and 2 are plotted, respectively. The additional pressure-dierence due to the presence of the spheres is described in Fig.5.15. In order to have a substantial variation in 2 , we assume a = 5a2 instead of a = 4a2 as considered to describe axial or azimuthal variation. The geometric congurations are such that we are able to plot continuous curves representing
67
sucient variation along 2 .
68
0.03 0.02
10.5 10
0.01 0 -0.01 9.5
f1-0.02
-0.03 -0.04 -0.05 -0.06 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
fz1
9 8.5 8 7.5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
z2 /a2
z2 /a2
Figure 5.1. Dierent components of force on the larger xed particle in presence of suspended smaller sphere as functions of axial separation for geometries exactly same as Fig.3.1.
0.25
1 0.9
0.2
0.8 0.7
0.15
0.6
u2
0.1
uz2 0.5
0.4 0.3 0.2
0.05
0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
z2 /a2
z2 /a2
Figure 5.2. Same as Fig.5.1 except non-zero components of velocity of freely suspended sphere are plotted when the larger particle is xed.
69
3 2.5 2
1.5 1 0.5 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
z2 /a2
Figure 5.3. Same as Fig.5.1 except the azimuthal torque on the larger xed particle is plotted.
3 2.5 2
1.5 1 0.5 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
z2 /a2
Figure 5.4. Same as Fig.5.1 except the azimuthal angular velocity of the smaller freely suspended particle is plotted.
70
-4.6 -4.8 -5 -5.2 -5.4
a2 P Up
-5.6 -5.8 -6 -6.2 -6.4 -6.6 -6.8 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
z2 /a2
Figure 5.5. Same as Fig.5.1 except the pressure-drop in the channel due to presence of the larger xed particle and the smaller suspended sphere is plotted.
71
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04
0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06
f1
0.02 0 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08 0.5 0.06 0.04 0.02 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.04 f1 0.02
0 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08 0 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
f1
0 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08 -0.1 0.5

9.4 9.2 9 8.8
f1-0.02
-0.04 -0.06 -0.08 -0.1
1.5
2.5
3.5
9.05 9 8.95 8.9
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
fz1
8.6 8.4 8.2 8 7.8 7.6 7.4 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
fz1 8.85
8.8 8.75 8.7 8.65 8.6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2 2 Figure 5.6. Dierent components of force on the larger xed particle in presence of suspended smaller sphere as functions of axial separation for geometries exactly same as Fig.3.5 where left and right panel correspond to z = 2.0a2 and z = 3.0a2 , respectively.
72
-0.05 -0.06 -0.07 -0.08 -0.09
0.3 0.2 0.1
u2
-0.1 -0.11 -0.12 -0.13 -0.14 -0.15 -0.16 0.5 0 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
u2 0
-0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0 -0.05 -0.1
u2
-0.08 -0.1 -0.12 -0.14 -0.16 -0.18 -0.2 0.5

1.4 1.2 1
u2 -0.15
-0.2 -0.25 -0.3 -0.35
1.5
2.5
3.5
1.2 1 0.8
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
uz2
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
uz20.6
0.4 0.2 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2 2 Figure 5.7. Same as Fig.5.6 except components of velocity of freely suspended sphere are plotted.
73
0 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003
0 -0.0002 -0.0004 -0.0006
-0.004 -0.005 -0.006 -0.007 -0.008 -0.009 0.5

