EXPERIMENT 1.

AIM Making bread using yeast in the absence and presence of sugar PROBLEM STATEMENT What is the effect of sugar on the time taken for the dough to double its size? HYPOTHESIS The dough with sugar needs less time to double its size VARIABLES Manipulated : Presence of sugar Responding : Time taken for dough to double its size Constant : Quantity of yeast,initial size of dough

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS Boiling tube,mould of fixed size,a small bowl,spatula,stopwatch,yeast,warm water,sugar,flour TECHNIQUE Prepare the dough (one portion with sugar and the other one without sugar. Record the time taken for the dough to double its size with a stopwatch PROCEDURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Weigh 50 g of flour Add two spatulas of yeast into a boiling tube and mix it with 20cm of warm water Mix the flour and yeast together Knead the mixture into a dough Use a mould to fix the size of the dough and label it as A Repeat steps 1-5 but add in 15 g of sugar into the new mixture. Label the dough with sugar as B. Another dough can be prepared using salt and labelled as C 7. Leave all lumps of dough inside 8. Record the time taken for the dough to double its size

RESULTS DESCRIPTION Dough without sugar (A) Dough with sugar (B) Dough with salt (C) TIME TAKEN FOR DOUGH TO DOUBLE ITS SIZE (MINUTE) More than 30 30 More than 30

ANALYSING AND INTERPRETING DATA (DISCUSSION) The dough with sugar doubled its size within a short time while the dough without sugar shows no sign of increase in size after 30 minutes. There is also no change in size in the dough with salt CONCLUSION Hypothesis is accepted. The dough with sugar needs less time to double its size

EXPERIMENT 3.1 AIM To study the movement of substances across a semi-permeable membrane. PROBLEM STATEMENT What substances can move across a semi-permeable membrane such a Visking tubing? HYPOTHESIS Substances with small molecules can move across the Visking tubing but not large molecules. VARIABLES Manipulated : Size of substances Responding : Change in colour of solution in Visking tubing and beaker Costant : Temperature,time APPARATUS AND MATERIALS Visking tubing (20cm),test tubes,beaker,syringe,dropper,stopwatch,Bunsen burner,thread,5 % starch solution,iodine solution,benedicts reagent. TECHNIQUE Test the presence of starch and reducing sugar in the Visking tubing by using iodine test and Benedict test record the results. PROCEDURE 1. The visking tubing is immersed in water until it is soft. 2. One end of the Visking tubing is firmly tightened with thread. 3. The Visking tubing is then filled up with 10 ml of starch solution and 10 ml of glucose solution. The other end of the Visking tubing is tightened. The colour of the solution in the Visking tubing is recorded. 4. The whole Visking tubing is rinsed with distilled water. 5. The Visking tubing is placed in a beaker of water with 10 ml iodine solution in it (Figure 3.3). 6. The experiment is set aside for 30 minutes. 7. After 30 minutes,the Visking tubing is taken out from the beaker and placed in a dry beaker. 8. The colour change of the solution in the Visking tubing and in the beaker is recorded. 9. The solution in the Visking tubing and in the beaker are testedfor the presence of reducing sugar (glucose) by using the benedicts test. a) 2 ml of the solution to be tested is put into a test tube. 1 ml of the benedicts reagent is added to it.

b) The test tube is placed in a water bath and heated. Any change in colour is recorded. 10. The resulted of the test are recorded

RESULTS

Test

Contents of Visking tubing Initial colour Final colour Blue black Blue

Contents of beaker Initial colour Brown Blue Final colour Brown Brick-red precipitate

Iodine test (test for starch) Benedicts test (test for glucose)

Clear Blue

ANALYSIS 1. Glucose molecules are present outside the Visking tubing. Starch molecules remain in the Visking tubing. 2. This shows that glucose molecules can move across the wall of the Visking tubing while starch molecules cannot. 3. Hence, glucose molecules are smaller than starch molecules.

CONCLUSION The hypothesis is accepted. Substance consisting of small molecules can move across the semipermeable membrane (Visking tubing) but not large molecules.