Tema 8

Propiedades Mecnicas: curva Esfuerzo Deformacin

Unitaria.
Las propiedades mecnicas describen como se comporta un material cuando se le
aplican fuerzas externas.
Para propsitos de anlisis, las fuerzas externas que se aplican sobre un material se
clasifican as:
1. Fuerzas en tensin. La fuerza aplicada intenta estirar al material a lo largo de
su lnea de accin.
2. Fuerzas en comprensin. La fuerza aplicada intenta comprimir o acortar al
material a lo largo de su lnea de accin.
3. Fuerza en cortante. Las fuerzas se aplican de tal forma que intentan cortar o
seccionar al material.
4. Fuerza en torsin. La fuerza externa aplicada intenta torcer al material. La
fuerza externa recibe el nombre de torque o momento de torsin.

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Cualquier fuerza externa que se aplique sobre un material causa su deformacin.

Para el caso de una fuerza en tensin, el material se alarga en el sentido de
aplicacin de la fuerza, y se acorta en la direccin transversal a la fuerza aplicada.

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000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c7
56d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000430000000
0c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0
000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967687420286329203139393820486577
6c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e79000064657363000000000000001
2735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000001273524742
2049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201004b004a0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45

00010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002000900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La deformacin del material se define como el cambio en la longitud a lo largo de la

lnea de aplicacin de la fuerza. En forma matemtica:
Deformacin = L = Lf - Lo
Para estudiar la reaccin de los materiales a las fuerzas externas que se les aplican,
se utiliza el concepto de esfuerzo.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ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201004b004a0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45
00010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002000900

0600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000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ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201004b004a0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45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ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201004b004a0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45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ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201004b004a0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45
00010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002000900

0600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000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ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201004b004a0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45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El esfuerzo tiene las mismas unidades de la presin, es decir, unidades de fuerza
2
por unidad de rea. En el sistema mtrico, el esfuerzo se mide en Pascales (N/m ).
2
En el sistema Ingls, en psi (libras/pulg ). En aplicaciones de Ingeniera Civil, es
2
muy comn expresar el esfuerzo en unidades kg/cm .
Existen dos tipos de esfuerzo para el caso de fuerzas aplicadas en tensin:
1. Esfuerzo de ingeniera (). Se define como la fuerza aplicada dividida entre el
rea transversal inicial del material (el rea que tiene el material antes de
aplicar la fuerza). El rea transversal es el rea perpendicular a la lnea de

accin de la fuerza.

lf
lo
F
F
A
F
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c450001010000
0c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d
5346540000000049454320735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d
48502020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000001163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77
747074000001f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a
0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d646400000
2c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000
000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c6
75452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676
874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e79000064657
3630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012
735247422049454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000

2. Esfuerzo verdadero (v). Se define como la fuerza aplicada dividida entre el

rea transversal real o instantnea que posee el material mientras est
actuando la fuerza.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Adems, tambin se utiliza el concepto de deformacin unitaria. Existen dos tipos

de deformacin unitaria:
1. Deformacin unitaria de Ingeniera () Se define como la deformacin (L)
dividida entre la longitud inicial (L0) del material.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2. Deformacin unitaria verdadera (v) Se define de la siguiente manera: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Para nuestro curso, se considerarn nicamente las fuerzas aplicadas en tensin.

Suponga que se tiene una barra de rea circular Ao y longitud inicial Lo.
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e
74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346540000000049454320735247420000000000000000
000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000001163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000
000014626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a00000240000000
14646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c7
56d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c67545243
0000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776
c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31
000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45
00010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002000900
0600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000
00000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
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000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c7
56d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000430000000
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0000000000000
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0600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000
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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
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0000000000000
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00010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002000900
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00000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001

163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000
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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
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000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967687420286329203139393820486577
6c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e79000064657363000000000000001
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0000000000000
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45
00010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002000900
0600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000
00000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000

000014626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a00000
22c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464
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0c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0
000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967687420286329203139393820486577
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0000000000000
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00010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002000900
0600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000
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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000
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22c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464
000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c7
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0000000000000
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00010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002000900
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00000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000
000014626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a00000
22c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464
000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c7
56d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000430000000
0c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0
000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967687420286329203139393820486577
6c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e79000064657363000000000000001
2735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000001273524742
2049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45
00010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002000900
0600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000
00000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000
000014626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a00000

22c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464
000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c7
56d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000430000000
0c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0
000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967687420286329203139393820486577
6c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e79000064657363000000000000001
2735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000001273524742
2049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000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ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45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F
A
F
Ao
Lo

A esta barra se le aplica

una fuerza en tensin F.
Como consecuencia, la
barra se deforma L
Lf

Suponga que al inicio la fuerza aplicada es cero y luego su magnitud se incrementa

gradualmente hasta que la barra se rompe. Suponga que cada cierto tiempo se
grafica el esfuerzo aplicado contra la deformacin unitaria de la barra. A esa grfica
se le llama curva esfuerzo deformacin unitaria, y es una propiedad mecnica del
material del que est hecha la barra.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De la curva esfuerzo-deformacin unitaria

mecnicas en tensin para el material.

se

obtienen

varias

propiedades

1. Resistencia a la fluencia (y)

Es el valor del esfuerzo que debe aplicarse sobre el material para iniciar su
deformacin permanente. Formalmente se define como el valor del esfuerzo

que al ser aplicado al material produce una deformacin permanente de 0.2%,

tal como se ilustra en el esquema a continuacin.

ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201005f005f0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000
c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5
346540000000049454320735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4
85020200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000001163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c777
47074000001f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0
000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c
400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f800000
0146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c675
452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967687
4202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736
30000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000001273
5247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000

2. Mdulo de elasticidad (E)

Es la pendiente de la lnea recta que se forma en la zona elstica de la curva.
Para la zona elstica se cumple que = E
El mdulo de elasticidad es una medida de la rigidez del material. Si se tienen
dos materiales (A y B), A es ms rgido que B si se deforma elsticamente
menos que B al aplicarles a ambos la misma fuerza. El material es ms rgido
entre mayor sea su mdulo de elasticidad.
3. Mdulo de resiliencia (Er)
Es el valor numrico del rea bajo la curva en la zona elstica. Representa la
energa por unidad de volumen que el material absorbe cuando se deforma
elsticamente.
4. Relacin de Poisson ()
Es la relacin entre la deformacin unitaria longitudinal y la deformacin
unitaria lateral.
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006000600000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494
c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002
0009000600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000
00000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000001163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c7

7747074000001f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a0000021800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5. Resistencia a la tensin o esfuerzo ltimo (u)
Es el valor mximo del esfuerzo de ingeniera que se puede aplicar sobre el
material. Cuando el esfuerzo aplicado se iguala a la Resistencia a la tensin,
se inicia la estriccin y luego la fractura del material.
6. Ductilidad
La ductilidad es una medida de la cantidad de deformacin plstica que puede
darse en un material antes que ste se rompa. La ductilidad puede medirse
de dos formas:

El porcentaje de elongacin. Se define de la siguiente manera:
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 El porcentaje de reduccin de rea, el cual se define de la siguiente manera:
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Una idea cualitativa de la ductilidad de un material puede obtenerse al ver la
longitud de la curva esfuerzo deformacin unitaria en la direccin del eje .
7. Tenacidad
Es la energa por unidad de volumen que el material puede absorber antes de
romperse. La tenacidad es numricamente igual al rea bajo la curva
esfuerzo deformacin unitaria.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
Resistencia