MYCENAEAN AND CYPRIOT LATE BRONZE AGE CERAMIC IMPORTS TO KOMMOS: An Investigation by Neutron Activation Analysis Author(s): Jonathan

E. Tomlinson, Jeremy B. Rutter, Sandra M. A. Hoffmann Source: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 79, No. 2 (April-June 2010), pp. 191-231 Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40835485 . Accessed: 15/09/2011 14:31
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79 (2010) Pages II-2JI

HESPERIA

MYCENAEAN AND CYPRIOT LATE BRONZE AGE CERAMIC IMPORTS TO KOMMOS

An Investigation Activation
ABSTRACT
The results a small-scale of of activation of program neutron analysis 69 ceramic from Minoan harbor the townofKommosarepresented fragments andcritically evaluated. Prior analysis, vessels to in the represented thesample werethought be imports to from outsideof Crete,manufactured on either or cultural The chemical Cyprus in theMycenaean sphere. analyses support theidentifications thevesselsas imports of from regions question the in in 80% ofthecases.Theyfurther that vastmajority these the of roughly suggest ceramic wereproduced a comparatively number producin small of imports tioncenters.

by Neutron

Analysis

INTRODUCTION
The Minoan harbor townknownbythemodernname of Kommosis locatedon Crete's south-central of and coast, to thenorth theHellenistic just Romanharbor Mtala.1The sitewas excavated a totalof 15 seasons, of for from 1976 to 1985 and againfrom 1991 to 1995,byan international team directed J.W. Shaw oftheUniversity Torontoundertheauspicesof of by theAmericanSchool of Classical Studiesat Athens.The results these of excavations have been publishedoverthe past two decades in a seriesof five volumes(one in twoparts, a totalofsixseparate for books),and a final
1. The authors wouldliketo thank theeditor Hesperia wellas Priscilla of as Keswani thetwoanonymous and Hesreviewers numerous for peria helpful the suggestions, including recommendation add illustrative to material. For active the encouragement throughout extended publication process, especially for latest the versions thesiteplans of (Figs.1,2) andthefinancial support to publish secondofthesein color, the we gratefully our acknowledge debtto and Joseph Maria Shaw,codirectors oftheKommosExcavations coand editors theassociated of publications. Forsuggesting collaboration the that has resulted thisarticle, owe a in we to specialnoteofthanks Elizabeth French. successfully For and locating available relevant the Kommos making data analytical in Manchester long after analyses the wererun, are we to The drawvery grateful John Prag. wereinitially ings prepared Julia by Pfaff havebeenreformatted and for thispublication Tina Ross.The by were photographs taken Taylor by Dabney. The contributions theauthors of areas follows: opening the sections, and were writdiscussion, conclusions tenbyJeremy the on Rutter, section chemical SandraHoffmann, analysis by and thesections statistical on analysis and results Jonathan Tomlinson. by

The American School of Classical Studies at Athens

[2

J. E. TOMLINSON,

J. B. RUTTER,

AND

S. M.

A. HOFFMANN

10

15

20

25 m 2010

Josephw.shaw giuliana bianco

Figure1. Site plan of Kommos.

G. Bianco.Courtesy W. Shaw J.

LATE

BRONZE

AGE CERAMIC

IMPORTS

TO KOMMOS

193

Figure2. Periodplan ofthe SouthernArea at Kommos,identified in Figure1 as theGreek Sanctuary. W. G. Bianco. J. Courtesy Shaw

are I-V. 2. Kommos In preparation and Shawand Shaw, forthcoming, Rutter, forthcoming.

inpreparation.2 purpose the of present in The volume two is parts currently of article to report theresults a provenience ofLate Bronze is on study Neutron activation to to thought represent imports thesite. Ageceramics in this to (NAA) wasundertaken order assess possibility. analysis inthree from distinct Excavationsthesite at were concentrated sectors, Area(Fig.1, andSouthern to the Central north south, Hilltop, Hillside, In two inwhich Southern islabeled Area "Greek the Sanctuary")-thefirst and from FinalNeolithic Bronze the sectors remains the dated exclusively Area between 3500 Ageeras, approximately and1200b.c.In theSouthern after apparent an remains were theprehistoric overlaid, occupa(Fig.2) that a tional hiatus roughlycentury, anextra-urban of sanctuary wasin by the continuous from very oftheBronze use end Age (ca. 1100b.c.)until at times. The period mostabundantly RomanImperial represented the to orLateMinoan(LM) era, which siteis theLate Bronze Age (LBA),

194

J- E- TOMLINSON,

J. B. RUTTER,

AND

S. M.

A. HOFFMANN

a substantial number residential of in buildings theHilltopand Central Hillside sectors In Area of belong. theSouthern a series LM monumental structures below N andP) lietothesouth a major of (BuildingT Buildings east-west onthenorth ofwhich a particularly side is road, well-appointed domestic a shrine its (HouseX) that building incorporated during later of phases use.

IMPORTEDPOTTERYAT LATEBRONZEAGE KOMMOS

the During four-century oftheLateBronze span Age,Kommos enjoyed an exceptional of as of range contacts, attested thepresence imported by with both and the At ceramics, regions within beyond Aegean.3 thetime ofwriting, vessels from Greek the at two mainland, least westoriginating ern islands andMelos,possibly NaxosandThera), also Aegean (Kythera southwestern various localesalongtheSyroAnatolia, Sardinia, Egypt, Palestinian and of Anatolia have coast, Cyprus, possibly portions central been Thisextraordinary ofevidence maritime for contacts recognized. body with of outside Crete of shows that Kommos regions theMediterranean wasa uniquely well-connected It trading emporium.4wasoneofa small number sites of the Mediterranean functioned that as throughout eastern nodes intercultural of aneraofincreasingly intense major exchange during cultural between 1450and1200b.c.Thesesites ca. interaction, especially and include Tekkeon thesouthcoastof Enkomi, Kition, Hala Sultan Ras Shamra itsport Minetel-Beida coastal and at in Tell Cyprus, Syria, inIsrael, perhaps AbuHawamatthenorth oftheCarmel end and Ridge alsoTroy Tiryns and within Aegean. the the of contacts Kommos werealready Although external impressive to era, prior theendoftheNeopalatial ca. 1450 b.c.,whenit probably served the as principal ofentry goods for the controlled port entering polity from either Phaistos Protopalatial or AyiaTriada(from the (in times) LM near endofLM IB),5thesitereached the developed IA phaseuntil in itsacmeas an entrept LM II-LM IIIA2 Early, 1450-1375b.c. ca. this brief interval twotothree of when During relatively generations, the siteofKnossos hometo theonly was known functioning palacecenter on Crete, Kommos as served theprincipal southern oftheKnossian port administration. roleno doubtaccounts thefactthattheonly This for New ceramic containers known the from Aegean come Egyptian Kingdom from Kommos were and recovered strata from datable between 1500/1475 and1375/1350 b.c.
3. The principal of publications ceramic to imports Late Minoan Kommos havebeenWatrous 1985; Kommos pp. 149-183;Cline 1994, III, 1994, esp.p. 106; Knappand Cherry 1999,2006b.The pp. 138-141;Rutter lastoftheseoffers mostup-to-date the of andwide-ranging overview theevidence.OtherAegeansites withcomexternal contacts parably widespread the rare, during LBA areextremely in to arguably beinglimited Troy the in northeast Tiryns thesouthwest, and butin thecase ofthelatter, are they evident the onlyfrom LH IIIA through LH ca. early IIIC phases, 1400 through 1150 b.c. 4. The northern harbor Knossos of at Poroswas Katsamba almost certainly as wellconnected Kommos, most as but ofthissitehasunfortunately lost been to archaeological due exploration to the modern of at development theharbor Herakleion. 5. Fora convenient chart out laying at developments thesiteofKommos within broader the context events of theMesaraplainofsouththroughout ernCreteduring BronzeAge,see the Shaw2006,pp. 866-871,table5:1.

LATE

BRONZE

AGE CERAMIC

IMPORTS

TO KOMMOS

195

from Kommos identified of ceramics Despitethewealth imported in of already Watrous his 1992 publication the site'sLBA pottery, by for hadbeenspecifically a small selection these of targeted only imports to 1995.6 to that andtrace-element time, Up analyses prior petrological from Kommos concentrated was work most theanalytical on ceramics of The of of on thecharacterizationproducts thelocal ceramic industry. Area intheSouthern and ofa LM IA kiln itsassociated dump discovery of a the providedcopious quantity material during 1993and1994seasons for more Two of localindustry several for study this the years.7 additional in mid-1990s. were institutedthe ofceramic analysis provenience programs as from was at identified originating The first these aimed theimports of to to or the cultural either Mycenaean Cyprus the sphere thenorth from offine of were east. Because these groups material comprised two largely neutron to them the chosen investigate wasinstrumental wares, method on vesA second that focused bulk activation transport program analysis. as coarse fabrics in of sels (identifiedEgyptian, produced a variety medium as andMinoan)madeuse ofbothpetrological wellas Syro-Palestinian, methods analysis willbe published of and chemical separately.8 to ceramic In August of 1996a series 21 suspected Mycenaean imports at were 48 Kommos a further suspected and imports sampled the Cypriot inPitsidia excavation's 3-5;Tables1,2).9 (storage facility) (Figs. apothiki of were thereafter UniversityMantothe The samples transported shortly in to for activation chester neutron analysis Hoffmann order determine by thesamples had of theprovenience the69 vessels Although represented. includa series unforeseen of events beenanalyzed early 1997, by already at of prevented program Manchester ingtheclosing thearchaeometry for assessment thesignificancethese of of analyses a number anyfurther in as has one ofyears.10 Unfortunatethedelay publication been, positive hasbeenthefull oftheoverwhelming majority presentation consequence in a overview ofthesampled along pieces prior publications, with broad to ofthefull of range ceramic imports LBA Kommos.11 and selections twoBoththeMycenaean theCypriot represented thirds lessof theimports or identified eachof thesetwocultural from
6. Kommos Watrous, III; Day,and 1998. Jones 7. Forthefull of publication thekiln and an overview itsproduction of see range, Shawet al. 2001. See also Buxedai Garrigos, and Kilikoglou, Day 2001. Some aspects theoutput the of of kilnat Kommos be maynowusefully withthosefrom somewhat a compared later larger at nearby but kiln Ayia Triadapublished initially Levi and by Laviosa(1979),butmore in recently Belfiore al. 2007. et 8. Day et al.,forthcoming. 9. The sampling conducted was on and 1, August 1996,byHoffmann in Rutter thepresence E. Politaki of as a representativetheGreek of Archaeoas under the logicalService, prescribed YnnO/IYNT/044/526/17317, permit datedApril1,1996. 10. Hoffmann relosubsequently catedto a newplaceofemployment, andthedatabecameinaccessible a for in number years, partbecauseof of extensive renovations theUniversity at ofManchester whichnow Museum, housestheManchester archaeometry archive. Thanksto theefforts Hoffof mannandManchester Museum's then of A. N. Keeper Archaeology, John W. the locatedin Prag, datawerefinally December was 2003,andTomlinson ableto carry a statistical out evaluation andprovide initial an draft thefindof to Rutter April2004. Bythis ings by it time, however, had becometoo lateto include results themostrecent the in of volume theKommos publication series go to press to {Kommos so V), thatfurther on progress thepublication oftheNAA datawas againstalled a for while. 11. See Tables1 and2 andAppendixTable A; also Rutter 2006b.Only 10 ofthe69 piecesreported here on haveyetto be published (C9126 [Figs.3, 6] inTable 1; C7237 [Fig. 12], C7238 [Fig. 12],C7239 [Fig. 12], C9013 [Figs.5, 11],C9382 [Figs.5, 10],C9567 [Figs.4, 8], C9612 [Figs.4, 8], C10209 [Fig.4], and C10366 [Fig.4] inTable2), and allbutthethree Protopalatial pieces(C7237, C7238, in C7239) willbe included therelevant section thefinal of volume theKomof mosseries (Rutter, forthcoming).