3.2 3
-0.0008 -0.001 -0.0012 -0.0014 -0.0016 -0.0018 -0.002
1.5
2.5
3.5
1.85 1.8
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
2.8 2.6 1.75
2.4 2.2 2 1.8
1 1.7
1.65 1.6
1.6 1.4 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.04 0.03 0.02 1.55 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.1 0.05 0
z1
-0.05 -0.1 -0.15 -0.2 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
z1
0.01 0
-0.01 -0.02 -0.03 -0.04 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2 2 Figure 5.8. Same as Fig.5.6 except dierent components of torque on the larger xed particle are plotted.
74
0.3 0.25 0.2
0.25 0.2 0.15
0.15 0.1 0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1 0.5 0.25 0.2 0.15 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2 0.1
0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1 0 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.1 0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1 0.5 0.01 0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0.05 0
-0.05 -0.1 -0.15 -0.2 -0.25 0 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-0.01
0.01
z2 -0.02
-0.03 -0.04
z2
0.005 0
-0.005 -0.01 -0.015
-0.05 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-0.02 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2 2 Figure 5.9. Same as Fig.5.6 except dierent components of angular velocity of the smaller freely suspended particle are plotted.
75
-4.6 -4.8 -5
a2 P Up
-5.2 -5.4 -5.6 -5.8 -6 0.5 -5.2 -5.3 -5.4 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
a2 P Up
-5.5 -5.6 -5.7 -5.8 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2 Figure 5.10. The pressure-drop in the channel due to presence of the larger xed particle and the smaller freely suspended sphere is presented for geometries exactly same as Fig.3.15.
76
7.1 7 6.9 6.8
fz1
6.7 6.6 6.5 6.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
5.1 5.05 5 4.95
fz1
4.9 4.85 4.8 4.75 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
2 /a2 Figure 5.11. Axial force on the larger xed particle in presence of suspended smaller sphere as functions of axial separation for geometries exactly same as Fig.3.12.
77
0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7
uz2
0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 2.6

1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.8
2.8
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
uz2
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
2 /a2 Figure 5.12. Same as Fig.5.11 except axial velocity of freely suspended sphere are plotted when the larger particle is xed.
78
0.0004 0.00035 0.0003
0.9 0.8 0.7
0.00025 0.0002
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
0.00015 0.0001 5e-05 0 -5e-05 2.6

