ANALYSIS AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF A DIESEL ENGINE USING JATROPHA OIL AS BIOFUEL

By K.Thiyagarajan(1), A.R.Rizwaan(2) , and Mr.P.Saravanan(3) (1) Student, (2)Student, (3)Senior Lecturer DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MAILAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MAILAM. E-MAIL: kamarajvachu@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Fossil fuel resources are decreasing daily. Biofuel draws attention worldwide as direct replacements for diesel fuel in vehicle engines. Jatropha oil is one such alternative and can be used directly in diesel engines. Biofuel typically comprises lower alkyl fatty acid(chain length C14-C22), esters of shortchain alcohols, primarily methanol or ethanol. The main objective of this paper is to investigate experimentally on low heat rejection engine with raw jatropha oil, methylester of jatropha oil. Various methods have been reported for the biodiesel from jatropha oil, such as direct use, micro emulsification, transesterification. accepted technique. paralysis, Among The and these purpose of

to its low cost. Methyl esters of jatropha oils have several outstanding advantages over other new-renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives. Biofuel is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel. The results obtained indicate better performance and emission characteristics of engine with methyl ester of jatropha oil. Biofuel has better properties than petrodiesel fuel; it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and essentially free of sulphur and aromatics. Biodiesel seems to be a realistic fuel for future; it has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without modification. Keywords: Biodiesel; Jatropha oil; Viscosity; Transesterification; Catalyst; Renewability

transesterification is an attractive and widely transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of the oil. Methanol is the commonly used alcohol in this process, due

SEED COMPOSITION

1.INTORDUCTION
Jatropha curcas is a large shrub or tree native to the American tropics but commonly found and utilized throughout most of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Several properties of the plant, including its hardness, rapid growth, easy propagation and wide ranging usefulness have resulted in its spread far beyond its original distribution. The oil content of Jatropha seed ranges from 30 to 50% by weight and the kernel itself ranges from 45 to 60%. The Jatropha oil is slow-drying oil which is odorless and colorless when fresh but becomes yellow on standing. The fatty acid composition of Jatropha classifies it as a linoleic or oleic acid type, which are unsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of jatropha oil consists of myristic, palmitic, strearic, arachidic, oleic and lioleic acids. The seeds and oil are toxic due to the presence of cursive and curcasive. However, from the properties of this oil it is envisaged that the oil would be suitable as fuel oil. JATROPHA OIL: Biodiesel, Varnishes, Illuminants, Soap, Pest control and medicinal for skin diseases, Dark blue dye and wax can be produced from the bark of the Jatropha curcas plants. Jatropha plant stem is used as poor quality wood: Biofuel. Jatropha curcas leaves helps in dressing the wound. Jatopha roots help in making yellow dye. SEEDS OF JATROPHA Moisture Protein Fat Carbohydrates Fiber Ash 6.20% 18.00% 38.00% 17.00% 15.50% 5.30%

BENEFITS OF JATROPHA OIL

 Juice of the flowers of Jatropha curcas and the stem has very good medicinal properties. Pounded seeds are used in tanning. Press cake: Jatropha becomes Organic fertilizer and soil improver.

them fit for their use in the present diesel engines without any modification. The transesterification process creates ester from vegetable oil by using an alcohol in the presence of catalyst. This reduction takes a triglyceride molecule or complex fatty acid, neutralizes the fatty acids and removes the glycerin thereby creating an alcohol ester. Biodiesel is a fuel made from natural renewable sources such as vegetable oil. It is called as mono alkyl esters. Since it has similar properties to petroleum diesel fuel, biodiesel can be blended in any ratio with petroleum diesel fuel. Pure biodiesel is biodegradable, nontoxic and essentially free from sulphur and aromatics. The chemical process transesterification produces biodiesel and glycerin. Chemically, biodiesel is called is called methyl ester if the alcohol used is methanol. Commonly used catalysts are potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (Naoh). H RCOOH C