C3346

C2949

C7643

C6709

^^^^H

WBP4 / ^ I

C9126

'

C2424

.Iff?; 3
lfiSSBi

)I

C1771

' ' ' '

'

cm

C2140 of 3. Figure Fifteen the21 suspected for sampled chemical Mycenaean imports 1:3. Pfaff by analysis NAA. Scale J.

LATE BRONZE AGE CERAMIC IMPORTS TO KOMMOS

K)J

TABLE 1. SUSPECTED MYCENAEAN IMPORTS SAMPLED BY NAA IN 1996

Kommos Inv.No. C1473 C1771 C2058 C2140 C2424 C2949 C3346 C3896 [Date] Shape Publications Suggested Provenience Comments

C3897 C4271 C4693

C5425 C5819 C6709 C6912 C6919

C7116 C7636 C7643

C7876 C9126

from unidentified Kommos p. 74,no.1264, 46,pl.29 Central III, Crete(?) Possibly an as yet fig. mainland Greek center Kommos p. 155,no.1017,fig. 69, III, Argolid 24,50 pls. Closest association with is Kommos p. 45,no.789,pl.18 III, Argolid group from northwest Ploponnse Kommoslll, 155,no.1117, 69, fig. Argolid p. pl.51 Kommos p. 107,no.1881, 47; III, pl. Unprovenienced Rutter 2006a, 576,no.79/1, 3:86 p. pl. Kommos p. 155,no.1927, 51; III, Argolid pl. Rutter 2006a, 495,no.48/4, 3:53 p. pl. Associated Kommos p. 155,no.338,pls.46,50; III, Argolid only Vapheio (FS 224) cup Rutter 2006a, 456,no.37e/16, 3:43 [LHI] p. pl. from unidentified Kommos p. 93,no.1621, 41 Central Crete(?) Possibly an as yet III, Stirrup (FS jar pl. mainland Greek center 167/171/173/180/182) [LH IIIB] III, pl. Argolid Stirrup (FS 167/171/Kommos p. 156,no.1628, 41 jar 173/180/182) IIIB] [LH Kommos p. 155,no.1671, 51 Bowl(FS 284 or305) III, Argolid pl. [LH IIIA2/B] Kommos p. 155,no.1928, 51; (FS III, Kylix 256-257) pl. Argolid Rutter [LH IIIA2] 2006a, 580,no.MI/MG/3, p. pl.3:90 Piriform (FS 37/45) Kommos p. 155,no.1133, 51 Associated andalsowith some III, only, jar pl. Argolid central Cretan [LH IIIA2/B] groups Kommos p. 155,no.1926,fig. Associated Goblet 254) (FS 69, III, Argolid only [LH IIB] pl.51 bowl(FS 284) Kommos p. 101,no.1739, 44; III, Deep pl. Argolid Rutter [LH IIIB] 2006a, 574,no.78/23, 3:86 p. pl. Rutter no. Associated 2006a, 424-425, 24/30, Vapheio (FS 224) cup pp. Argolid only 3:37 [LH I] pl. Rutter association noted with diffuse 2006a, 467,no.44b/19, 3:48 Unprovenienced Bridge-spouted jug p. pl. Single oftransport (FS 103) [LH ILA] group stirrup from jars themselves of Mycenae, probably central Cretan origin Piriform (FS 20)(?) Rutter Associated 2006a,p. 579,no.MI/MG/1, jar Argolid only [LH IIA] pl.3:90 alabastron no. Associated Rutter, Angular forthcoming,X5:5/S2 Argolid only (FS 94) [LH IIIA2] Rutter association noted with [LM II] 2006a, 501,no.52b/5, 3:55 Crete Pyxis p. pl. Single group ofeight ware fine from samples all at Pseira, probably imported that site Stemmed (FS 305) Kommos p. 101,no.1737, 44; Rut- Argolid bowl III, pl. ter [LH IIIB] 2006a,p. 574,no.78/24, 3:86 pl. krater Rutter 1999, 144,n.45; forthcoming, Amphoroid p. Unprovenienced of vaseas (FS 54) [LH IIIA2/B] nonjoining fragmentsame |no.X5:6/12 | | | Stirrup (FS 182) jar [LH IIIB] Stirrup (FS 183) jar [LH IIIB] Goblet 255) (FS [LH IIIAl] bowl Stemmed (FS 305) [LH IIIB] jar Stirrup (FS 174) [LH IIIC Early] jar Stirrup (FS 171) [LH IIIA2]

C10034

^i^

pHiirr^ I
W C6743

'T
' '' 'v'

m^^^mb^

-^

<*> ' y
C10111 C4127 C5645 v C9612

C335

C10366
O 5 10cm

C10209 of 4. Figure Thirteen the31 susimCypriot pattern-painted pected andWhitePainted (WhiteSHp ports for Wheelmade) sampled chemical 1:3. Pfaff NAA. Scale J. analysis by

C9382

L 7/ ^

'^l^l

C10463

^^N^

k v y 11
C8154 ' ^H I
' X C2753
C4577 0 5 locm

C7639
V 0 5 10cm

C3171

'

5. Figure Nineofthe17 suspected coated (Base Ring, solidly Cypriot MonoRedLustrous Wheelmade, andplain(Monochrome Painted) PlainWhite)imports chrome, for by analysis sampled chemical

NAA. Scale 1:3: C9382, C8154, C10463, C2753, C7407, C4577. Scale 1:6: C3171, C7639,C9013.J.Pfaff

C9013

1Ucm

TABLE 2. SUSPECTED CYPRIOT IMPORTS SAMPLED BY NAA IN 1996

Kommos Inv. No. C335 C340 C344 C665 Shape, Ware[Date]* Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII [LM III] Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII [LM IIIA1] Milkbowl, WhiteSlip IIA [LM III] Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII [LM IIIA] Publications Kommos p. 159,no. 1946, III, 70, fig. pl. 51 Kommos p. 157,no.570 III, Kommos p. 159,no. 1947, III, pl. 54 Kommos p. 158,no. 1938, III, 70, fig. pl. 52 [mislabeled "19541 Kommos p. 158,no. 1936, III, pls.51,52 Suggested Provenience Limassolarea Limassolarea Episkopiarea Limassolarea of Associated one ofjusttwoexamples only; WhiteSlip IIA at Kommos[alsoC4127] Comments

C993 C1052 C1262 C1981 C1982 C2046 C2141 C2753

C3156 C3171 C3218

Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII Limassolarea [LM IIIA2] Shallow bowl,Base RingI(?) Kommos p. 158,no. 1937, Episkopiarea III, [LM IIIA2] pl. 52 Milkbowl, WhiteSlip II Kommos p. 159,no.985, Limassolarea III, [LM IIIB] pl. 52 Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII Kommos p. 158,no. 1939, Limassolarea Associated III, only [LM IIIA] pl. 52 Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII Kommos p. 158,no. 1940, Limassolarea Associated III, only [LM IIIA] pl. 52 Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII Kommos p. 157,no. 1935, Limassolarea III, [LM IIIA1] pls.52, 53 Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII Kommos p. 159,no. 1698, Limassolarea III, [LM IIIB] pls.52, 54 Red bottle, Lustrous Kommos p. 156,no.278, III, Spindle Unprovenienced Wheelmade 70, 2006a, fig. pl. 51; Rutter pp.460-461,no.40/35, pl. 3:45 Milkbowl, Limassolarea WhiteSlipII Kommos pp. 157-158, III, no. 873,pl. 52 [LM IIIA2] PlainWhite Pithos, [LM IIIA2] Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII [LM IIIA2 Early] Kommos p. 158,no. 846, III, 70, fig. pl. 52 Kommos p. 157,no. 1931, III, 2006a,p. 495, pl. 51; Rutter no.48/3, 3:53 pl. Kommos p. 158,no. 1941, III, pl. 52 Limassolarea Limassolarea

Associated only

C3249 C3681 C3729 C3947 C4127

Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII [LM IIIA] Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII [LM IIIA2-B] Milkbowl, WhiteSlip II [LM IIIA] Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII [LM IIIA2-B] Milkbowl, WhiteSlipIIA [LM IIIB] PlainWhite Pithos, [LM IIIB] Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII [LM IIIA1] Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII [LM IIIA1] Bowl,Monochrome [LM IIIA2 Early] Fine Gray Cretan Juglet, Wheelmade

Limassolarea Limassolarea Limassolarea Limassolarea Limassolarea

Associated only

Kommos p. 159,no. 1944, III, pl. 51 Kommos p. 157,no. 808, III, pl. 51 Kommos p. 158,no. 935, III, pl. 51

C4143 C4249 C4432 C4577

Kommos p. 159,no. 1340, III, 2006a,p. 547, pl. 52; Rutter no. 60/32, 3:73 pl. Kommos p. 168,no. 1099, III, pl. 50 Kommos p. 157,no. 1932, III, pl. 51 Kommos p. 157,no. 1933, III, pl. 52

of one Associated only; ofjusttwoexamples WhiteSlipIIA at Kommos[alsoC344] Associated only Associated only

Kition area Limassolarea Limassolarea

C4734

Chania/western Kommos pp. 156-157, III, no. 1930,pl. 51; Rutter 2006a, Crete p.578,no.MI/Cy/9,pl.3:89 as at Crete Central Kommos p. 157,no. 803, III, Recognized thetimeofsampling a Gray hence thanBase Ringjuglet, warerather 2006b, 76, fig. pl. 53; Rutter thanCypriot Minoanrather probably p. 678