0.0002 0.0001 0 -0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0003
2.8
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
2.45 2.4 2.35 2.3 2.25
-0.0004 -0.0005 -0.0006 -0.0007 -0.0008 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
2.2 2.15 2.1 2.05 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
2 /a2
2 /a2
Figure 5.13. Same as Fig.5.11 except non-zero components of torque on the larger xed particle are plotted.
79
0.001 0.0009 0.0008 0.0007 0.0006
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0
0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0 2.6 0.0012 0.001 0.0008 0.0006 0.0004 0.0002 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
2 -0.05
-0.1 -0.15 -0.2 -0.25 -0.3 2.6 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
-0.05 -0.1 -0.15 -0.2 -0.25 -0.3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
2 /a2
2 /a2
Figure 5.14. Same as Fig.5.11 except non-zero components of angular velocity of the smaller freely suspended particle are plotted.
80
-2.65 -2.7 -2.75
a2 P -2.85 Up
-2.9 -2.95 -3 -3.05 2.6 -1.82 -1.84 -1.86 -1.88 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
-2.8
a2 P -1.92 Up -1.94
-1.96 -1.98 -2 -2.02 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-1.9
2 /a2 Figure 5.15. Same as Fig.5.11 except the pressure-drop in the channel due to presence of the larger xed particle and the smaller suspended sphere is plotted.
81
CHAPTER 6 DYNAMIC SIMULATION TO TRACE A SMALL SUSPENDED PARTICLE AROUND A FIXED LARGER ONE
The computed results in chapter 5 can be used to determine the trajectory of a small sphere freely moving by the action of parabolic ow through a cylinder in presence of a xed large particle. In order to have a considerable eect of the blocking obstacle, we chose its radius to be thrice of the suspended body a1 = 3a2 . The conduit radius a is chosen to be 6a2 so that the smaller sphere has enough space to circumvent the larger one tracing a complex trajectory. Depending on the initial radial position of the suspended body far from the obstacle, the moving sphere either goes around the xed particle or gets stuck at a point of contact with the blockage. We are interested in nding this initial radial position at which the trajectory of the small sphere is about to switch from the stuck position to circumventing trajectory. This study has practical utility in determining the deposition rate on an already existing constriction inside a conduit by estimating how many of the incoming particles are going to adhere to the obstruction.
6.1 The dynamic simulation algorithm In order to trace the trajectory of the freely moving sphere, we consider its initial position far from the obstructing body. We evaluate its velocity based on its instantaneous position as described in chapter 5. Then, if the two particles are well separated, the position of the suspended body is updated according to a simple time
82
integral of the following equation d s = u2 , dt (6.1)
where is non-dimensional displacement of the moving object, t is non-dimensional s time, and u2 is non-dimensional velocity as dened in eq.4.1 and computed in chapter 5. Thus, from eq.6.1, we determine the change in position of the smaller s sphere in the time-step t as u2 t. We use an Euler predictor-corrector scheme to calculate the position of the small particle at each time-step. However, if two bodies are very close to each other and are in collision course, simple integration over time would give unphysical overlap if the normal separation Sn between two bodies are less than their relative displacement in normal direction. This issue has been addressed in the past either by adopting time-stepping by assuming elastic collision or by articial alteration of particle-size. The rst course of action increases the simulation time, whereas other methods do not have proper scientic basis. This is why we device a simpler and more accurate new procedure to circumvent this problem. If the two bodies are nearly touching each other, their translational friction in the direction normal to their surface at the near contact region is inversely proportional to their normal separation distance. Hence, the relative velocity between them in this normal direction has to be proportional to their normal separation distance Sn . So temporal variation of surface to surface distance Sn should obey the following dierential equation dSn = CSn . dt
(6.2)
Here C is the proportionality constant related to Stokesian mobility of the particles
83
in the normal direction, and can be evaluated from the normal velocity and normal separation at the beginning of the time-step
0 C = u0 /Sn n
(6.3)
0 with Sn and u0 being the normal separation and normal relative velocity at the n
beginning of the time-step. The solution of eq.6.2 suggests that at the end of the
f time-step the surface to surface separation Sn will be
f 0 0 Sn = Sn exp(u0 t/Sn ). n
(6.4)
f It is to be noted that Sn always remains greater than zero ensuring no overlap
between two particles. Thus, in our dynamic simulation, we always check whether the particles are going to overlap after a certain time-step. If they do not overlap, we use ordinary integration scheme as per eq.6.1. In contrast, if they collide, we resolve the component of displacement in directions normal and tangential to the two nearly touching surfaces. We update the position in tangential direction by multiplying t and tangential velocity. However, for normal relative displacement, we use eq.6.4 to determine their mutual separation after the time-step. This procedure gives us an indication whether the particles are stuck together or they are in the course of detachment. In near contact situation, there are two
0 time-scales: 1) scale for normal motion which is Sn /u0 , and 2) scale for tangential n
motion. Typically, the second time-scale is much smaller than the rst. Then, the nearly touching bodies undergo rolling motion, and then they ultimately detach. In
84
contrast, if the suspended object approaches a stagnation point, the tangential time-scale becomes larger than the normal one. Then, the bodies are in the course of head on collision albeit with a decelerating velocity.
6.2 Determination of trajectory of the smaller sphere around the xed larger one In these specic simulations, we consider the xed particle at a position = 1 , = 0, z = 0. We assume an initial position for the suspended sphere at = 2 , = 0, z = a = 12a2 . Therefore, initially the centers of the particles are in the same axial z plane. This means that the locus of the suspended body always lies in = 0 plane. In Fig.6.1, we chose 1 = 0.5 so that the center of the larger sphere is slightly oset from the cylinder-axis. In that case, the smaller particle can pass across the larger one from both sides. In contrast, in Fig.6.2, 1 = 2.5, so that the xed particle blocks one half of the channel forcing the suspended body to trace only one opening while circumventing the obstacle. We consider 7 initial positions of the smaller sphere spanning the entire cross-section of the conduit. This helps us to conclude whether the particle follows a specic path of disengagement or gets stuck at the obstacle. In Fig.6.1, we observe that if 1.5a2 < 2 < 3a2 , the suspended particle gets attached to the obstacle while pursuing a path of head on collision. For 2 > 3a2 , it uses the upper opening to circumvent the blockage, whereas for 2 < 1.5a2 it follows a trajectory through the lower opening to disengage from the xed body. In Fig.6.2, for a peripherally situated obstacle, the upper opening is not large enough to allow the transport of the smaller sphere. Then, the suspended particle can either be attached to the obstacle or trace a path of disengagement through the 85