JATROPHA OIL

2. METHODOLOGY
The use of biofuel is an effective way of substituting diesel fuel in the long run. One important method that can be drawn from the work done earlier is the Jatropha oil cant be directly used in the diesel engine. Several problems crop up the unmodified fuel is used and the viscosity is the major factor. It has been found that transesterifcation is the most effective way to reduce the viscosity of Jatropha oil and to make

3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The experiments were conducted on a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, air cooled, kirloskar DI Diesel engine coupled to an electrical generator. Cylinder wall and cylinder head of the engine were coated with Zirconium Oxide (Zr2O3 ) for a thickness of 100 microns. The engine was run at constant speed of 1500 rpm. The performance of the engine was evaluated in terms of Brake thermal efficiency and emission characteristics like HC, CO, and smoke were recorded using diesel fuel, raw Jatropha oil, and methyl ester of Jatropha oil. In order to determine the cylinder peak pressure and heat release rate, the combustion analysis was performed in the engine. The experimental set-up employed in the investigation is given below. The experiment is carried out in a room temperature where the exhaust gas is not allowed to carry outside and the engine

damage to the specimens and the products used. EXPERIMENTAL DIAGRAM OUTLINE

11

setup is not allowed to use in between the nonexperimental times. The carryout of the experiment is not fixed with the exact time as for as the time period is concerned and the time period is not noted down after all the procedures are over the apparatus is once again checked for proper usage for the next time when the experiment is carried out. The apparatus is kept in a safer area without any

9
2

1.Bed 2. Engine 3. Electric Dynamometer

4. Rheostat 5. Pulsating Air Tank 6. Diesel Fuel Tank 8. Fuel Burette 9. Exhaust Manifold 10. 3 Way Valve 11. U-Tube Manometer 12. Exhaust Gas Analyzer. SPECIFIC GRAVITY(g m/cc) KINEMATIC VISCOSITY @40uC(cst) 0.834 0.9186 0.88

6.2

81.80

8.722

FLASH POINT (uC) NET-HEAT CONTENT (Kj/Kg) CETANE NUMBER

50

240

170

4360 0 4555

39774

38450

38

50

Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide were measured using MRU gas analyzer. The instrument consists of a probe which is
DURING BIOFUEL PRODUCTION

inserted into the exhaust pipe. The emission levels are noted. Smoke intensity was measured by means of a Bosch Smoke meter. A fixed quantity of the exhaust gas was passed through a fixed filter paper using pneumatically operated sampling pump. The
METHY L ESTER OF JATROP HA OIL

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Comparison of fuel properties of Jatropha oil, Methyl ester of Jatropha oil, Diesel.
DIES EL

density of the smoke stains on the paper was evaluated optically using a photoelectric unit. The smoke density is given in Bosch Smoke Number (BSN). The exhaust gas

PROPERTIES

JATROP HA OIL

temperature was measured by using a KType (Chromel-Alumel) thermocouple. A high speed digital data acquisition system in conjunction with a piezo-electric transducer was used for the measurement of cylinder pressure history.

higher with methyl ester of Jatropha oil.

BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY Owing to poor mixture formation, as a result of the low volatility and higher viscosity the brake thermal efficiency is lower with Raw Jatropha oil as compared to diesel. The maximum brake thermal efficiency with Raw Jatropha oil is about 22.54% where as it is 24.43% with diesel at 75% load condition. The brake thermal efficiency is EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE The maximum temperature of exhaust gas at peak brake power output is 352 U C With the raw Jatropha oil and 331U C with methyl ester of Jatropha oil. The maximum exhaust temperature is 320U C. the exhaust gas temperature of raw Jatropha oil, methyl ester of Jatropha oil was higher than. As a result, energy release at the expansion stroke increases the exhaust temperature that of diesel.

SMOKE INTENSITY Smoke level at the maximum power output is 4.25 BSU with the raw Jatropha oil. The smoke level with diesel is 2.25 BSU at maximum power. It can be observed that the smoke level was increased with Jatropha oil. This may due to the higher viscosity and density of raw Jatropha oil that leads to poor vaporization and slow combustion of injected fuel. When highly viscous Jatropha oil is injected, the atomization of fuel is poor leading to large droplets and less air entertainment resulting in inefficient combustion. This leads to higher smoke with raw Jatropha oil. However with esterified oil the smoke was very low.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was conducted with the support of Prof. Dr. S.SATHYA (Dept. of Mechanical Engineering), National Institute of Technology, Tirchy.