TABLE 2- Continued
Kommos Inv. No. C4773 C5122 C5596 C5645 Shape, Ware[Date]* WhiteSlipII Milkbowl, [LM IIIA1] WhiteSlip II Milkbowl, [LM IIIA2] Milkbowl, WhiteSlip II [LM IIIA] Milkbowl, WhiteSlipII [LM IIIA2] Publications Kommos p. 157,no. 1934, III, pl. 53 Kommos p. 157,no. 847, III, pl. 52 Suggested Provenience Limassolarea Limassolarea Limassolarea Associated only Comments

Kommos p. 158,no. 1942, III, pl. 52

Kommos p. 158,no. 1943, Limassolarea III, forthcoming, pl. 51; Rutter, no.X10:2/l the sometimeafter sampling Unprovenienced Recognized of of1996 as a misfired example a relatively western from classofjugs imported common Anatolia(Rutter 2006b) Associated Kitionarea only Limassolarea

C5731

Kommos p. 164,no. 814, Anatolian western III, Jug, Burnished pls.53, 56; Rutter Reddish-Brown 2006b, [LM IIIA1] p. 659 PlainWhite Pithos, [LM IIIA] WhiteSlip II Milkbowl, [LM IIIB] Painted Monochrome Jug, [MM IIB] CoarseMonochrome Jug, Painted [MM IIB] Coarse Closed shape, Painted Monochrome [MM IIB] Carinated cup,Base RingII [LM IIIA2 Early] Canaanite medium jar, coarse unpainted [LM IIIA2 Early] Base RingII Juglet, [LM IIIA2] PlainWhite Pithos, [LM IIIA2] Carinated cup,Base RingII [LMIIIA2] WhiteSlipII Milkbowl, [LM IIIA] Milkbowl, WhiteSlip II [LM IIIA] Milkbowl, WhiteSlip II Late [Historic] Milkbowl, WhiteSlip II [LM IIIA2] Milkbowl, WhiteSlip II [LM IIIA] WhitePainted Tankard, Wheelmade I [LM IIIB] WhitePainted Tankard, I Wheelmade [LM IB Late] Carinated Base RingII cup, [LM IIIA2] Kommos p. 157,no. 807 III, Kommos p. 159,no. 1945; III, Rutter 2006a,p. 547, no. 60/31, 3:73 pl. Van Forthecontext, de Moortel 2006,pp.282Ba. 284,group

C5770 C6743

C7237

C7238

Van Forthecontext, de Moortel2006,pp.282Ba. 284,group Van Forthecontext, de Moortel2006,pp.282Ba. 284,group Rutter 2006a,p. 578, no.MI/Cy/2, 3:89 pl. Rutter 2006a,p. 504, no.52g/2, 3:57 pl. Rutter 2006a,p. 528, no.56e/10, 3:61 pl. Rutter 2006b,p. 657; no. forthcoming, X4:2/17 Rutter 2006b,p. 657; no. forthcoming, X6:6/4 Rutter, forthcoming, no.X16:Misc./l Rutter, forthcoming, no.X15:Misc./l Rutter 2006a,p. 578, no.MI/Cy/6, 3:89 pl. Rutter 2006a,p. 578, no.MI/Cy/7,pl.3:89 Rutter 2006a,p. 578, no.MI/Cy/8,pl.3:89 Rutter 2006b,p. 655; no. forthcoming, X3:7/9 Rutter 2006b,p. 655; no. forthcoming, X3:4/6 Rutter 2006a,p. 524, no.56b/5, 3:59 pl.

C7239

from off-island as import Unprovenienced Identified a possible AA context a Protopalatial Building predating 1985,p. 7) (Watrous from off-island Identified a possible as Chania/west import AA context a Protopalatial Crete Building predating 1985,p. 7) (Watrous off-island as identified a possible Associated Chania/west only; context a from Protopalatial Crete predating import AA Building Episkopiarea Associated only

C7407 C7639

C8154 C9013 C9382

in following sampling 1996 as an Unprovenienced Recognized of Canaanite fabric jar quite example a standard at common Kommos withC10463,partofpossible pairof Together Episkopiarea P in cup, jug plusdrinking bothfound Building Enkomi Episkopiarea with Associated only; together C12031 (not part pairofjug plusdrinksampled), ofpossible in bothfound House X ingcup

C9567 C9612 C9990

Limassolarea Limassolarea Limassolarea of Uniqueexample WhiteSlip II Late at Kommos

C10034 C10111 C10209

Limassolarea Limassolarea Enkomi is diffuse and Association witha very group is withEnkomiis notat all close,so theconnection to unlikely be significant is diffuse and Association witha very group is withEnkomiis notat all close,so theconnection to unlikely be significant withC8 154,partofpossible Together pairofjug in P plusdrinking bothfound Building cup,

C10366

Enkomi

C10463

Episkopiarea

*The date is to of assignedaccording theMinoan context discovery.

2O2

J. E. TOMLINSON,

J. B. RUTTER,

AND

S. M. A. HOFFMANN

wereconsidered but the spheres, at the timeof sampling, pieces selected of both and broadly representative, typologically chronologically, thevesThe ofproduction. selsimported Kommosfrom to their respective regions of the provenience was to determine whether analyses principal purpose in of anynoteworthy spatialor temporal patterns the importation either or vesselsfromthese two distinct cultural tablewares transport spheres couldbe detected. in the thatelapsedbetween sampling 1996 and Duringtheeight years in of identified on thecompletion analyses 2004, thenumbers imports of increased thanks to from substantially, stylistic grounds, especially Cyprus, thevisits to thePitsidiaapothiki scholars having greater familiarity paid by in of with wares question.12 unfortunate the One consequence thisriseinthe number recognized of twocategories whatarenow of has imports beenthat ifsampled all,in at considered wereinadequately Cypriot imports sampled, LM IA 1996.The first a series Red Slip orProtoBase Ringjugs from is of FinaltoLM IB Early and includes PlainWhiteshapes contexts,13 thesecond thanpithoifrom LM IB through LM IIIB contexts.14 other has A comparatively recent morefavorable and development been the directed at ofprograms provenience of proliferation analysis specificallyMyin of cenaean ceramic from increasingly range sites theeastan wide imports ernAegean,Cyprus, and Egypt.15 is nowpossible, It therefore, Israel, Syria, thatwere sentto southern Crete from to comparethe typesof ceramics of cultural withthosethatweresent various regions theMycenaean sphere in wouldnothave oftheeastern Mediterranean a waythat to other regions and analyzed. selected beenpossible whenthesamples wereinitially as A further of thisNAA projectmaybe characterized a check aim to and theirassignment of of on thereliability theidentification imports ofproduction outsideofCrete.The suspected Mycenaean regions specific that Cypriot imports weresampledarelistedinTable 1 and thesuspected the after NAA analysis. in assignments imports Table 2, alongwiththeir on considered A smallnumber thepiecessampledin 1996 werealready of as identified imports or technological to be uncertainly stylistic grounds had from production the zonestowhichthey beenattributed, notably juglet C4734 and Protopalatial C7237, C7238, and C7239 (Table 2; fragments see Fig. 12,below).A fewadditional recognized piecesweresubsequently as identified either to for similar reasons havebeenerroneously Mycenaean (Table 2: C5731, C7639 [Fig. 5]) (Table 1: C7643; Figs. 3, 6) or Cypriot in The results the present of sobering, that analysisare rather products. in of the accuracy the Mycenaeanidentifications 1996 is shownto have in identifications the been in the70%-85% rangeand thatoftheCypriot ofroughly (55 of69) is discussed 80% The overall 83%-88% range. accuracy sectionofthispaper. in at greater length theconcluding
12. Rutter 2006b,p. 712,n. 215. Of to withrespect the assistance particular material wereCelia Bergoffen, Cypriot and LindaHulin,VassosKarageorghis, Sturt Manning. 13. Rutter 2006b,p. 654,table3:104, p. 656. 14. Rutter 2006b,p. 655,table3:105, p. 656. and 15. Mommsen, Hertel, Mountoy joy2001; Mountj andMommsen Niemeier 2006 (Troy); 2002a,2002b, 2002c (Miletosand Ephesos);Karanet tzaliand Ponting 2000; Marketou al. and Sjberg 2006 (Rhodes);Mommsen Badreet al. 2005 (Tell 2007 (Cyprus); and et Kazel);Gunneweg al. 1992;Yellin et Maeir1992 (TellDan); Mommsen al. and 1992 (Tell elAmarna); Mountjoy 2001 (Qantir-Piramesse). Mommsen examination A morecomprehensive from ofimported pottery Mycenaean numerous in Israelis currently sites effort under wayas a collaborative David BenSharonZuckerman, by and Shlomo, Mountjoy, Hans Penelope et see Mommsen; Zuckerman al. 2009.

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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TableA liststheresults neutron of activation of Appendix analysis 69 found Kommos, at of five pottery samples including multiple analyses All sherds. butoneofthe69 samples were from sherds thesite. at clipped The exception C3947,which drilled a diamondwas was with drill tipped on site. The other sherds their 68 had removed a diamondsurface using drill the was an head,andthen coreofthesample crushed tipped using andmortar. powder dried 24 hours 150C.An The was for at agate pestle amount 200 was accurately weighed (approximately mg)ofthepowder intoa plastic tubethat then was heat-sealed. samples The were irraput in diated twice theImperial at flux Collegereactor Ascotat a neutron of ~1 x IO12 cm'2 Podmore standard wasusedtodetermine n s"1. red the clay concentrations. precise of The duration thefirst irradiation 90 seconds sample, was and per 20 minutes thesamples later werecounted gamma spectrometers on ray for5 minutes. element The concentrations determined theshort from irradiation aluminum were calcium (Al), potassium (K), (Ca), titanium (Ti), vanadium manganese (V), (Mn),anddysprosium The second (Dy). irradiation lasted seven and to later hours, five seven approximately days thesamples counted 30 minutes. tothree were for Two weeks after irradiacounted twohours. for the tion, were they Comparing gamma peakareas ofthePodmore with standards theceramic concentrasample peakareas, tions wereobtained thefollowing for elements: sodium (Na), scandium (Sc), chromium iron (Cr), (Fe),cobalt (Co), rubidium (Rb),cesium (Cs), lanthanum cerium (La), (Ce), samarium (Sm),europium ytterbium (Eu), (Yb),lutetium tantalum hafnium ), andthorium Since (Lu), (Ta), (Hf (Th). theAscotreactor's is only third flux a ofthat theUniversities of Research Reactor Risley, at which beenusedfor analysis the had the of Warrington, material in TableB, itwasnotpossible comparative presented Appendix to measure uranium because peakareawastoosmall. the 23 weremeasured. After data Altogether elements comparing anaon boththeRisley Ascotreactors, and it that however, was found lyzed data Yb, concentration for Lu, andTa obtained Ascotwere at unreliable. These elemental concentrations beenomitted, have from therefore, the oftheanalytical results Appendix in TableA andshould be presentation usedwith caution statistical in great analyses.16

STATISTICAL EVALUATION
Sinceall ofthesherds are to to analyzed presumed be imports Kommos, no statistical were carried tolookfor out chemical within analyses groups thedataset. theMahalanobis in theMANHATTAN Rather, procedures were to the of 69 (MAHALA) program used compare chemical profiles the sherds the123chemical with reference inthe groups Manchester-Berkeley
16.The rawdataareincluded an in archive all NAA datagenerated of by theUniversity Manchester the of on website theArchaeometry of LaboraMissouri Research tory, University Reactor. archive freely The is available for download from //archaeometry. http missouri.edu/datasets/uman/index. html.