lower opening. We nd that, for 2 < 4.5a2 , the small sphere is able to detach itself from the blockage. Only if it is very near to the wall it gets stuck at the upper right corner between the large particle and the conduit surface.
86
5 4 3 2 1
2 /a2
0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -2 0 2 4 6
z2 /a2
10
12
Figure 6.1. Locus of the second particle under parabolic ow with initial postion of z = 12.0 and 1 = 0.5.
87
5 4 3 2 1
2 /a2
0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -2 0 2 4 6
z2 /a2
10
12
Figure 6.2. Locus of the second particle under parabolic ow with initial postion of z = 12.0 and 1 = 2.5.
88
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS
In this thesis, we outline a novel mathematical procedure based on basis function expansion which enables us to develop faster algorithm to solve ow problems involving unequal multiparticle system inside parabolic creeping ow through a conduit. We specically concentrate on solving Stokesian dynamics of two spheres in a cylinder. Unlike past analytical studies, the proposed method is applicable for all possible particle-conduit congurations, i.e. we can consider any dimension and particle-position to dene the system. Our approach also allows us to describe the axial motion of the particle as well as all possible translations and rotations including those in the radial and azimuthal directions. The applied mathematical technique is a generalization of previously developed basis transformation method. This method solves second order vector dierential equation in presence of disconnected dissimilar surfaces. This is why we could eciently solve Stokes equation in presence of many particles and conduit. Our convergence result shows an extremely fast rate of saturation with multipolar order. This is an evidence of the eciency of the simulation algorithm. The additional convenience of the developed methodology comes from the ability of the algorithm to describe dierent ow situation simultaneously. Hence, we are able to solve three dierent problems in one attempt. These three problems involve: 1) two xed asymmetric spherical obstacle encountering parabolic ow inside a cylinder, 2) two freely suspended unequal spheres transporting with the ow, and 3) one small particle moving around a large xed object under the action of ow inside
89
a conduit. In the rst problem, we calculate the forces and torques on the xed body as well as the additional pressure-drop in the channel due to presence of the blockages. We plot these quantities as functions of axial separation, radial positions and angular orientations. Our results show a strong exponential screening of interparticle mutual hydrodynamic interactions with increasing axial separation when the distance between two bodies is comparable to the cylinder diameter. In the second problem, we compute the linear and angular velocities of the freely moving spheres along with the additional pressure drop in the channel induced by the motion of the suspended bodies. The variation in these quantities with respect to the axial separation reconrms the screening of mutual viscous interactions. Moreover, we noticed that the opposite velocities of the unequal spheres in radial direction are such that in a suspension ow the larger particles should migrate towards the periphery whereas the smaller sphere should drift towards center. This eect is purely due to asymmetry in size of two suspended species, and dierent than the well known shear induced migration. Nevertheless, this shows a reverse eect of plasma screening where the larger cells in a blood vessel move to the center leaving the smaller species near the periphery if the shear-rate is larger than a critical value. Our observation leads to the conclusion that the screening behavior of dierent species under high shear-rate could be an inertia-driven phenomenon. In the third problem, we describe the motion of a smaller suspended particle around a xed large sphere. We also present the force and torque on the xed body as well as additional pressure-drop in the vessel due to the presence of the particles. Several geometric congurations are considered for this purpose where axial
90
separation, radial positions and angular orientation of two spheres are varied. The computed results in the third problem are used in a dynamic simulation where the trajectory of the small sphere is traced. We formulate a new algorithm based on lubrication theory to properly describe the collision course of two particles without incurring extensive computational cost or assuming unphysical approximations. In the dynamic simulation, we select an initial radial position of the suspended body far from the obstacle. Then, the locus of the particle is obtained to see whether it gets stuck on the xed body or detaches from the blockage after a period of engagement. We consider two radial positions of the obstruction. In one case, the small sphere can pass through openings at both sides of the larger one, whereas in the other case, it can only circumvent the constriction through only one opening. In the rst situation, we nd the critical range for initial radial position at which the small sphere follows a course of head on collision and never escapes. If initially the suspended body is outside this range, it will disengage from the obstacle choosing one of the two escape routes depending on which side of the critical range it was originally. In other condition, we nd that the moving particle would not escape from the constriction only if it originates from a narrow region near the conduit wall. From such observation, one can estimate deposition rate on an obstruction inside a channel conning a ow of particulate medium.
91
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97
APPENDIX A STOKESIAN BASIS SOLUTIONS AND REFLECTION RELATIONS
In this appendix, we present expressions for cylindrical and spherical basis functions. We also provide the corresponding reection coecients discussed in eqs.2.19 and 2.32, respectively. The separable regular and singular basis solutions in cylindrical coordinates (, , z) are as below e0 = e ei(+z) 2 e1 = e+ ei(+z) 2 ei(+z) , 2
e2 = ez
(1)
where e = ex iy i e e 2 e+ = ex + iy i e e , 2 (2)
with ez being the unit vector along the conduit axis, and ex and ey being mutually perpendicular unit vectors in a plane perpendicular to z. Then we complete the
description of v by expressing fs as the (+1, s+1)-th element of 3 3
matrices F
98
(I+2 () + I ()) 4 2 (I () + I2 ()) F+ = , 4 2 I+1 () + I1 () + 2I () iI () 0 i 4 iK+1 () (K+2 () + K ()) K+1 () 4 2 2 2 iK1 () K1 () (K () + K2 ()) F = 4 2 2 2 K+1 ()+K1 ()2K () 0 iK () i 4
I+1 () iI+1 () 2 2 iI1 () I1 () 2 2
(3)
where I and K are modied Bessel functions. The cylindrical reection coecients Rc ( ; a) for a conduit of radius a is described in eq.2.19. These coecients are constructed from the matrices F . We dene a square matrix Rc (; a) as Rc (; a) = [F+ (a)]1 [F (a)], to represent reection coecients Rc ( ; a) as its (+1, +1)-th element. The regular and singular spherical basis solutions are derived to be in separable form for spherical coordinates (ri = r, i = , i = ) centered around the i-th particle, so that e1 = er Ylm lm0 e1 = rr Ylm e lm1 e1 = rYlm , lm2
(4)
(5)
1 where 1 < l < , l < m < l, and Ylm are spherical hermonics. Then, we express flms
99
in terms of the +1, s+1-th element of F1 lm

