Lamkin, 10: BIOSC 047 Terms for Review: Reproductive and Endocrine Systems REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS Male 1.

gonadsthe primary sex organs, or gonads (seeds), are the testes in the males and the ovaries in the females. 2. gametesgonads produce the sex cells, the sperm in males and ovum (egg) in femalesthat fuse to form a fertilized egg. 3. sperm (head, midpiece, tail, acrosome) the head of the sperm contains the nucleus with highly condensed chromatin surrounded by a helmet-like acrosome tip piece, a vesicle containing enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate and enter and egg. The midpiece contains mitochondria spiraled tightly around the core of the tail. The long tail is an elaborate flagellum. 4. eggsOocyte (oogenesis-oogonia-primary oocytes-secondary oosyte-ovum 5. Accessory sex organs includes the internal glands and ducts that nourish the gametes and transport them toward the outside of the body, and the external genitalia. 6. Scrotuma sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs inferiorly external to the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis scrotumSkin and superficial fascia surrounding the testes Positioning provides an environment 3 cooler than body temperature Dartos musclelayer of smooth muscle Cremaster musclebands of skeletal muscle surrounding the testes Elevates the testes 7. cremaster muscle bands of skeletal muscle surrounding the testes, elevating the testis. 8. dartos musclelayer of smooth muscle, wrinkling the scrotal skin. 9. testesare located within the scrotum. 10. spermatic corda tube of fascia that also contains the testicular vessels and nerves. 11. pampiniform plexus tendril-shaped The testicular veins, which roughly para;;el the testicular arteries in the posterior abdominal wall, arise from a venous in the scrotum. 12. testicular arterybranch from the aorta in the superior abdomen. 13. tunica vaginalis this sac develops as an out-pocketing of the abdominal peritoneal cavity that precedes the descending testes into the scrotum. Are enclosed in a has serous fluids sacthe tunica vaginalis 14. tunica abugineafibrous capsule of the testes. Divides each testis into 250300 lobules. Lobules contain 14 coiled seminiferous tubules 15. fibrous septa 16. seminiferous tubules(sperm-carrying) Separated by areolar connective tissue 17. spermatogenesisthe formation of sperm, occurs within the seminiferous tubules of the testes throughout a man's life, from puberty until death. It has 3 stage: Formation of spermatocytes, Meiosis, Spermiogenesis. 18. spermatogoniasperm stem cell, are located on the outer region of the seminiferous tubules on the epithelial basal lamina. 19. Primary and secondary spermatocytes, type B daughter cell, which move toward the lumen to become primary spermatocytes. Within the seminiferous tubules, the cells undergoing meiosis1 are by definition the primary spermatocytes; These cells each produce two secondary spermatocytes. Each secondary spermatocytes undergoes meiosis2 and produce two small cells call spermatids. 20. Spermatids Each secondary spermatocytes undergoes meiosis2 and produce two small cells call spermatids. 1

21. Meiosisspermatocytes undergo meiosis, a process of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes found in typical body cells to half of the number. 22. Spermiogenesisin the third and final phase of spermatogenesis, spermatids differentiate in to sperm. 23. sustntacular cells 24. blood-testis barrier 25. Myoid cellshuman seminiferous tubules are surrounded by several layers of smoothmuscle-like myoid cells. 26. Interstitial cells (of Leydig) spherical or polygon-shaped cells that make and secrete sex hormones, or androgen. Main type of androgen secreted is testosterone. 27. straight tubulesposteriorly, the seminiferous tubules of each lobule converge to form a straight tubule that conveys sperm into the rete testis. 28. rete testisa complex network of tiny branching tubes. 29. efferent ductulesfrom the testis, sperm leave the testis through about a dozen efferent ductules that enter the epididymis. 30. epididymisComma-shaped structure on posterior testis 31. ductus deferensor vas deferens, stores and transports sperm during ejaculation. Is about 45cm (18 inches) long. 32. inguinal canalan obliquely oriented trough in the anterior abdominal wall. 33. ejaculatory ductductus deferens distal end expands as ampulla of the ductus deferens and then joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle (a gland) to from the short ejaculatory duct. Each ejaculatory duct runs within the prostate, where is empties into the prostatic urethra. 