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Ammonia - A colorless alkaline gas that is lighter than air and has a strongly pungent odor.

It is used as a fertilizer and refrigerant, in medicine, and in making dyes, textiles, plastics, and explosives. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitressin) and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus; affects blood pressure by stimulating capillary muscles and reduces urine flow by affecting reabsorption of water by kidney tubules Urinary bladder - stores urine until it is eliminated from the body. There are two sphincters where the urethra exits the bladder Bowmans capsule A cup-shaped structure around the glomerulus of each nephron of the vertebrate kidney. It serves as a filter to remove organic wastes, excess inorganic salts, and water. :All in all it, mechanically filters blood. Excretion - The elimination by an organism of waste products that result from metabolic processes. In vertebrates, the kidney filters blood, conserving water and producing urea and other waste products in the form of urine. The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder and discharged through the urethra. The skin and lungs, which eliminate carbon dioxide, are also excretory organs. Excretion definition from notes:

_ Urine flows from each kidney to a ureter _ Ureters deliver urine to bladder _ Contraction of the smooth muscle of the bladder forces urine out of the body into the urethra _ Skeletal muscle surrounds urethra; allows voluntary control of Urination Collecting duct filtrate - consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter. It participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion, processes regulated by the hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.

Filtration - fluid from blood is forced into renal capsule Flame cell - an organ of excretion in flatworms: a hollow cup-shaped cell containing a bunch of cilia, whose movement draws in waste products and wafts them to the outside through a connecting tubule Glomerulus A knot of highly permeable capillaries located within the Bowman's capsule of a nephron. Waste products are filtered from the blood in the glomerulus, initiating the process of urine formation. Notes Definition Mechanically filters blood Ureter conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Urine moves by way of peristaltic contraction Kidney a pair of organs that are located in the rear of the abdominal cavity in vertebrates. The kidneys regulate fluid balance in the body and filter out wastes from the blood in the form of urine. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Wastes filtered from the blood by the nephrons drain into the ureters, muscular tubes that connect each kidney to the bladder. The primary function according to the lecture notes is to regulate body fluid levels and the secondary function is to remove wastes.

Loop of Henle The loop-shaped segment of the nephron of a vertebrate kidney. It plays a role in the transport of ions and water and the concentrating of urine. Countercurrent exchange, which maintains the concentration gradient. -----Look at (3) in picture below----

Nephridium A Nephridium (plural nephridia) is an invertebrate organ which occurs in pairs and function similar to kidneys. Nephridia remove metabolic wastes from an animal's body. They are present in many different invertebrate lines Ex. Earth Worms have it Nephron Functional unit of kidney, in which waste products are filtered from the blood and urine is produced. The nephron consists of a system of tubules in close association with a network of blood vessels. As fluid that is filtered through the glomerulus of the nephron enters the tubules, its composition is gradually changed by the absorption and secretion of solutes, and it eventually leaves the nephron as urine. Urethrea small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to the outside, the canal that in most mammals conveys urine from the bladder out of the body. In human males it also conveys semen Renal artery The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below
the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood

Renal Vein - A vein which returns blood from the kidney to the vena cava. Renal cortex The part closest to the outside of the kidney containing the glomeruli and the proximaland distal convoluted tubules. Renal medulla The innermost part of the kidney, which contains the structures of nephrons responsible for maintaining the salt and water balance of the blood. Renal Pelvis Collects urine and funnels it to the ureter Urine A liquid containing multiple waste products of metabolism, especially urea and other nitrogenous compounds, that are filtered from the blood by the kidneys. Urine is stored in the urinary bladder and is excreted from the body through the urethra. Glomerulus Filtration/Tubular Reabsorbtion/Tubular Secretion

Tubule any small tubular structure, esp one in an animal, as in the kidney, testis, etc. Urea - The chief nitrogen-containing waste product excreted in the urine of mammals and some fish. It is the final nitrogenous product in the breakdown of proteins by the body, during which amino groups (NH2) are removed from amino acids and converted into ammonium ions (NH4), which are toxic at high concentrations. The liver then converts the ammonium ions into urea. Urea is also made artificially for use in fertilizers and medicine

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