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Chapter 3: Oscillators
OSCILLATORS
Oscillators are electronic circuits that produce a periodic waveform with only the dc supply voltage as an input. inp t No sinusoidal input is needed. If the feedback circuit returns the signal out of phase, an inverting amplifier produces p p positive feedback.
In phase Out of phase
Vf
Av Av
Vout Vout
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PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Sinusoidal oscillators action are based on the positive feedback. feedback The output signal is fed back to the input (in phase) causes the next output to be amplified. For most non-sinusoidal oscillators, their actions are rely on the time delay y y associated with the charging or discharging of the capacitor through a resistance.
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SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATOR
v O = Avi = A( vS + v f ) = A( vS + v O ) = AvS + A v O v O (1 A) = AvS vO A = vS 1 A
Kitar 1 2 3 4
vi(p) A = 100
vo(p)
vf(p)
0.1 A>1
Kitar 1 2 3 4
vo(p) 10 10 10 10
vi(p) A = 100
vo(p)
vf(p)
0.01 A=1
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BARKHAUSEN CRITERION
For an oscillator to operate properly, the following relationship must be fulfilled:
1. Loop gain, A = 1 ( normally A > 1 and < 1 ) Total loop phase shift = 0, 360, ..
2.
STARTING CONDITION
Feedback oscillators require a small disturbance such as that generated by thermal noise to start the oscillations. This initial voltage starts the feedback process and oscillations.
t0
Acl > 1
Acl = 1
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Use RC network
use LC network
WEINWEIN-BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
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WEINWEIN-BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
The basic Wien-bridge uses the lead-lag network to select a specific frequency that is amplified. The voltage-divider sets the gain to make up for the attenuation of the feedback network. The non-inverting amplifier must have a gain of exactly 3 as set by R1 and R2 to make up f the attenuation. for If it is too little, oscillations will not occur; and if it is too much the sine wave will be clipped.
Voltagedivider
R1 R2 + Vout
R3
C1 C2
R4
Lead-lag network
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FEEDBACK NETWORK
Z1 = R + Z2 = R
1 jC
1 jC
Z2 vf = vO Z 2 + Z1
vf = vO
1 1 3 + j RC RC
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The gain will be real when the phase shift is zero. Therefore
1 CR 1 1 fO = = 2RC RC CR =
Thus,
vf 1 = vO 3
A = 1+
R2 =3 R1
R2 = 2 atau R 2 = 2R1 R1
C1
R2 f
fr
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After the amplitude reaches to some value, the amplifier gain, A is reduced to 3 so that the loop gain, A = 1.
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Another type:
A = 1+
R2 R1 3 .3k = 3 .2 1 .5 k
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= 1+
Because A > 3, oscillation is started. When vO reach 0.7V, D1 ON while D2 still OFF. till OFF R3//R2 and this reduce A = 3. For ve cycle of output, D2 ON and D1 OFF. In the real application, R3 is normally application variable so as to reduce the distortion at vO.
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This means that A > 1, and oscillation is started. When vO reach the zener breakdown, zener ON and shorted the resistor, R3. Therefore A = 3 and the oscillation will sustain at one frequency.
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Determine the oscillating frequency. Show that the oscillator will start oscillate and sustain when vO reach 5.4 V.
fO =
When vO = 5.4V (0.7V + 4.7V), zener is ON thus shorted the resistor, R3. This makes
A=
R 1 + R 2 30k = =3 10k R1
1 A = 3 = 1 3
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(a) In order for the oscillator to oscillate, prove that 1+s2C1C2R1R2+s[C1R1+C2R2+(1-A)C2R1] = 0 where A=1+RA/RB (b) If C1=1nF, C2=100nF, R1=5k, R2=500, determine fO and RA (c) Draw and label the output waveform, vO
RA
RB
+15V
vo
+
-15V
C2 R2
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C1
R1
When the Rs and Cs in the feedback circuit are equal, the frequency of the bridge is given by 1
fr =
2RC
4.7 nF 680
R1
10 k
Vout +
fr =
1 2RC
Q1 R2 C2
D1
680
4.7 nF
1.0 k
R3
10 k
R4
1.0 F
C3
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PHASEPHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR
The phase-shift oscillator uses three RC circuits in the feedback path that have a total phase shift of 180o at one frequency for this reason an inverting freq enc in erting amplifier is required for this circuit. Each RC network will contribute 60 phase shift.
Even with identical Rs and Cs, the phase shift in each RC circuit is slightly different because of loading effects. When all Rs and Cs are equal, the feedback attenuates the signal by a factor of 29.