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J. B. RUTTER,

AND

S. M.

A. HOFFMANN

TABLE 3. CHEMICAL
Region Attica Boiotia

REFERENCE

GROUPS
Groups 1 3 36

Sites/Areas Represented

Perati Thebes Eutresis, Kallithea, Gla, Tanagra, Korakou, Tiryns, Argolid-Corinthia Asine,Berbati, Mycenae, Tsoungiza, Zygouries ChoraAno Englianos, Achaia, Ploponnse AyiosStephanos, (other) Menelaion, Nichoria, Olympia-Kolosakos, Platanos-Renia Palaiokastro, Peristeria, Crete Chania,Knossos, Kommos, Palaikastro, Phaistos, Pseira Cyprus Akhera, Enkomi, Phaneromeni, Arpera, Episkopi Hala Sultan Kalavasos Tekke, AyiosDimitrios, Maa Palaiokastro, MaroniTsarroukas, Kition, PylaVerghi Tell Lachish, Abu Hawam

21 31

Levant

20 11

listedinTable 3.17 commonto bothsample Data forall elements database, and groupwereused in each statistical evaluation.18 For theMANHATTAN program, (by groupsare predefined cluster in thiscase) in terms themeanand standard of deviation each of analysis element. each samplecomparedagainsta particular For reference group, in theManhattandistance the center thatgroupis defined unitsof to of standard deviation of each oftheelements concerned. (a) The procedure thatwas used forestablishing chemicalgroupsin the thepresent was a was First, chemical study as follows. grouping identified cluster Its groupmembership thenrefined considering was by analysis. by the standard deviations the group'selementsas each sample in turn of the of was removed from group.If the removal a particular samplefrom in ofthatgroup a groupled to an overall increase thestandard deviations then whenthesamplewas removed), (i.e.,thegroupbecamemorediffuse andwas returned was in fact considered member a ofthat thesample group in of to it. If,in contrast, removal the sampleresulted an overalldethe deviations creasein standard (i.e.,thegroupbecametighter upon removal the of the sample),thenthe samplewas indeed excludedfrom groupin question. of has Since experience shownthatthe samplemembers a chemical have a totaldistanceto the groupcenterless than the reference group number elements of used in the comparison (i.e., an averageof up to 1 g thatwhen comparing thenit follows samplesof unknown per element), withthegroupif a group, sampleis deemedto "fit" a against provenience
Tomlinson 17.Attica: 1995b; Boiotia: Tomlinson 1998,2000; Tomlinson 1995a, Argolid-Corinthia: and 1999; 1996;French Tomlinson Tomet Hoffmann al.,forthcoming; linson, forthcoming; Ploponnse and Robinson, Hoffmann, (other): French 1997;French 1992;Tomlinson and et al 2008;Jones Tomlinson 2009; and Crete: Tomlinson 1991;Tomlinson et in Robinson, prep.; Bryan al. Cyprus: and Hoffmann Robinson 1997;Levant: 2004. Tomlinson 1993; in of 18.The number elements from to 23, depend21 varies common ingon thedataset.

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the in itsaveragedistance(d) from groupcenter questionis less than1 o. A sampleis deemedto "associate" witha groupifitsd is greater than1 a butless than1.5 a.19 While the averaged valuesare a very usefulindicator, mustalso one A values foreach element. samplethatseemsto considerthe individual thanfit)with a groupmaydo so because,forexample, associate(rather the two of the elemental valueslie a longwayfrom groupmean,whereas their mean.In thiscase,it may all other valuesarevery close to respective for and thatthesample be thatthesetwovaluesarespurious somereason, be a shouldactually considered groupmember. but to d Thus, it is important look notonlyat theaverage values, also in 68% d at theindividual values.Mathematically, a normal distribution, of of and lie one deviation themeanvalue, only thedatapoints within standard for deviations. 5% lie beyondtwostandard Therefore, a groupcomprising the which24 elements havebeenmeasured, concentrations for 24 samples, 1 in for each element 16 ofthe24 samples(68%) wouldfallwithin g ofthe of mean value,while the concentrations one or two (5%) samples group we Fromanother thatelement. wouldfalloutside a for 2 perspective, would 1 within a to also expect each ofthe24 samples haveconcentrations falling and foronlyone or two of its of the groupmean for16 of its elements, the elemental valuesto be morethan2 o from mean. of of The results a comparison a samplewitha groupare displayed d not by the MANHATTAN program onlyas the individual valuesfor of an but d each element, also as theaverage valuealongside indication the is elemental values.The latter givenin the distribution the individual of thatx elemental values are within1 a of the group form indicating x/yy mean andy lie beyond2 a of the mean.Thus, an averagegroupmember whilea groupmember close to thecenter havean x/y valueof 16/2, might close to theedge of of thegroupmight have a value of24/0,and another have a value suchas 13/2. thegroupmight are morediffuse thanthemajorSome ofthereference groups notably somewhat than deviations generally are thatis, theirstandard larger ity, with willassociatemuchmorereadily normal. Since anyindividual sample are the deviations larger, groupexa diffuse group(because the standard withsuchgroups are volumeofhyperspace), associations tendsovera larger thanwith"normal" to be lessmeaningful (less diffuse) Thus, groups. likely deviation a percentage themean (sometimes as of thesize ofthestandard mustalso be considered when referred as the coefficient variation) to of the fitsand associations indicatedby the d values.Appendix evaluating of Table B liststhe chemicalprofiles the 19 groupswithwhich at least section one Kommossamplefits. thenormal For groupslistedin thefirst ofthetable,theaverage standard deviation fallsbetween7.8% percentage the and 13.9%. For the diffuse groupslistedin the secondsection, values from 18.1% to 29.9%. range
19.This term usedto indicate is a an sample occupying areaofhyperspace closeto thegroup question, a in i.e., whosechemistry quitesimilar is sample to thegroup's Of a chemistry. course, particular maythusassociate sample withseveral different chemical groups whileseparable, havesimilar which, chemistry.

2O6

J. E. TOMLINSON,

J. B. RUTTER,

AND

S. M . A. HOFFMANN

RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS

Tables and5 list eachKommos 4 for for the groups which sample chemical itsaverage in is distance from group the center question lessthan o. 1.5 (d) The chemical are of and down intothecategories normal groups broken diffuse the on basisofhowtightly samples in the thegroup quesforming tion clustered are within group Appendix that TableB).The degree to (see which eachsample related a particular isdescribed is to to group according twodifferent thresholds correspondence, (with d valueofless of a fitting than a) andassociating a d value between and1.5 o). 1.0 of 1.0 (with TABLE 4. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SUSPECTED MYCENAEAN SAMPLES AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE GROUPS: MANHATTAN DISTANCES
Normal Groups Sample C1473 Fits(d<1.0a) Chania4(072) Associates (d<1.5a) Kommos (1.29) 1 1 Pseira (1.39) 5 Tsoungiza (1.43) Lachish (1.48) Lachish (1.01) MycWH2 (1.04) ThebesB (1.07) 2 Mycenae (1.16) 2 Zygouries(1.20) Menelaion4(1.32) ChaniaM4(1.49) 3 Ploponnse(1.25) MycLF1 (1.28) MycWH1 (1.36) 1 Mycenae (1.40) 2 Cyprus (1.43) Menelaion (1.45) 7 MycWH2 (1.10) 4 Menelaion (1.17) HawamG (1.18) Asinel (1.22) 2 Ploponnse(1.25) Lachish (1.26) 1 Tiryns (1.45) Lachish (1.20) Gla (1.23) Pseira (1.23) 1 M4 Chania (1.16) 3 Zygouries(1.19) 5 Ploponnse(1.21) Berbati (1.26) 2 Asine1 (1.34) 4 Menelaion (1.38) 1 Kommos (1.48) MycLF1 (1.13) 2 Ploponnse(1.24) M3 Knossos (1.20) Lachish (1.24) Kommos (1.27) 2 Fits(d<1.0a) B MycSJ (0.65) 15 Cyprus (0.86) 15 Cyprus (1.29) Diffuse Groups Associates (d<1.5c)

C1771

2 Cyprus (0.58) HawamG (0.83) Asine1 (0.94) MycLF1 (0.95)

C2058a

C2058b C2140

2 Cyprus (0.67) MycLF1 (0.98)

15 Cyprus (1.46)

C2424 C2949 Lachish (0.54) 2 Cyprus (0.79) HawamI (0.96) MycLF3 (1.00)

15 Cyprus (1.01) B MycSJ (1.09) B MycSJ (0.86) 15 Cyprus (1.21)

C3346 C3896 Chania4 (0.75)

B MycSJ (0.83)

18 Cyprus (1.25)

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TABLE 4- Continued
Normal Groups Sample C3897 Fits (d<1.0 g) Lachish (0.72) Cyprus2 (0.78) Associates(d<1.5 o) MycLF 2 (1.13) Ploponnse4 (1.32) Menelaion4(1.39) Pseira 1 (1.39) ChaniaM4(1.40) MycLF 1 (1.02) Lachish (1.02) MycWH 2 (1.17) Menelaion 4 (1.21) Ploponnse2 (1.32) Hawam G (1.41) 2 Zygouries (1.46) Cyprus2 (1.07) Ploponnse2 (1.14) Hawam (1.26) Menelaion 4 (1.27) Berbati1 (1.28) Lachish (1.28) Zygouries1 (1.41) MycWH 4 (1.44) Lachish (1.05) Chania M4 (1.13) Cyprus2 (1.19) Kommos 1 (1.43) Pseira 1 (1.45) Cyprus2 (1.16) MycLF 1 (1.18) MycWH 1 (1.46) Cyprus2 (1.00) Gla (1.14) Menelaion 4 (1.41) MycLF 1 (1.02) Ploponnse2 (1.16) Cyprus2 (1.24) Menelaion 7 (1.30) MycLF 1 (1.18) Cyprus2 (1.39) Ploponnse2 (1.46) Menelaion 4 (1.48) Cyprus2 (1.15) MycLF 1 (1.25) Ploponnse2 (1.29) Menelaion 4 (1.34) Lachish (1.38) Pseira2 (1.40) Cyprus2 (0.85) Ploponnse3 (1.10) Menelaion 4 (1.21) Lachish (1.24) MycLF 1 (1.33) Gla (1.36) Pseira 1 (1.49) Fits (d<1.0 g) DiffuseGroups Associates(d<1.5 a) MycSJB (1.16) Cyprus15 (1.33)

C4271

Cyprus2 (0.73)

C4693

MycLF 1 (0.87)

C5425

MycSJB (1.09) Cyprus15 (1.19)

C5819

C6709

Lachish (0.97)

MycSJB (1.29) Cyprus15 (1.38)

C6912

C6919 C7116

MycSJA2 (1.33)

C7636

C7643 C7876

MycSJB (1.43) MycSJB (1.32)

C9126

Abbreviations: MycLF = Mycenae fabric samples;MycSJ= Mycenae stirrup jars; MycWH = MycenaeWest House.