34. seminal vesicleslie on the posterior surface of the bladder. The secretion of the seminal vesicle, which constitutes about 60% of the volume of semen. 35. prostate gland20-30 compound tubuloalveolar glands of three classes-main, submucosal, and mucosal gland. It secretion constitutes about 1/3 of the volume of semen, enhance sperm motility and enzymes that liquefy ejaculated semen. 36. Bulbourethral glandsare pea-sized glands within urogenital diaphragm. These compound tubuloalveolar gland produce a mucus, some of which enters the spongy urethra when male becomes sexually excited prior to ejaculation. This mucus neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra and lubricates the urethra to smooth the passage of semen during ejaculation. 37. prostatic urethrain the prostate 38. membraneous urethrain the diaphragm 39. spongy (or penile) urethrain the penis 40. male perineuminclude anus and scrotum. 41. root of penisattached root 42. shaft or body of penissame as its name 43. glans penisends in an enlarged tip 44. prepuce or foreskinskin covering the penis is loose and extends distally around the glands to from a cuff, is called prepuce or foreskin 45. corpus spongiosumenlarged distally where it forms the glans penis. 46. corpora cavernosamake up most of the mass of the penis. 47. erection (under parasympathetic control) allows penis to penetrate the vagina 48. ejaculation (under sympathetic control) expels semen into the vagina. Female 49. ovariesthe paired, almond-shaped 3cm by 1.5cm 50. broad ligamenta large fold of peritoneum that hangs from the uterus and the uterine 2

tube like tent. 51. suspensory ligamenta lateral continuation of the broad ligament, attaches the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall. 52. ovarian ligament-- a distinct fibrous band enclosed within the broad ligament. 53. tunica albugineathe ovary is surrounded by a fibrous capsule called tunica albuginea, which is a much thinner than the tunica albuginea of the testis 54. Ovarian cortexhouses the developing gametes, is called oocytes while in the ovary. 55. ovarian medulladeep, is a loose connective tissue containing the largest blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels of the ovary; these vessels enter the ovary through the hilum, a horizontal slit in the anterior ovarian surface where the mesovarium attaches. 56. the ovarian cycleits the menstrual cycle as it relates to the ovary. It has 3phases: (1) the follicular phase, (2) ovulation, and (3) the luteal phase. 57. Oocyteegg cell. 58. primary folliclewhen a primordial follicle starts to grow, its flat follicular cells become cuboidal, and the oocytes grows larger. 59. secondary follicleNext the follicular cells multiply to form a stratified epithelium around the oocyte. 60. mature or Graafian follicle -----ready to be ovulated. 61. corpus luteumyellow body, consists of the remaining granulosa and theca layer. 62. corpus albicans white body, after 14 days the corpus luteum dies become corpus albicans. It stays at ovary for several months, shrinking until its finally phagocytized by macrophages. 63. Oogenesisova are produced in a process. Egg generation. 64. uterine tubes (also called fallopian tubes or oviducts) receive the ovulated oocyte and are the site for fertilization. 65. fimbriafinger-like projection, that drape over the ovary. 66. Infundibulum and open funnel shape, the uterus tube. 67. Ampullawhere its sits for fertilization usually occurs. 68. Isthmusthe middle third of the uterine tube, a narrow passage. 69. ectopic pregnancy 70. PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) infection of the uterine tube, ovaries, and pelvic peritoneum. 71. Uterus (womb) lies in the pelvic cavity, anterior to the rectum and posterior-superior to the bladder. 72. Body-- the major boy of the uterus. 73. Fundusrounded region superior to the entrance of the uterine tube. 74. isthmusinferior to the body of uterus. 75. cervixnarrow neck of the uterus. 76. cavity of the bodythe center lumen of the uterus is small, except when in pregnancy. 77. cervical canalcommunicates with the vagina inferior via the internal os. 78. external os mouth 79. internal osinternal mouth 80. uterine wall is composed (three basic layers:) outer: perimetrium middle: myometrium inner: endometrium 81. functional layer of the endometriumthe thick, undergoes cyclic changes in response to varying levels of ovarian hormones in the blood and is shed during menstruation (about every 28 days). 3