l1 0 lr ir l F1+= 0 lm l+1 l1 r 0
lr l+1 2(2l+3) 0 (l+3)r l+1 2(l+1)(2l+3)
(l+1)r l 2(2l1) 1 1 Flm = 0 2l+1 (l2)r l 2l(2l1)
0 ir l1 l 0
(l+1)r l2 , 0 l2 r
(6)
i which uniquely dene vlm .
The reection coecients Rp (lm ; a ) for a spherical surface with radius a is described in eq.2.19. These coecients are constructed from the matrices F1 . We lm dene a square matrix Rp (lm; a ) as Rp (lm; a ) = [F1+ (a )]1 [F1 (a )], lm lm to represent reection coecients Rp (lm ; a ) as its (+1, +1)-th element.
(7)
100

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DYNAMICS OF TWO UNEQUAL SPHERES IN A PRESSURE-DRIVEN CREEPING FLOW THROUGH A CYLINDRICAL CONDUIT by HANYAN WU, B.S.M.

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Results for dierent radial positions of the particles . . . . . .

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

The conduit and particle coordinates.

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

CHAPTER 2 BASIS TRANSFORMATION METHOD FOR CYLINDER-BOUND UNEQUAL SPHERES

Figure 2.1. The conduit and particle coordinates. 8

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

(Mrt fjp + Mrr p ), ij ij j

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

in terms of a collection of singular solutions centered at each of the particles

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

i flms (ai )ci ] lm

i+ flms (ai )S(Rij |lm, l m )cj = ai . lms l m

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

S(Rij |lm, l m )cj = l m

i+ glms (ai )ai = di lms lm s

+ + g1 s (a)fs2 (a) = 1 2 . s=0,1,2

Here, the Kronecker delta is dened by .

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Tr (R|lm0, 1) = Tr (R|lm1, 2) = and

R Clm [M(R|, ; l + 1, m 1) M(R|, ; l + 1, m + 1)], (2.27) 42

l(l 1)(2l 1) (l2 m2 )(l 2) Clm M(R|, ; l, m) 22 l(2l 1)

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

where cylindrical reection coecients Rc (1 2 ; a) are given by

+ with the constants g1 s (a) being dened as

+ + g1 s (a)fs2 (a) = 1 2 . s=0,1,2

+ and determined from f1 s (a).

Finally, we replace b+ 1 by ci+ to obtain the second set of equations involving lm

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Tr (Ri |lm, 1 )b+ 1 .

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

which exhibits an even faster saturation rate with lmax .

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

0.2 0.1 0 -0.1

-0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 1 1.2 1 0.8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 2 1.5 1 0.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Texas Tech University, Hanyan Wu, May 2010

-0.24 -0.26 -0.28

-0.3 -0.32 -0.34 -0.36 -0.38 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8