2O8

J. E. TOMLINSON,

J. B. RUTTER,

AND

S. M. A. HOFFMANN

Figure6. SuspectedMycenaean C6912, C3346, C6919, imports C7116, C7643, C4693, C2949, see 3. scale, Figure C9126, C7636. For Photo Dabney T.

Mycenaean

Samples

15 Of the21 pieces that to analyzed were thought be Mycenaean, arerewhile other the three latedto Argolid andthree Crete, to pieces groups areunprovenienced (Tables1,4). of Argolid, to Related groups chemistry typical the displaying Argolid. are from in Argolid elsewhere, LH I Vapheio or whether findspotsthe cups C3346 andC6912 andLH IIA piriform C7116 (Figs.3, 6); LH IIB jar alaC5819 (Fig.3); LH IIIAl goblet C2058; LH IIIA2 angular goblet bastron and 3, C7636, C4693, stirrup C2949(Figs. 6); LH IIIA2/B jar kylix bowlC4271 and*piriform C5425; and LH IIIB deepbowlC6709 jar bowls C2140andC7876(Fig.3),andstirrup C1771 jars (Fig.3),stemmed (Fig.3) andC3897.20
fit 20. Eightsamples actually with of (C4693, provenience groups Argolid C2949, C4271, C6709, C2140, C7876, d C1771, C3897; withclosest from sevensamples 0.54 to 0.97).The other with associate Argolid groups merely (C3346, C6912, C7116, C2058, d C7636, C5819, C5425; withclosest from 1.02 to 1.28). Piriform C5425 jar withsome also showsassociations butitsassociacentral Cretan groups, are with tions Argolid groups closer. associaGobletC2058 has itsclosest from the of tionwitha group sherds s As northwest Ploponnse. thisgroup of to is chemistry quitesimilar that the 1997),however, (see Argolid Tomlinson associaalso shows and as thissample its tions with Argolid groups, provenience mostlikely is Argolid.

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Related central to CretearetheLH IIIB stirrup Central Crete. jars as C7643 (Figs.3, 6) is identified C1473 and C3896.The LM II pyxis ofpossible Cretan being origin.21 Thethree are unprovenienced samples LH IIA bridgeUnprovenienced. krater C9126 (chariot) spouted C6919 andLH IIIA2/Bamphoroid jug C2424 (Fig.3).22 3, 6), andtheLH IIIC Early stirrup jar (Figs. Cypriot Samples to to 40 that Ofthe pieces 48 thought be Cypriot, arerelated analyzed were and are four Crete, four unprovenienced to (Tables 5). 2, Cypriot groups, from Limassol areall26White the area to Related thegroups Cyprus. here 11 are bowls, ofwhich illustrated (seeFigs.4, 7, 8).The SlipII milk

White Slip II Late Figure7. Cypriot 4. see milkbowl C9990. Forscale, Figure Photo Dabney T.

White Slip II and Figure8. Cypriot White Slip HA (C4127) milkbowls C10034 (2 fragments), C6743, C9567, C3218, C9612, C5645, see 4. scale, Figure C10111, C4127. For T. Photo Dabney 21. Bothstirrup fit jars witha group at oftransport stirrup found Chajars Cretan niabutofcentral provenience. The pyxis associates 1.40) only (d= of fine witha group eight warevessels from Pseira. krater C9126 shows 22. Amphoroid no associations whatsoever. bridgeThe C6919 displays jug onlya sinspouted (d= gle association 1.33) witha diffuse at of group transport stirrup found jars but central) Mycenae of(mostlikely Cretan 1995a). (see origin Tomlinson Stirrup C2424 showsassociations jar withgroups from Argolid = 1.20), the (d Crete Boiotia(d= 1.23),and central at (d= 1.23),indicating ambiguity the least. very

TABLE 5. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SUSPECTED CYPRIOT SAMPLES AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE GROUPS: MANHATTAN DISTANCES
Normal Groups Sample C335 C340 C344 C665a C665b C993 C1052 C1262 C1981 C1982 C2046 C2141 C2753 C3156 C3171a C3171b C3171C C3171d C3171e C3218 C3249 C3681 C3729 C3947 C4127 C4143 C4249 C4432 | | I HawamB (0.80) lib Cyprus (0.86) Ha Cyprus (0.70) lib Cyprus (0.84) HawamB (0.87) 5 Cyprus (0.98) lib Cyprus (0.72) HawamB (0.77) 9 Cyprus (0.86) CypHMB(0.98) lib Cyprus (0.75) HawamB (0.89) 10 Cyprus (0.72) 10 Cyprus (0.56) 10 Cyprus (0.83) 10 Cyprus (0.61) 3 Cyprus (0.76) ; _. 3 Cyprus (1.28) ChaniaM3(1.39) Fits(d<1.0a) Associates (d<1.5a) Fits(d<1.0o) lib Cyprus (0.66) HawamB (0.80) lib Cyprus (0.74) HawamB (0.76) Diffuse Groups Associates (d<1.5c) CypHMB(1.36) CypHMB(1.23) A2 MycSJ (1.23) CypHMB(1.17) HawamB (1.05) lib Cyprus (1.10) CypHMB(1.29) HawamB (1.03) CypHMB(1.44) A2 MycSJ (1.46) CypHMB(1.19) CypHMB(1.02) HawamB (1.14) lib Cyprus (1.21) HawamB (1.23) CypHMB(1.36) lib Cyprus (1.37) CypHMB(1.50) HawamB (1.14) A2 MycSJ (1.50) CypHMB(1.26) 10 Cyprus (1.01) 7 Cyprus (1.49) 10 Cyprus (1.09) 7 Cyprus (1.47) HawamB (1.12) 9 Cyprus (1.07) CypHMB(1.13) HawamB (1.23) CypHMB(1.19) CypHMB(1.25) HawamB (1.39) CypHMB(1.25) HawamB (1.39) lie Cyprus (1.48) 14 Cyprus (1.37) CypHMB(1.24) lib Cyprus (1.25) HawamB (1.32) CypHMB(1.21)

HawamB (0.84) lib Cyprus (0.85)

lib Cyprus (0.84) lib Cyprus (0.86) HawamB (0.89)

HawamB (0.67) lib Cyprus (0.87)

TABLE S- Continued
Normal Groups Sample C4577 C4734 Fits(1.32) Associates (d<1.5g) ChaniaMl (1.10) ChaniaBl (1.39) Phaistos (1.09) 1 Kommos (1.15) Lachish (1.19) KnossosM2(1.33) 1 Pseira (1.35) HawamJ(1.36) 5 Ploponnse(1.43) 2 Cyprus (1.49) Fits(d<1.0o) A2 MycSJ (0.80) B MycSJ (0.70) Diffuse Groups Associates (d<1.5a)

Chania4 (0.75)

15 Cyprus (1.06)

C4773 C5122 C5596 C5645 C5731 C5770a C5770b C5770c C6743 C7237 C7238 C7239 C7407

lib Cyprus (0.97) HawamB (0.97) HawamB (0.61) lib Cyprus (0.88) CypHMB(0.99) HawamB (0.91) Kommos (1.40) 3 3 Kommos (1.20) 5 Tsoungiza (1.39) 5 Cyprus (0.90)

lib Cyprus (1.05) HawamB (1.12) CypHMB(1.26)

HawamB (0.75) ChaniaBl (1.23) ChaniaMl (1.23) ChaniaM2 (1.18) ChaniaM2 (1.12) 1 Menelaion (1.13) 3 Cyprus (1.18) 10 Ploponnse (1.32) Pseira (1.41) 5 3 Cyprus (0.68) Menelaion (1.44) 1 ChaniaM4 (1.13) Kommos (1.31) 2 ChaniaM4 (1.02) Kommos (1.18) 2 Pseira (1.30) 1 Thebes (1.45) A KnossosMl(1.49) ChaniaM4 (1.18) Kommos (1.38) 2 Kommos (1.00) 2 ChaniaM4 (1.05) 1 Pseira (1.12) KnossosMl(1.17) Phaistos (1.42) 3 (1.17) Cyprus A2 MycSJ (0.87)

lib Cyprus (1.14) A2 MycSJ (1.21) 13 Cyprus (1.31) B MycSJ (1.32) 5 Cyprus (1.13) 15 Cyprus (1.16) B MycSJ (1.18) 5 Cyprus (1.04) B MycSJ (1.47) lib Cyprus (1.17)

A2 MycSJ (0.85)

B MycSJ (1.06) 15 Cyprus (1.26)

C7639 C8154 C9013a C9013b

A2 MycSJ (0.98) B MycSJ (0.92) 15 Cyprus (0.99) 15 Cyprus (0.75) B MycSJ (0.82)

4 Cyprus (1.43) 4 Cyprus (1.26)

C9013c C9013d

15 Cyprus (0.82) B MycSJ (0.94) B MycSJ (0.74) 15 Cyprus (0.75)

4 Cyprus (1.39)

C9382

A2 MycSJ (1.18)

Continuedon nextpage

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J. E. TOMLINSON,

J. B. RUTTER,

AND

S. M.

A. HOFFMANN

TABLE 5- Continued
Normal Groups Sample C9567 C9612 C9990 C10034 C10111 C10209 C10366 C10463 ChaniaM4 (1.47) ChaniaM4 (1.48) | Fits(d<1.0a) Associates (d<1.5o) Fits(d<1.0c) HawamB (0.84) Ila Cyprus (0.88) HawamB (0.94) lib Cyprus (0.67) HawamB (0.85) CypHMB(0.97) HawamB (0.85) lib Cyprus (0.90) HawamB (0.98) Groups Diffuse Associates (d<1.5c) lib Cyprus (1.20) CypHMB(1.35)

lib Cyprus (1.02) CypHMB(1.26) CypHMB(1.15) B MycSJ (1.41) 15 Cyprus (1.43) B (1.27) MycSJ 15 Cyprus (1.44) A2 (1.13) MycSJ