82. basal layer of the endometriumthin, is not shed and is responsible for forming a new functional layer after menstruation layer after menstruation ends. 83. uterine cycle3 phases menstrual phase proliferative phase secretory phase 84. vaginais a thin-wall tube the lie inferior to the uterus, anterior to the rectum, and the posterior to the bladder. 85. outer adventitiafibrous connective tissue 86. muscularissmooth muscle. 87. muscosa (with rugae)--marked by the transverse folds (rugae) 88. fornixthe recess formed where the widened superior part of the vagina encircles the tip of the cervix. 89. external genitalia or vulva or pudendumthe female reproductive structures that lie external to the vagina..These structures include the mons pubis, the labia, the clitoris, and structures associated with the vestibule. 90. perineumthe female perineum is a diamond-shape region between the pubic arch anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosioties laterally. 91. mons pubis mountain of the pubis, is a fatty, rounded pad overlying the pubic symphysis. 92. labia majoralarge lips, fatty skin covered with hair. Same in male scrotum in embryonic structures. 93. labia minorasmaller lips, hairless skin. 94. Vestibule entrance hall, housing the external opening of the urethra and vagina. 95. clitorisa protruding structure composed largely of erectile tissue that is sensitive to touch and swells with blood during sexual stimulation. 96. mammary glandsbreast, are modified sweat glands that are present in both sexes but function only in lactating females when produce milk to nourish an infant in response to hormone stimulation. 97. nipplethe central protruding area from which an infant sucks milk, is surrounded by a ring of pigmented skin, the areola. 98. areolasmall opening of the nipple. 99. lactiferous ductsmilk carrying, lie within and deep to the nipple. 100. lactiferous sinusjust deep to the areola, each lactiferous duct has a dilated region, where milk accumulates during nursing. 101. fertilizationoccurs at the moment the chromosomes from male and female gametes come together within the ovum. 102. Implantationabout 6 days after fertilization, the blastocyst begins implantation, the act of burrowing into the endometrium. 103. Embryoafter 10-12 days, tissue have made their first contact with maternal blood, their ultimate source of nourishment. 104. fetusthe baby 105. placentaumbilical cord cake, continues to nourish the fetus for 6 more months, until birth. 106. childbirth or parturitionthe act of giving birth, occurs an average of 266 days after a fertilization and 280 days after the last menstrual period. => labor 107. dilation, expulsion, and the placental stagedilation: uterus and cervix is fully dilated (about 10cm in diameter) by the baby's head. Lasting 10-12 hours. Expulsion: lasts from full dilation to delivery, or actual childbirth, can take up to 2 hours, it typically lasts 50 minutes in a first birth and 20 minutes in subsequent births. 4

Placenta: or the delivery of the placenta, is a accomplished within 15minutes after birth of a infant. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1. ductless glands the endocrine system is a series of ductless glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the circulation. 2. hormonesductless glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the circulation 3. amino acid derivatives (amines, peptides, or proteins) include modified amino acid (or amines), peptides (short chains of amino acids), and proteins (long chains os amino acids). 4. lipid-based steroids (derived from cholesterol) by contrast, are lipid molecules derived from cholesterol. 5. target cells hormone influence only specific tissue cells. 6. humoral control of hormone secretionchange levels of ions or nutrients in the blood), control by feedback +, 7. neural control of hormone secretion 8. hormonal control of hormone secretion 9. pituitary gland (adenohypophysis [anterior pituitary] and neurohypophysis [posterior pituitary]) is an important endocrine organ that secretes at least 9 major hoemones. 10. tropic or trophic hormones thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone-regulate the secretion of the hormones by other endocrine glands. 