Rf
0V
C1
C2
C3 Vout
R1
R2
R3
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Conditions for oscillation with the phase-shift oscillator is that if all Rs and Cs are equal, the amplifier must have a gain of at least 29 to make up for the attenuation of the feedback circuit. This means that Rf /R3 29. Under these conditions, the frequency of oscillation is given by
Rf
0V
C1
C2
C3 Vout
R1
R2
R3
fr =
1 2 6 RC
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(a) Lag-networks
C R
C R
C R
vf
+V CC -
vO
+ -VCC
(b) Lead-networks
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fO =
At this frequency, =
vf 1 1 = = 180 O v O 1 5(6) 29
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Design a phase-shift oscillator for a frequency of 800 Hz. The capacitors are to be 10 nF. Start by solving for the resistors needed in the feedback circuit:
R= 1 1 = = 8.12 k (Use 8.2 k.) 2 6 f r C 2 6 ( 800 Hz )(10 nF )
Rf
238 k
C1 C2 C3 Vout +
10 nF
10 nF
R1 R2
10 nF
R3
8.2 k
8.2 k
8.2 k
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fO =
1 = 200Hz 2 6RC
R + R3 A = 2 R 1
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Oscillation will not started up because A < -29 If R3 is now set to 100k, then
910k + 100k A = = 33.9 33k
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
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Uses LC circuit as the feedback network to provide the phase shift and oscillate at particular frequency only.
Oscillating frequency where
fr =
1 2 LCT
CT =
C1C2 C1 + C2
C2 C1
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and
C2 C1
therefore
C A 2 = 1 C 1 C A= 1 C2
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A >
C1 C2
to start the oscillation, until VO reaches some value. A is then reduced to 1 so that the output is sustained. since Zi of the transistor is the load of the feedback network LC, this will reduce the quality factor, Q. For the parallel resonant circuit,
1 fr = 2 LCT
Q2 Q2 + 1
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HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
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Similar to Colpitts oscillator, but the feedback circuit is different. C1 is the blocking capacitor to block VCC from being shorted through L1. C2 is the blocking capacitor to block VCC from being shorted through L2. 1 The resonant frequency is f = r for Q >10 2 LT C where LT = L1 + L2 L1 and
= L2
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CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
Most communication system application needs an oscillator with stable output signal. For conventional oscillators, problems arise if some parameters are changed such as: Transistor:- re, AV thus AV Feedback components Circuit get heated, and this will make the value of the resistance changes If stability in oscillator is very much concerned, y crystal-controlled oscillator is used. This oscillator has a crystal quartz to control the frequency. This quartz is made of silicon dioxide, SiO2. Cuts with 6 sides and placed between 2 plates like a capacitor.
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Its operation is based on piezoelectric effect where crystal will vibrate at a constant rate when an electric field or voltage is applied. The vibrating frequency depends on the physical size of the crystal. i f th t l To produce a precise rate of frequency, crystal must be cut with the right measurement. The only factor that will change the frequency is temperature. But with proper cooling techniques, the crystals temperature can be kept constant constant. Its electrical operation is based on mechanical behaviour.
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+VCC
R1
R3
C4 Vout
R2 R4
C3
XTAL
C1
C2
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S =
1 LC S 1 C C L S P C +C P S
series resonance
P =
parallel resonance
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C P >> C S 1 LC S = S
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P > S
dan
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MULTIVIBRATORS
Is a circuit with zero, one or two stable output. 3 types:(1) Astable (free running) No stable output (2) Monostable (one shot) One stable output (3) Bistable Two stable output
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For the circuit shown below, (a) Find tH and tL for the output, VO. (b) Determine the duty cycle. (c) Clearly draw and label the waveforms of VC and VO.
R1 1k +15V vC vO + C 5 F R3 2k -12V R2 4k
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E EO t L = R 1 C ln E EC 12 5 = (1k )( 5 F ) ln 12 ( 4 ) 17 = (5 10 3 ) ln 8
= 3.77 ms
= 46%
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MONOSTABLE OPERATION
2 VCC 3
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Vout
555 C
6 2 TRIGGER
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5 1
0.01 F
ASTABLE OPERATION
2 VCC 3
+ 1 VCC 3
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For the circuit shown below, (a) Design a 555A to produce an output, VOA with a frequency of 1 kHz and a duty cycle of 80%. Use C = 0.01 F. (b) Clearly draw and label the waveforms of VCA, VOA, VCB dan VOB.
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VA
R1 R2 R3
Vout
VA +Vsat -Vsat
Comparator
f =
1 R2 4R1C R3
A1
+
VA D1
R1
C1
R3 R2 D2 +
A2
VO
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+ Vcontrol
+ 1 Vcontrol 2
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vi
fi
Phase Detector
ve
LPF
vd
fO
VCO Vcont
With no input, the error voltage, ve = 0, VCO input voltage 0 produce center frequency, fO. When input is applied, phase detector will compare the phase and frequency of vi with VCO and produce ve.
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ve consists of 2 components i.e the Total and Difference. LPF will only allow the different frequency, vd to pass through. This signal will then amplified by an amplifier to produce Vcont. This control voltage will force the frequency of VCO, fO to change and reduce the difference between fi and fO. When fi and fO are equal, PLL will lock vi.
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The phase detector is also function as a multiplier circuit to produce the TOTAL and DIFFERENCE frequency between fi and fO. Say y v ( t ) = v sin t = v sin 2f t
i i i i
v O ( t ) = v O sin t = v O sin 2f O t
When multiplied:-
This shows that the phase detector consists of 2 components i.e (fi - fO) and (fi + fO). When PLL is locked, fi = fO. This means (fi - fO) = 0 (shows pure DC value). This Thi DC will th amplified and feedback to ill then lifi d d f db k t VCO.
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