1 Menelaion (1.44) 3 Cyprus (0.68) = Handmade Abbreviations: Burnished; stirrup jars. MycSJ Mycenae CypHMB= Cypriot

are samples C335 (Fig.4), C340,C665 (Fig.4), C993,C1262, particular 4, C1981,C1982,C2046,C2141,C3156,C3218(Figs. 8),C3249,C3681, C3729,C3947,C4249,C4432,C4773,C5122,C5596,C5645,C6743, C9567, C9612, C10034,and C10111 (forthelastsix,see Figs.4, 8), bowlC9990 (Figs.4, 7), andthePlainWhite WhiteSlipII Late milk C3171 (Fig.5).23 pithos areaareBase RingI shallow from Episkopi the Related a group to Base II C8154 (Figs.5, 9),three bowlC1052,BaseRing Bucchero juglet and C10463 [Figs.5, 10]),and cups RingII carinated (C7407,C9382, from Kition two are bowlC344.24 Related a group to White IIA milk Slip PlainWhitepithoi C5770).25 (C4143, C9013 is Plain from Enkomi another White Related a group to pithos, are of but 5, Unknown, apparentlyCypriot provenience,White (Figs. 11).26 Painted WheelWhite IIA milk bowl C4127(Figs. 8) andthetwo 4, Slip C10209andC10366(Fig.4).27 madeI tankards
White 23. Fourofthesamples, II milk bowlsC2141, C3218, Slip andC3249 andthePlainWhitepithos ware to C3171, arerelated mixed in from sites theLimassol find groups are 24 The region. remaining samples to of related groups WhiteSlippottery find but various from Cypriot sites mostclosely chemical profiles display Limasin mirrored theaforementioned et solgroups Bryan al. 1997).All (see of but are ofthese groups diffuse, many withthem. fit thesamples closely to are 24. All sixsamples related a at found ofBase Ringpottery group to find sites thought origibut various et natein theEpiskopiarea(Bryan al. bowl 1997).The WhiteSlip IIA milk carinated andtwoofthethree cups, associate C7407 and C9382, merely three whiletheother withthegroup, fit samples wellwithit. and is 25. The group diffuse, thefits close(d = 0.98,0.90), arenotespecially as be should regarded so thesamples associated. merely but is 26. The group diffuse, the fits wellwithit (d = 0.75). sample Note thatthetwoWhitePainted I Wheelmade tankards (C10209 and the C10366),whichcomefrom same horizon thePlainWhite as destruction with also pithos, showassociations this have These samples, however, group. witha diffuse d = 1.43 and 1.44 which, Their is group, notdeemedsignificant. thus unknown, provenience remains Cypriot. though apparently withone of 27. C4127 associates WhiteSlipgroups. theaforementioned witha C10209 and C10366 associate As Enkomi. bothgroups from group the arediffuse, however, associations arenotclose(d = 1.48;d = 1.43,1.44) and arenotdeemedsignificant.

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C8154. Forscale,see Figure Photo 5. T. Dabney

vertiFigure9 (above,left). Cypriot ribbedBase Ring II juglet cally

Figure10 (above,right). Cypriot Base Ring II carinated cups C 10463,

5. C7407, C9382. Forscale,see Figure PhotoT. Dabney

kraterC9013. Forscale, Figure see 5. PhotoT. Dabney

Plain White Figure11. Cypriot

Crete. Related western to Crete Monochrome C4577andtwo are bowl C7238 andC7239 (Fig.12). Related to peculiar Protopalatial specimens, central Crete theFineGray is Wheelmade C4734.28 juglet
28. The first three are examples associated withgroups from Chania d 1.10 to 1.23).The last, (nearest from of C4734, fits = 0.75) witha group (d at transport stirrup found Chania jars butofcentral Cretan provenience and (Tomlinson 1991;Tomlinson Robin It inson, prep.). also showsassociations(d from 1.09 to 1.33) withother central Cretan groups.

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A. HOFFMANN

Figure 12. Medium coarseto coarse (MM IIB) fragments Protopalatial identified Cypriot as originally C7238, C7239, C7237. imports:
Scale 1:3. PhotoT. Dabney

The samplesare Red Lustrous unprovenienced Unprovenienced. four Anatolian C5731, bottleC2753 (Fig. 5), western Wheelmadespindle jug Canaanitejar C7639 (Fig. 5), and anotherunusualProtopalatial piece, C7237 (Fig. 12).29

DISCUSSION
thatsevenvery on The determination thebasis oftheNAA results quesone identified (C7643 [Figs.3,6]) Mycenaean imports, supposedly tionably and sixCypriot (C4734, C5731, C7237 [Fig. 12], C7238 [Fig. 12],C7239 to C7639 [Fig. 5]), were,in fact,unlikely be Mycenaean or [Fig. 12], of The was unremarkable. failure a smallernumberof Cypriotimports as otherpieces to qualify unambiguously non-Cretan imports stirrup Cretan to jars C1473 and C3896, shownbyNAA to be related a central center(Tables 1, 4), and thananyknownMycenaeanproduction rather thananyknown to Cretanrather related a western bowl C4577, likewise however. (Tables2, 5)- came as a surprise, pattern compositional Cypriot all ofvirtually Mycenaeanceramic a Of course, certain groups percentage that to haveproven have composition patterns sampledforNAA testing identified with any previously do not correspond group. compositional It is thusquite possiblethatthe threefragments citedindeed come just thathave simplynot centers from Mycenaeanand Cypriotproduction thusdo not constitute partof the by yetbeen identified NAA workand database.30 Manchester-Berkeley
two 29. The first vessels (C2753 and (d= C5731) showassociations 1.50 and of 1.21)witha group transport stirrup but at jarsfound Mycenae ofwestern Cretan 1995a). (see origin Tomlinson and This is a diffuse however, group, not is theassociation certainly signifivesselandprobably the cantfor former Therefor notsignificant thelatter. The fore, remain unprovenienced. they lasttwosamples (C7639 andC7237) whatsoever. showno associations from results their 30. In publishing and (2006) Mountjoy Mommsen Troy, than22 singles, no listed fewer recently to orpiecesunattributed specific proa from sample duction locales, popuor lation 151 Mycenaean of sherds, tested. 15% ofthesherds They roughly or to this consider figure be more less of normal analytical for programs at it thiskind; is closely paralleled Tell Kazel (Badreet al. 2005),withthe to beingcloser 10% figure equivalent and at Qantir(Mountjoy Mommsen from 2001). Amongthe20 sherds to considered be stylistically Kommos the (thatis,notcounting Mycenaean Minoanfragment C7643), probably three pieces(15%) arehereconsidered (C2424,C6919, singles unprovenienced C9126), whiletwosmallandfine compositions stirrup withsimilar jars

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To puttheNAA findings to ceramic concerning Mycenaean imports in Kommos a somewhat broader one that context, should begin noting by little has earlier thanLM/ comparatively attention beenpaidto periods LH IIIAl ortoindividual Minoansites other than and Knossos, Chania, than Kommos.31 s 2005presentation more ofthe Birgitta Hallager detailed ceramic toChania shown far has that more 200LH III Mycenaean imports there thanat anyother Minoan Mycenaean havebeenrecognized pots site. notes LM IIIB1 temporal inthese a to She spike imports Chaniaand features make that their initial on other mainland Greek comments several fixed atthis western Cretan coastal center contemporaneously: appearance andbothstirrup and ofMycenaean central hearths, jars figurines types, case the B In she a Linear texts. turn, makes compelling for tablets bearing 13th of at actual b.c., century presence Mycenaeans Chaniaintheearlier the world have come from within Mycenaean where may they although and the Messenia, nowevenLaconiaall seemdistinct Boiotia, Argolid, - is unclear.32 possibilities from Knossosmayconceivably The imported Mycenaean pottery in but havebeencomparable quantity, no systematic ofithasever study have A of amount whatmayactually been beenundertaken. substantial ifin sherd is to found form, likely havebeendiscarded there, especially The ofthe no available study.33 contribution for long andisthus longer ago identifiedKommos notinitsquantity, at lies Mycenaean pottery imported of has at constitutes a mere 10%-15% what beenrecovered Chania which be at an small ofwhatmight identified andperhaps equally proportion thepercentage of in butrather thetemporal Knossos, range represented, in to and thematerial changes analysis, theseeming subjected chemical Cretan harbor of to thissouth-central thepatterns ceramic importation town time. through in LH haveMycenaean ranging datefrom I Onlyat Kommos pots to of Withtheexcepthrough thevery beginning LH IIIC beenfound. tionoftheLH IIIC Earlystirrup C2424 (Fig. 3), theLH IIIA2/B jar chariot krater C9126 (Figs.3, 6), and theLH ILA bridgeamphoroid vessels for sampled spouted C6919 (Figs.3, 6), all oftheMycenaean jug NAA arelikely be Argive oftheLH I to products.34 Mycenaean imports
10% ofthe (C1473, C3896; another totalcorpus Mycenaean of piecesbeing havebeenidentified fitting as a tested) otherwise composition pattern represented medium exclusively large, by coarse transport stirrup Rather jars. thanconsidering these twopieces last as necessarily Minoanproducts the on basisofthisevidence, might one sugthesetwofine gestthat jars stirrup in fact a Greekprorepresentmainland duction center previously not isolated in theManchester-Berkeley bank data of61 reference derived from groups that (Table3). region 31. Hallager1993,2005; Rutter 2006b,pp.666-672. 32. Mountjoy 2005; see also the discussion following Hallager2005 and 2005 in D'Agata,Moody, Mountjoy andWilliams 2005,pp.299-302. 33. Foran overview LH IIIAlof IIIB imports, Hallager1993;for see someLH II A imports, Mountjoy see 2003,pp. 105-107. 34. Fourpiecesthat wereconsidered in whensampled 1996 have Mycenaean beenshown NAA to be unlikely by non-Minoan (C1473, C3896) imports oronly inasmuch possibly Mycenaean as they categorized unproveniare as enced(C2424, C6919). None ofthese wereidentified Mycenaean Watas by rous{Kommos whoserecord for III), mainland correctly identifying imports is consequently unblemished the by NAA results, ifhe also overlooked even a fewpiecesthat in of were, fact, Mycenaeanmanufacture C2058, (e.g., C6709, C6912, C7116, C7876; see Table 1). Unfortunately, single the attested ofa PalaceStyle example manufacture pithoid ofMycenaean jar from Kommoshad notbeenidentified as suchby1996 and so was notsampled for (Rutter 2006a,pp.494-495, analysis no.47/21, 3:53,3:91:f),andthe pls. sameis true thesingle for identified of example a Mycenaean semiglobular 2006a,p. 467,no.44b/20, cup (Rutter pl. 3:48); bothareofLH IIA date.

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S. M. A. HOFFMANN

in at and IIA periodsidentified LM I contexts Kommoscome exclusively T from monumental the appearsto have Building (Fig. 2). This structure and served thetownsciviccenter, at leastone ofitsfunctions have as may at been to accommodate periodiclargesocial gatherings whichdrinking role.The factthatall the and perhapsalso feasting playeda prominent T in contexts Building took from ceramic imports Neopalatial Mycenaean that vessels thatis,ofdrinking of orone-handled theform either cups, jugs used on theseoccasions(see,e.g.,Figs. 3, 6: C6912, werein all likelihood to C3346, C6919), is unlikely be coincidental. During the subsequent the era,comprising LM II and IIIAl periods, Mycenaean Monopalatial in timefound housesoutside ceramic to the imports Kommoswerefor first of the civiccenter, theirformchangedto two-handled and goblets(see, e.g,Fig.3:C5819). Finally,duringthe LM IIIA2 and LM IIIB periods,Mycenaean at rangeas thatattested imports belongedto muchthe same functional bowls(Fig. 3: C7876, Chania,withkylikes (Figs. 3, 6: C4693), stemmed C2140), and deep bowls (Fig. 3: C6709) beingthe mostcommonopen the (Figs. 3, shapesand smallstirrup byfar mostcommonclosedform jars of the 6: C2949, C2424, C1771). At Kommos,however, quantities such recovered at vesselswere minuscule comparedto the numbers imported all of thempattern-decorated Chania. Moreover, open shapes,virtually all thaneithermonochrome rather paintedor plain (and thusplausibly were less common than the small,attractively utilized as tablewares), oil contained. for decorated Thus, jars stirrup imported theperfumed they at there no reasonto imagine, leaston thebasis oftheceramic is imports, at wereeverresident Kommos. thatanyMycenaeans the NAA to determine provenience Analytical programs employing from othersitesin theeastern ofMycenaeanpottery Aegean and eastern in of matesuchsites wereMycenaean terms their whether Mediterranean, Miletoson thesouthwest rialculture (e.g.,Pylonaand Ialysoson Rhodes, Anatoliancoast),Aegean but not Mycenaean(e.g.,Troy),or altogether nonAegean (e.g., Qantirin Egypt,Tell Dan in Israel,or Tell Kazel in data. For interesting comparative Syria),have providedsome extremely these analyseshave shownthatdecoratedMycenaeanpottery example, as was producedat some eastern of highquality already Aegean centers ofMycenaeanceramic as LH II.35Ordinarily, farthelargest body by early erbati(MYBE) compositional the Mycenae-B exhibits pattern imports At of characteristic theArgolid-Corinthia.36 several however, sites, locally
as at as 35. It occurred Troy early and LH IIA (Mountjoy Mommsen 2006) andat Miletosat leastas early as LH IIB (Niemeier 2002a,2002b, 2002c). 2000 and 36. Karantzali Ponting Rhodes:LH IIIA-C); Mar(Pylona, Rhodes: et ketou al. 2006 (Ialysos, et LH I-IIIB); Mommsen al. 1992 LH Amarna: IIIA2); Mountjoy (Tellel2001 (Qantir, andMommsen Egypt: et LH IIIA2-B); Gunneweg al. 1992 (Tell Dan, Israel:LH IIIA2 Late); Niemeier 2002a,2002b,2002c (MileLH tos, Turkey: IIB-IIIC); Badreet al. LH 2005 (Tell Kazel,Syria: IIIA2 Late-IIIB Final).Becauseofsevere chemiin difficultiesdistinguishing of between products the Argive cally of and MYBE group Trojanproducts it theA-TROY group, is as yetnot the with to possible identify certainty chemof source thelargest geographic of icalgrouping Mycenaean pieces thusfar from tested Troy(Mommsen, and 2001; MountHertel, Mountjoy 2006). Foran joy andMommsen directed of overview NAA programs from of at corpora Mycenaean pottery and sites, Syro-Palestinian Egyptian seeJung 2006,p. 153,nn.24, 25; for of thesignificance theMYBE group with anditsconnection specifically see at thepotters' quarter Berbati, pp. 173-174.

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of constitutes a substantial Mycenaean pottery percentage the produced tested Kazel),andtheonly Miletos,Tell Troy, Pylona, Ialysos, pieces (e.g., the has site where Mycenaean pottery analyzed beenattributed exclusively is levels 14thto theMYBE group TellDan. From19th (latest Dynasty in b.c. at and although century allofthe13th-century strata) Qantir Egypt, camefrom 46% ofthe138 piecessampled centers,37 Argive production 9% beenattributedCypriot to 25% roughly have workshops, toproducers in located Egypt, 9% to Canaanite and workshops.38 probably the of thisbackdrop, identification75%-85%oftheMyceAgainst with from Kommos Argive, justthree as naeanimports (Fig.3: C2424, thetwosmallstirrup C1473 and to five C6919,C9126) jars (including other locales, C3896)pieces presumably representing production potentially source reveals unusually an concentrated on located theGreek mainland, recovered thesite. at for ofsupply theMycenaean Furthermore, imports of MYBE compositional outside the ofthefew imports falling Mycenaean krater as chariot unusual itis theonly C9126 (Figs.3, 6) is highly group, all from of at and identified Kommos one ofjusttwoknown fragment C2424 (Fig.3)- is a while second theLH IIIC Early Crete, stirrup jar not from siteofKommos the thelatest known Mycenaean import only with very andrather a few In from ofCrete. other all butpossibly words, andtypologically mostoftheimpressively long-lived special exceptions, a comefrom found Kommos at of varied imports repertoire Mycenaean In in located thenortheastern of Ploponnse. single region production not is thesituation Kommos similar although quiteas at this to, respect, of more dated of extreme thepicture themuch as, narrowly importation in LH IIIA2 Latevessels found tomb atTellDan. 387 from of to Withregard theimports effectively Cyprus, the40 pieces no lessthanthree-quarters confirmed NAA as Cypriot (30 products, by bowl two are (C344, fragments, ofthese samples) WhiteSlip(WS) II milk attributabletheWS IIA subgroup, one(C9990) to to and C4127) being of theWS II Late subgroup 4, 7, 8). Withtheexception thetwo (Figs. is related products the to from WS IIA fragments ofwhich, (one C344, are with from of all neighborhood Episkopi), ofthese associated groups whether may be connected the with theLimassol area, although they also at west-northwest ofKalavacenter identified Sanidha, large production sos in theeastern Troodos is uncertain.39 is clearis that What foothills, all WS II milk bowls to were virtually ofthe imported Kommos produced from found several kilometers inland from south-central of the coast clays
37. Of 138 samples, areassigned 53 to theMYBEQ^group(thatis,MYBE constituents recovered from congroup texts Qantir), at to eight theclosely related (madeup of MYKRQ^group with MYBE-like composisamples tionsexcept divergent for potassium andrubidium concentrations evidently causedbyunusual circumtaphonomic and to stances), three theTIRQ^group to at (attributed workshops orin the vicinities Tiryns Asine,closer of and to theArgive coastthantheworkshops the constituting MYBE group). 38. Of the138 samples citedin thepreceding 21 note, areattributed to theHCYP group(nowsuggested and Sjberg[2007] to byMommsen at represent potters working thesite ofSinda),sixto theICYP group, and another to eight theKQAN group; thelasttwogroups also considered are to be Cypriot. in Nine samples the and four theMQAN in LQAN group are to group considered likely represent while centers, Egyptian production makeup theJPALgroup 12 samples identified representing as Canaanite production. 39. Forearlier NAA work Cypon riotBronzeAge wares theManby chester Archaeometry Laboratory, see Bryan al. 1997;for Sanidha et the seeTodd and Pilides site, production 2001.

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this However numerous production the centers weresupplying that Cyprus. wareand its subvarieties Kommosmayhave been,theyseem to Cypriot in to havebeen clustered within fairly a smallareaoftheisland, muchthe the samewayas theMycenaeanimports Kommosderived to from largely All to Argolid. oftheWS imports Kommosweremilkbowls,all ofthem areclassifiable WS II ofone kindor another as are (i.e.,there no examples ofeither ProtoWS orWS I), and all came from contexts datingbetween LM IIIA1 and LM IIIB.40 The muchsmaller number Cypriot of Base Ringvesselssampledfor (C1052, C7407, C8154, C9382, C10463 [Figs.5, 9, 10]) maybeasanalysis to from sites further alongthesouth west coastin the signed ceramic groups Base Ringwareoccurs Kommosin theform carinated at of Episkopiarea.41 andjuglets, a possible and thus a wider tankard, representing cups, jugs shape thantheWS II imports, it makesits initialappearance in but repertoire LM IIIA2 Earlycontexts, moreorlesscontemporaneously theWS II with milk bowls.42 judgefrom comparatively To the contextual availdata scanty able forthisclassof Cypriot it is possiblethatthecarinated imports, cups andjugs wereregularly together Kommosin pairedsets. used at In marked contrast thetwopreceding to of categories Cypriot imports, the fourPlain White pithoisampledfromKommos seem to have been locationsalong the southcoast,one in the producedat severaldifferent Limassolarea(Fig. 5: C3171), twofurther at Kition(C4143, C5770), east and one yetfurther in northeast the neighborhood Enkomi (Figs. 5, of 11: C9013).43Appearing Kommosat the same timeas the first at WS II milkbowls,thesepithoimaywell havebeen thelargetransport vesselsin whichsmaller tablewares wereshippedabroad,as was evidently Cypriot thecase on thelate-14th-century wreckat Uluburun.44 b.c. Most ofthese vesselsfoundat Kommoswererecovered fromcontexts close verylarge to the harborarea wheretheywould have been off-loaded rather than In their from houseslocatedon the slopesabove theharbor. thisrespect, distribution thesiteresembles on thoseofother largeimported transport different from thatof the vesselssuchas Canaanitejars and is noticeably tablewares. and smaller, decorated, morereadily portable The provenience twoWhite Painted of WheelmadeI jugs ortankards LM IB Late and IIIB contexts 4: C10366, C10209) recovered from (Fig. withinHouse X at Kommos is uncertain, althoughtheywere probably no producedat one and the same place on Cyprus.Unfortunately, Plain thanpithoi weresampledin 1996,norwereanyofthe White shapesother LM IA Final and Red Slip and ProtoBase Ringjugs from muchearlier LM IB Earlycontexts,45 the simplereasonthatnone of thepieces in for as withconfidence Cypriot. questionhad bythattimebeen identified The singleexampleof a Red LustrousWheelmade spindlebottle as from Kommos(Fig. 5: C2753) cannotbe confirmed Cypriot, although a to Kommosfrom non-Cretan thepiecewas certainly producimported as mistaken A tioncenter. Fine GrayWheelmadejuglet(C4734) initially A Cretanproduct.46 as an exampleof Base Ringwas confirmed a central bowl (C4577) is insteada Monochrome identified a Cypriot as first piece as possiblewesternCretan product, are two of the threeProtopalatial

40. Rutter 2006b,p. 654,table3:104, 657. p. 41. Bryan al. 1997.Forthespeet of cializedmanufacture Base Ring number production of wareat a limited 1991. see Vaughan centers, 42. See n. 40, above. see 43. ForCypriot pithoi, Keswani 1989,2009; Pilides2000. of 44. Fora convenient summary see from wreck, Pulak this thefinds 1998. 45. Rutter 2006b,pp.656-657. 46. Forexamples theFine Gray of and classat Kommos their Wheelmade at manufactureone or more probable see siteson Crete, Rutter 2006b, 678-680. pp.

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onceidentified Cypriot as pieces (Fig.12: C7238,C7239). Lastly, pieces onceconsidered butsubsequently identifiedwestern as Anatolian Cypriot (CS731) and Syro-Palestinian 5: C7639) wereconfirmed NAA (Fig. by tobe notobviously Cypriot. The pattern later of ceramic observed the Cypriot importation during LM IIIA andLM IIIB periods that tablewares manufactured at suggests centers Cyprus White milk on Base bowls, specialized production (e.g., Slip and I Wheelmade tankards) bowls, jugs,andWhitePainted Ringcups, were toCrete from discrete coastal inPlainWhite shipped emporia pithoi at those The of tablewares produced ornear emporia. quantities Cypriot to were somewhat than imbeing imported Kommos greater those being from Mycenaean the and casessuch mainland, inboth ported importation tohave flourished approximatelysame over the time appears span, although twoCypriot vessels camefrom earlier contexts (one pouring Neopalatial MM III, oneLM IA Early) than identifiable mainland asa Greek anything Kommos not has furnished mainland Greek functional product. any equivalentto thelarge from vessels, transport chiefly pithoi, imported Cyprus, nor Cypriot to relatively numerous andattractively small any equivalent the decorated Mycenaean stirrup ofLH IIIA2-IIIB date. jars the somewhat quantitiesimported of as Despite larger Cypriot opposed toMycenaean vessels from far largest the numbers Cypriot of Kommos, by ceramics havebeenrecovered far to so from Minoansite, there no is any reason believe Cypriots ever to that were resident Kommos at in actually numbers. the of at coastal Indeed, distributionCypriot significant pithoi furtherthe to west Sardinia, in and emporia Sicily, northern Egypt strongly that was a for ensuggests Kommos simply convenient stopover Cypriot inlong-distance with inthecentral trepreneurs engaged exchanges regions most Sardinia.47 Mediterranean, notably

CONCLUSIONS
The program chemical of in initiated 1996on21 pottery analyses samples from Kommos on as Mycenaean and regarded stylistic grounds imports 48 samples considered to be Cypriot has confirmed that likely imports between and18 ofthefirst 15 and 40 group between and42 ofthesecond were identified theoutset at (Table6). Had thesamples group accurately beenselecteddecade a more would have beenchosen, since numthe later, berofMycenaean Cypriot and vessels in 1996constitutes less recognized than two-thirdsthepieces of nowviewed genuine as (58.3%and imports some that 63.2%, Furthermore, ofthepieces were respectively). incorrectly in identified 1996as possible Anatolian Cypriot imports western (e.g., jug to the C5731,Canaanite C7639 [Fig.5]) orthat jar proved be Cretan (e.g., FineGray Wheelmade theLM II pyxis C7643 [Figs. 6]) C4734, 3, juglet would have not beenincluded theselection. in ofthe four last Comparison rows information of inTable6 makes what differencesbetween clear the are thedate, andshaperanges theMycenaean Cypriot of and ware, imports to Kommos were that in those were that sampled 1996versus recognized

47. Rutter 2006b,p. 658; for see Cypriot pithoi, n. 43, above.For thelikelihood Cypriot of residents atTiryns very in LH early IIIC, see mostrecently Stockhammer 2007, and pp. 323-325;for Cypriot Levantinecontacts with see Tiryns, also Maran2004; Stockhammer 2007, pp. 156-157.

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TABLE 6. MYCENAEAN AND CYPRIOT IMPORTS FROM KOMMOS: NAA SAMPLES TAKEN IN 1996 AND ADDITIONAL FINDS AS OF 2006
Mycenaean Imports in Suspected imports sampled 1996 as Sampled piecesconfirmed correctly attributed imports NAA by in Totalidentified imports 2006 (Rutter 2006b) to Itemssampled likely be Minoan in Itemsidentified imports 2006 as to as perhaps be disqualified suchby NAA results or to Itemssampled likely certain be from elsewhere imports or Date (Mycenaean) warerange in of sampled 1996 (Cypriot) items or Date (Mycenaean) warerange as ofimports identified of (Cypriot) 2006 21 15-18 36 3 (C1473, C3896, C7643) 2 (C1473, C3896) 48 40-42 76 4 (C4577, C4734, C7238, C7239) 1 (C4577) Cypriot Imports

in of sampled 1996 Shaperange items

as identified of Shaperange imports of2006

C7639 = 2-4 (C5731 = western Anatolian, and C7237 = C2753 Syro-Palestinian, unprovenienced) Base RingI(?), Base RingII, Monochrome, LH I-LH IIIC Early(Table 1) PlainWhite,Red Lustrous Wheelmade, Wheelmade WhiteSlipII, WhitePainted I, WhiteSlip IIA, WhiteSlipII Late (Table2) LH I-LH IIIC Early(Rutter 2006b, Base RingI(?), Base RingII, Monochrome, Red Lustrous PlainWhite,ProtoBase Ring, 668,table3:110) p. Red Slip,WhitePainted IV, Wheelmade, Wheelmade WhiteSlipII, WhitePainted I, WhiteSlipIIA, WhiteSlipII Late (Rutter 2006b,p. 654,table3:104) milk bowl, bowl,carinated jug,juglet, cup, kylix, cup,goblet, Vapheio Open: tankard (Table2) bottle, bowl; bowl,stemmed pithos, spindle deep Closed: jar, piriform amphoroid alabastron, stirrup krater, jar jug, (Table 1) krater, bowl,carinated jug,juglet, basin, cup, cup, semiglobular Vapheio Open: tankard milk bottle, bowl, spindle pithos, deepbowl, kylix, cup,goblet, stemmed 3:104-105) 2006b,pp. 654-655,tables (Rutter bowl; Closed: jar, jar, pithoid piriform alabastron, krater, jug, amphoroid 2006b,p. 667, jar stirrup (Rutter 1table3:109) |

kind beof for of the Until process securing permits work this by2006.48 and scientists of andthenumber archaeological more streamlined comes has in such facilities research appreciably, hosting analyses Greece grown is for moment such the of theproblem scheduling optimal sampling likely tocontinue. here The chemical implications, analyses presented haveinteresting the within rapidly contextualized when nonetheless, expanding especially the at sitesthroughout ceramic of dataon Mycenaean imports corpus The Mediterranean. chronological ofthe eastern imports Mycenaean range and for is to Kommos unusually broad, extending at leastthree perhaps of from centuries LH I to thebeginning LH IIIC. This as as many four distinct into be subdivided three 48. See also nn.13,14,and34, (LH I-IIA, LH IIBstages may range above. distinctive in andLH IIIA2-LH IIIC Early), eachofwhich shapes IIIA1,

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were in utilized particular contexts Neopalatial at (LM I), Monospatial or or (LM II-IIIA1), andFinalPalatial Late palatial Early Postpalatial was imported to (LM IIIA2-B) Kommos. Postpalatial Cypriot pottery Kommos theLM III period seems haveconsisted and to mainly during almost of bowlsand Base RingII cupsand entirely WhiteSlipII milk Suchsmallto medium-sized tablewares probably were juglets. brought to thesitein largePlainWhitepithoi various of (see types Figs.5, 11: the fashion theCypriot as recovered C9013,C3171),inmuch same pottery from Uluburun the wreck ca. 1300 b.c.wasbeing of Komtransported. in for ofimported mosis unique theAegean thesheer quantities Cypriot and WhiteSlipII and Base RingII tablewares recovered, thechemical indicate eachofthese that classes fine of wareappears have to analyses in within beenproduced a discrete region Cyprus.

APPENDIX NAA DATA FROM KOMMOS AND SELECTED CHEMICAL REFERENCE CROUPS

The chemical of Kommos,alongwith compositions the69 samplesfrom of sherds (C2058, C665, C3171, C5770, C9013), are analyses five multiple in Table A. The elemental data are quoted to threesignificant presented in and expressed partsper million(ppm) exceptwherenotedas a figures percentage. Table B liststhe chemicalprofiles the 19 reference of groupswith whichat least one Kommos samplefits. notedin the textabove,the As normal listedin thefirst ofthetablehavean average groups part percentdeviation between 7.8% and 13.9%.The diffuse listed age standard groups in the secondparthavevaluesfrom18.1% to 29.9%. These averages are calculated the basis of the elements on includedin Table B and exclude thefigures Yb, Lu, andTa. for The suggested in of proveniences the 19 groupspresented Table B areas follows: Asine 1: Argolid(Tomlinson, forthcoming) Chania 4: central Crete(Tomlinson1991) CypHMB: Limassolarea (Tomlinson, unpublished) 2: Cyprus Argolid(Tomlinson, forthcoming) Cyprus3: Episkopiarea (Bryanet al. 1997) Cyprus5: Kitionarea (Bryanet al. 1997) Cyprus9: Limassolarea (Bryanet al. 1997) Cyprus10: Limassolarea (Bryanet al. 1997) CyprusIla: Limassolarea (Bryanet al. 1997) Cypruslib: Limassolarea (Bryanet al. 1997) Cyprus15: Enkomiarea (Bryanet al. 1997) and Robinson1993) Hawam B: Limassolarea (Hoffmann and Hawam G: Argolid(Hoffmann Robinson1993) and Hawam I: Argolid(Hoffmann Robinson1993) Lachish:Argolid(Tomlinson 2004) (Tomlinson, forthcoming) MycLFl: Argolid forthcoming) MycLF3: Argolid(Tomlinson, Crete(Tomlinson1995a) A2: Chania/West MycSJ Crete(Tomlinson1995a). MycSJB: central

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E. Jonathan Tomlinson
Canadian Institute in Greece dionysiou aiginitou j
II5 28 ATHENS GREECE

Sandra A. Hoffmann M.
30 fairfield crescent newsham park
LIVERPOOL UNITED L 8pJ KINGDOM

jtomlinson@cig-icg.gr

smahoffmann@gmail.com

B. Jeremy Rutter
Dartmouth College department of classics hanover, new hampshire o3755 jeremy.rutter@dartmouth.edu