11. adenohypophysis hormones growth hormone, prolactin, and melancoytestimulating hormone-act directly on non-endocrine target tissues 12. GH (growth hormone) also called somatotropic hormone (body changing) is produced in somatropic cells, the most abundant cell type in the anterior lobe. It growth to the entire body by stimulating body cells to increase their production of proteins and by stimulating growth epiphyseal plates of the skeleton... 13. prolactin. 14. TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is produced by the thyrotropic cells. TSH signals the thyroid gland to secrete its own hormone, thyroid hormone, and thus ultimately controls metabolic rate. 15. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormone that help the body cope with stress. 16. MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) produced by corticotropic cells. It stimulates melanocyte to produce more melanin, the pigment responsible for skin coloration. In human MSH functions in the CNS in appetite. 17. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) produce by gonadotropic cells. The hormone act on the gonads stimulating maturation of the sex cells and inducing the secretion of sex hormones. FSH in female-androgens, estrogen, and progesterone from cells in the ovary. In male by stimulates the maturation of sperm cells and the production of androgen-binding protein by cells in the sperm-forming tubules. 18. LH (luteinizing hormone) produce by gonadotropic cells. In male, LH signals the secretion of androgen (primarily testosterone) by interstitial cells in the testes. 19. neurohypophysis hormones (or posterior lobe) (neural hypophysis), composed of neural tissue and a part of brain. 20. OT (oxytocin) (from paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus) in the 5

paraventricular nucleus, induces contraction of the smooth musculature of reproductive organs in both males and females. In childbirth it signal the myoepithelial cell for milk, and during some function during birth. 21. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) (from supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus) also called vasopressin, targets kidney. They respond by resorbing more water and returning it to the bloodstream. 22. Hypothalamic control of hormone secretionit control the anterior lobe of pituitary hormone (thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and the gonads). Posterior lobe store (OT &ADH) the hormone that has been made in the hypothalamus. 23. Releasing and inhibiting hormonesthe hypothalamus exerts its control by secreting peptide hormone called releasing hormones (or releasing factors), which when prompt the cells in the anterior lobe to releasing hormones. Hypothalamus also secretes inhibiting hormones, which turns off the secretion of hormone by the anterior lob when necessary. 24. eg., GHRH, PIH, GnRH, CRH 25. median eminence (of hypothalamus)at the junction of hypothalamus and pituitary glands. 26. infundibulumfunnel-shaped, forms the shaft of the club 27. hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract(posterior lobe) axon from the hypothalamus, which arises from neuron cell bodies in the supraotic and paraventricular nucli in the hypothalamus and ends in axon terminals in the pars nervosa. 28. hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system(anterior lobe)the primary and secondary capillary plexuses in the pituitary gland, plus the intervening hypophyseal portal vein. 29. thyroid glandbutterfly-shaped, is located in the anterior neck, on the trachea just inferior to the larynx. 30. thyroid hormonesfollicle cell, target cells are throughout body, its main function is increasing the basal metabolic rate. triiodothyronine (T3) & tetraiodothyronine (T4) are hormone molecules is constructed from a pair of amino acids and contains the element iodine, which is essential to the function of hormone. 31. Calcitoninthe para-follicular cells of the thyroid secrete the protein hormone, when blood levels are hight. 32. Folliclesthe thyroid gland is composed of hollow, approximately spherical follicles spherical follicle separated by an areolar C.T rich in capillaries. 33. Thyroglobulina protein from which thyroid hormone is ultimately derived. 34. para-follicular cellslying within the follicular epithelium, which appear to projection into the surrounding C.T. 35. parathyroid glandsthe small, posterior surface of the thyroid gland. 36. parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathormoneincrease the blood concentration of Ca levels whenever is low. 37. adrenal (suprarenal) glandsare pyramidal or crescent-shaped organs perched on the superior surface of the kidney. 38. adrenal medulladeep, fight-or-flight response. norepinephrine (noradrenalin) epinephrine (adrenalin) 39. adrenal cortexsuperficial, lipid based steroid hormones. mineralcorticoids (from zona glomerulosa), eg., aldosterone-->blood pressure glucocorticoids (from zona fasciulata), eg., cortisol-->deal with stressful 6