5.CONCLUSIONS
Biodiesel is a viable substitute for petroleum-based diesel fuel. Its advantages are improved lubricity, higher cetane number, cleaner emissions (except for NOx), reduced global warming, and enhanced rural development. Jatropha oil has potential as an alternative energy source. However, this oil alone will not solve our dependence on foreign oil within any practical time frame. Use of this and other alternative energy sources could contribute to a more stable supply of energy. Major production centers on the level of modern

petroleum refineries have not been developed. Experiments were conducted on a single cylinder, water cooled, zirconium coated DI diesel engine using raw Jatropha oil, methyl ester of Jatropha oil, methyl ester of Jatropha oil- diesel blend. The following conclusions are drawn based from the experimental results. The engine operation with raw Jatropha oil and methyl ester of Jatropha oil: Jatropha oil resulted in a slightly reduced thermal efficiency as compared to diesel. With the methyl ester of Jatropha oil the brake thermal efficiency is comparable to diesel values. Maximum brake thermal efficiencies are 25.10%, 25.31% and 26.91% with raw Jatropha oil, methyl ester of Jatropha oil and diesel.HC emission is higher with diesel as compared to raw Jatropha oil. CO emission is higher with Jatropha oil as compared to diesel. The maximum smoke level with raw Jatropha oil is 4.25 BSU and it is 3.605 BSU with methyl ester of Jatropha oil. In the case of diesel it is 2.25 BSU.Peak pressure is lower with raw jatropha oil as compared to diesel. To meet the challenges of excessive import, we have to strengthen our oilseed sector And lay special emphasis on harnessing the existing and augmenting future potential source of green fuel. The organized plantation and systematic collection of

Jatropha oil, being potential bio-diesel substitutes will reduce the import burden of crude petroleum substantially. The emphasis should be made to invest in agriculture sector for exploitation of existing potential by establishing model seed procurement Centers, installing preprocessing and processing facilities, oil extraction unit, trans-esterification units etc. There is also need to augment the future potential by investing largely on compact organized plantation of Jatropha on the available wastelands of the country. This will enable our country to become independent in the fuel sector by promoting and adopting biofuel as an alternative to petroleum fuels. It is evidenced that there are new work opportunities in Jatropha cultivation and biodiesel production related sectors, and the industry can be grown in a manner that favors many prosperous independent farmers and farming communities. Thus Jatropha oil gives us a good favour in biofuel production.

REFERENCES
[1] Jon H. Van Gerpen, Charles L. Peterson, Carroll E. Goering, Biodiesel: An Alternative Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines, For presentation at the 2007 Agricultural Equipment Technology

Conference Louisville, Kentucky, USA 1114 February 2007. [2] ASTM. 2002. D 6751 Standard specification for biodiesel fuel (B100) blend stock for distillate fuels. West Conshohocken, Penn.:ASTM International. [3] ASTM. 2006. Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils. West Conshohocken, Penn.: ASTM International. [4] Prof. (Dr.) R. K. Khotoliya, Dr. Harminder Kaur & Rupinder Sing, Biodiesel Production from Jatropha (SourceKurukshetra, volume-55, No-4, February2007). [5] Bradshaw, G. B., and W.C. Meuly. 1942. Process of making pure soaps. U.S. Patent 2,271,619. [6] Van Gerpen, J. 2005. Biodiesel processing and production.Fuel Processing Technology 86: 1097-1107. [7] T. Mirunalini, R.Anand and N.V.Mahalakshmi. JATROPHA OIL AS A RENEWABLE FUEL IN A DI DIESEL ENGINE. Proceedings of the 3rd BSME-ASME International Conference on Thermal Engineering, 20-22 December, 2006, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [8] Janske van Eijck Project Leader Biofuels, Diligent Tanzania and Henny Romijn Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies, Prospects for Jatropha Biofuels in Developing Countries.