situations. glucocorticoids and androgens (from zona reticularis), eg., DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)--keep bl glucose levels for brain's activity. inhibition on immune system 40. pineal glandis a small, pinecone-shape structure at the end of a short stalk on the roof of the diencephalon. 3rd eye Melatoninhelps regulate circadian rhythms. 41. Pancreaslocated at the posterior of the abdominal cavity, tadpole-shaped, it contains both exocrine and endocrine cells. Exocrine acinar cells are secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine during digesting food. 42. pancreatic islets of Langerhans (alpha cells and beta cells) alpha cells secrete glucagon, a protein hormone that signals liver cells to release glucose from their glycogen stores, thus rising blood sugar levels whenever they fall too low. Beta cells secretes insulin, a protein hormone that signals most cells of the body to take up glucose from the blood and promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver, thus lowering excessive blood sugar levels. 43. thymuslocated in the lower neck and anterior thorax is the lobulated thymus. Thymus is important in immune organ, the site at which the white blood cells called T lymphocytes arise from precursor cells. thymosinthe thymic hormone are a family of peptide molecules, include thymopoientin and thymosin. 44. Gonadstestes and ovariesare the main source of the steroid sex hormone. 45. Testesinterstitial cells between the sperm-forming tubules secrete androgens (mainly testosterone), which maintain the reproductive organs and the secondary se characteristics of males and help promote the formation of sperm. 46. Ovariesandrogens are secreted and directly covered into estrogens by ovarian follicle cells. The follicle cells also produce progesterone, signal the uterus to prepare for pregnancy. 47. Gigantisma tumor that causes hyper-secretion of GH in children cause gigantism, in which the child grows exceptionally fast and becomes extremely tall, often reaching to 2.4m (8 feet). 48. Acromegalyexcessive GH, enlargement of bony areas that still have active growth area and are still responsive to GHthe head, hands, feet, and face. 49. pituitary dwarfshypo-secretion of GH in children, 1.2m (4 feet) 50. diabetes insipidusthe pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary does not make or secrete sufficient antidiuretic hormone. 51. diabetes mellituseither by insufficient of secretion of insulin or resistance of body cells to the effects of insulin. 52. Graves diseasehyperthyroidism, an autoimmune disease in which the immune system makes abnormal antibodies that mimic TSH and stimulate the over-secretion of TH by follicle cells of the thyroid. Big eyeball, it elevating the metabolic rate, rapid heart rate, aewating, nervousness, and weight loss despite normal food intake. 53. adult hypothyroidism (or myxedema) hypo-secretion of TH, an autoimmune disease antibodies attack and destroy thyroid tissue. Low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethargy, constant chilliness, puffy eyes, edema, and mental sluggishness (but not retardation) 54. endemic goiter (lack of iodine) hypothyroidism result from an insufficient amount of iodine. B/c the thyroid follicles produce colloid cannot be a functional hormone without iodine. The thyroid gland swells. 55. Cushings disease (hypersecretion of glucocorticoids) hyper-secretion cause 7

by ACTH secreting pituitary tumor or by a tumor of the adrenal cortex. High glucose levels, swollen face and buffalo hump. 56. Addisons disease (hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids) hypo-secretion of the adrenal cortex, deficiencies of both glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids. Blood levels of glucose and sodium drop, low blood pressure. Systems: fatigue, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain.