Sol M1a02

75
Chapter 2: Derivatives of Functions
Chapter 2 Derivatives of Functions

Skills Assessment (P.76)
1. (a)
3.
When x = 1, y = 13 = 1;
when x = 2, y = 23 = 8;
when x = 3, y = 33 = 27;
when x = 4, y = 43 = 64, etc.
That is, for each value of x, there is one
(and only one) corresponding value of y.
Hence, y is a function of x.
y
3
y= x
2
1
(b) a x + 3 = y
` y=
x + 3 or - x + 3
That is, for each value of x (except x = -3),

there are two corresponding values of y.
Hence, y is not a function of x.
(c)
2. (a)
According to the question, y = rx.

When x = 1, y = r(1) = r;
when x = 2, y = r(2) = 2r;
when x = 3, y = r(3) = 3r;
when x = 4, y = r(4) = 4r, etc.
That is, for each value of x, there is one
(and only one) corresponding value of y.
Hence, y is a function of x.
2 (0) + 3
f (0) = 0 - 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exercise 2A (P.85)
1.
4 4.9 4.99 4.999 g 5.001 5.01 5.1 6
f (x) 3 3.9 3.99 3.999 g 4.001 4.01 4.1 5

`
lim (x - 1) = 4
x "5
2. (a)
(i)
lim f (x)
x "1
= lim (x - 2)
x "1
= -2

f (-1) =
=1-2
= -1
2 (-1) + 3
-1 - 2
(ii)
= - 31
x "1
= 3(1) + 1
=4
` We cannot find f (2).

2 (2 + h) + 3
f (2 + h) = (2 + h) - 2
=
02 M Maths TM 1A (E)-R1G-KJ.indd 75
7 + 2h
h
x "1
= lim (3x + 1)
(b) When x = 2, f (x) is undefined.
(c)
lim g (x)
(b) (i)
lim [f(x) + g(x)]

x "1
= lim f (x) + lim g (x)

x "1
x "1
= -1 + 4
=3
2009/6/12 6:05:05 PM
76
Solutions
(ii)
lim [2g(x)] = 2 : lim g(x)
x "1
7. (a)
x "1
f (x)
f (x)
undefined
2.001
5.997 0
1.9
6.333 3
2.01
5.970 3
1.99
6.030 3
2.1
5.727 3
1.999
6.003 0
4.5
= 2(4)
=8
3. (a)
2
lim 2 = 0 +
1
x "0 x + 1
=2
(b)
lim xx = lim x
x "0
x "0
=0
lim x 3-x 1 = 6
x" 2
4.
0 0.9 0.99 0.999 g 1.001 1.01 1.1 2
f (x) 1 2.8 2.98 2.998 g 3.002 3.02 3.2 5
(b)
f (x)
f (x)
1.001
3 003
0.9
-27
1.01
303
0.99
-297
1.1
33
0.999
-2 997
` lim (2x + 1) = 3
x "1
5.
f (x)
f (x)
-2
-0.999
16.024 0
-1.1
13.69
-0.99
16.240 9
-1.01
15.760 9
-0.9
18.49
-1.001
15.976 0
49
h
`
x -1
lim (3x + 7)2 = 16
8. Let f (x) = x - 1 .
(a)
f (x)
f (x)
-4
2.001
0.005 0
1.9
-0.49
2.01
0.050 1
1.99
-0.049 9
2.1
0.51
1.999
-0.005 0
lim (x + 3)(x - 2) = 0
x" 2
lim x 3-x 1 does not exist.
x" 1
x "-1
6.
When x approaches 1, f(x) does not

approach a fixed number.
f (x)
f (x)
3.001
4.001
2.9
3.9
3.01
4.01
2.99
3.99
3.1
4.1
2.999
3.999
2
-1
lim xx =4
1
x" 3
2009/6/12 6:05:13 PM
(b)
f (x)
f (x)
1.001
2.001
0.9
1.9
1.01
2.01
0.99
1.99
1.1
2.1
0.999
1.999
(ii)
lim g(x) = lim (x2 + 2x + 1)
x" 1
x" 1
2
= 1 + 2(1) + 1
=4
(b) (i)
lim [f(x) + g(x)]

x" 1
= lim f(x) + lim g(x)

x" 1
9. (a)
(ii)
lim x - 1 = 2
x" 1 x - 1
x" 1
x" 1
f (x)
f (x)
-1
0.001
0.499 9
-0.1
0.513 2
0.01
0.498 8
-0.01
0.501 3
0.1
0.488 1
-0.001
0.500 1
0.414 2
x" 1
=0-4
= -4
11. (a)
x" 0
lim [f(x) - g(x)]

= lim f(x) - lim g(x)
` lim
x" 1
=0+4
=4
77
(i)
lim f(x) = lim (2x - 1)
x" 2
x" 2
= 2(2) - 1
=3
(ii)
lim g(x) = lim (x2 + 1)
x" 2
x" 2
= 22 + 1
=5
x+1-1
= 0.5
x
(b) (i)
lim [f(x)g(x)]
x" 2
= lim f(x) : lim g(x)

(b)
f (x)
f (x)
0.261 2
8.001
0.250 0
7.9
0.251 0
8.01
0.249 9
7.99
0.250 1
8.1
0.249 0
7.999
0.250 0
0.240 3
x" 2
x" 2
= (3)(5)
= 15
(ii)
lim
x" 2
lim f (x)
f (x)
x"2
=
lim g (x)
g (x)
x"2
lim
x" 8
= 5
12. (a)
x+1-1
= 0.25
x
lim [f(x) + g(x)]

x" 1
= lim f(x) + lim g(x)

x" 1
x" 1
= lim (3x - 1) + lim

x" 1
10. (a)
(i)
lim f (x) = lim (x - 2x + 1)
x" 1
x" 1
2
= 1 - 2(1) + 1
=0
x" 1
x+4
= 3(1) - 1 + 1 + 4
= 2+ 5
2009/6/12 6:05:24 PM
78
Solutions
(b) lim [f(x)g(x)]
15. (a)
x" 0

x" 0
= lim 1f (x) + lim 1g (x)
x" 0
= lim (3x - 1) : lim x + 4
x"4
x" 0
x" 0
x"4
= lim (21x + 1) +
lim
x"4
= [3(0) - 1]( 0 + 4 )
1
2
x"4
= -2
13. (a)
lim : f (1x) + g 1(x) D

x" 4
= 2 (41) + 1 +
lim [3f(x) - 2g(x)]
13
= 3 lim f (x) - 2 lim g (x)
(b) lim { f(x) - [g(x)] }

2
x" 2
x" 2
= 3 lim (2x - 1) - 2 lim (2x + 1)

x" 2
1
2
4 +4-4
= 36
x" 2
x" 2
= lim f(x) - 8 lim g (x) B 2

x" 2
x" 2
x" 2
= 3[2(2) - 1] - 2[2(2) + 1]
= lim (2x + 1) - b lim
= -1
x" 2
x" 2
x " -1
=3

x " -1
= lim (2x - 1) : lim (2x + 1)

x " -1
x " -1
16. (a)
= [2(-1) - 1][2(-1) + 1]
lim [f(x) - g(x)]

x" 2
= lim f(x) - lim g(x)

x" 2
=3
x" 2
= lim (x2 + x + 8) - lim (x2 - x + 8)

x" 2
14. (a)
x +x-4l
2
= 2(2) + 1 - _ 2 + 2 - 4 i
(b) lim [f(x)g(x)]

x " -1
x +x-4
lim [g(x) - f(x)]

x" 4
= lim g(x) - lim f(x)

x" 4
x" 4
= lim (x + 9) - lim (x + 3)
x" 4
2
x" 2
= (22 + 2 + 8) - (22 - 2 + 8)
=4
(b)
x" 4
lim
x " -1
lim f (x)
f (x)
x " -1
= lim g (x)
g (x)
x " -1
= (4 + 9) - (4 + 3)
lim (x + x + 8)
= 18
=
2
x" 0
= 8 lim (x + 3) B 2 - lim (x + 9)
x" 0
x" 0
2
lim (x - x + 8)
x " -1
(b) lim {[f(x)] - g(x)}
= 8 lim f (x) B 2 - lim g (x)

x" 0
x" 0
x " -1
(-1) + (-1) + 8
2
(-1) - (-1) + 8
= 45
= (0 + 3) - (0 + 9)
=0
lim (x - 3)
17.
lim x - 3 = x " 2
lim (x + 4)
x" 2 x + 4
x"2
2-3
= 2+4
= - 61
2009/6/12 6:05:39 PM
18.
lim (2x + 1)
lim 2x2 + 1 =
x" 2
79
x"2
21.
3x - 6
lim (3x - 6)
f (x)
f (x)
1.001
1.36
0.9
1.31
1.01
1.36
0.99
1.35
1.1
1.41
0.999
1.36
1.95
x"2
2 (2) + 1
2
3 (2) - 6
5
= 6
-3x + 2
19. lim
=
2
x" 1 x - 3
lim (-3x + 2)
x "1
lim (x - 3)
x "1
-3 (1) + 2
1 -3
lim e - ex2 = 1.36
x" 1
= 21
22.
20. (a)
f (x)
f (x)
undefined
3.001
0.000 4
2.9
-0.045 8
3.01
0.004 3
2.99
-0.004 4
3.1
0.041 4
2.999
-0.000 4
0.301 0
(x - 1)
2
(3x + 1) (3x - 1)
-1
lim 93xx = lim1
3x - 1
1
1
x"
x"
3
= lim1 (3x + 1)
x"
= 3 a 31 k + 1
=2
2
x -1
23. lim x - 1 = lim

x" 1
x" 1
(x - 1) (x + x + 1)
x-1
= lim (x2 + x + 1)
x" 1
2
=1 +1+1
=3
lim log (x - 2) = 0
x" 3
(b)
f (x)
f (x)
undefined
2.001
-3
1.9
undefined
2.01
-2
1.99
undefined
2.1
-1
1.999
undefined
x -1
24. lim x - 1 = lim

x" 1
x" 1
(x + 1) (x + 1) (x - 1)
x-1
= lim (x2 + 1)(x + 1)

x" 1
= (12 + 1)(1 + 1)
=4
2
25. lim

`
lim log (x - 2) does not exist.
x" 2
x" 1
2
(x - 1)
x - 2x + 1
= lim (x + 3) (x - 1)
2
x" 1
x + 2x - 3
x-1
= lim x + 3
x" 1
-1
= 11 +
3
=0
2009/6/12 6:05:51 PM
80
Solutions
26.
lim
x" 2
2
(x + 1) (x - 2)
x -x-2
= lim (2x + 7) (x - 2)
2
x" 2
2x + 3x - 14
x+1
= lim 2x + 7
x" 2
Exercise 2B (P.91)
1. (a)
1
= 2 (22+
)+7
1+
x+1
=
2x - 1
2-
1
x
1
x
1 + 1x
x+1
(b) lim 2x - 1 = lim

x "3 2 - 1
x "3
x
= 11
1+0
= 2-0
3x - 2
27. lim e
x" 1
lim (3x - 2)
= 21
= ex "1
3(1) - 2
=e
=e
2. (a)
28.
lim e
x2 + 3x + 5
x " -1
lim (x2 + 3x + 5)
22
2x - 1
=
2
x + 3x
1+
= e x " -1
(-1)
=e
3
=e
2 + 3(-1) + 5
1
x2
3
x
2 - a 1x k
1 + 3 a 1x k
2
2 - a 1x k
lim 22x - 1 = lim
x "3 x + 3x
x "3 1 + 3 a 1 k
x
2
29.
lim e
x2 + 2x + 8
x" 2
lim (x2 + 2x + 8)
=e
=e
x"2
(b)
22 + 2 (2) + 8
2-0
= 1 + 3 (0)
4
=e
=2
30. lim ln (4x + 3) = ln 8 lim (4x + 3) B

x" 3
x" 1
= ln [4(3) + 3]
= ln 15
3. (a)
x +7
x +7
31. lim ln x + 3 = ln d lim x + 3 n
x" 1
x" 1
2
2x - 3
f(x) = 5x + 2
1 +7
= ln 1 + 3
(b)
= ln 2
2- x
5 + 2x
2 - 3 a 1x k
5 + 2 a 1x k
lim f (x) = lim
x "3
x "3
2 - 3 a 1x k
5 + 2 a 1x k
2 - 3 (0)
32. lim ln x + x + 1 = ln
x" 1
lim (x + x + 1)
= 5 + 2 (0)
x" 1
3
= ln 1 + 1 + 1
= 25
= ln 3 2
= 21 ln 3
2009/6/12 6:06:10 PM
81
4. (a)
1 + 32
2
x
x +3
8. lim 2
= lim
x "3 1 - 6
x "3 x - 6
2
x - 2x - 3
f(x) = 2
x + 3x - 5
1 - 2 - 32
(b)
1+
x
5
= lim
3
- 2
x
x
x "3
1 - 2 a 1x k - 3 a 1x k
1 + 3 a 1x k - 5 a 1x k
lim f (x) = lim
x " -3
1 + 3 (0)
1 - 6 (0)
1 + 3 a 1x k - 5 a 1x k
1 - 2 (0) - 3 (0)
1 + 3 (0) - 5 (0)
1+
2
x + 2x + 1
9. lim 2
= lim
x "3 x - 3x - 6
x "3 1 -
x "3
= lim
x "3
1
x
6
x
1 - 3 a 1x k - 6 a 1x k
1 + 2 (0) + 0
3 - 6 a 1x k
2
3x - 2x + 1
10. lim
= lim
2
x "3
x "3
2x - 7
2-
-1 + 1x
lim
x "3 1 - 5
x
- 1 + 1x
lim
x "3 1 - 5 a 1 k
x
-1 + 0
3 - 2 a 1x k + a 1x k
2 - 7 a 1x k
x "3
lim -xx-+51 =
3 - 2x + 12
x
= lim
x "3
1 - 3 (0) - 6 (0)
= 23
6.
= 1
2 + 1x
2+0
= 3 - 6 (0)
2
1
x + 2
x
3
6
x - 2
x
1 + 2 a 1x k + a 1x k
= lim
2+
lim 2x + 1 = lim
x "3 3x - 6
x "3 3 -
= 1
5.
1 - 6 a 1x k
= 1
1 - 2 a 1x k - 3 a 1x k
x " -3
1 + 3 a 1x k
3 - 2 (0) + 0
2 - 7 (0)
= 2
-3 + 22
2
x
-3x + 2
11. lim
= lim
2
x "3 x - 3
x "3 1 - 3
2
= 1 - 5 (0)
= -1
7.
6 - 1x
-1
lim 26xx +
= lim
3
x "3 2 +
x "3
= lim
x "3
6 - 1x
2 + 3 a 1x k
6-0
= lim
x "3
3
x
-3 + 2 a 1x k
1 - 3 a 1x k
-3 + 2 (0)
1 - 3 (0)
= -3
= 2 + 3 (0)
=3
2009/6/12 6:06:27 PM
82
12.
Solutions
lim
x " -3
2
1
x + 2
x
3
2
x - 2
x
12
x - 2x + 1
= lim
2
x " -3 1 +
x + 2x - 3
x " -3
1 - 2 a 1x k + a 1x k
= lim
x " -3
16. lim
1 + 82 - 23
13.
lim
x " -3
1 + 8 a 1x k - 2 a 1x k
1 + 2 (0) - 3 (0)
3
1
x - 2 + 3
x " -3 2
= lim
x " -3
= 1
12
x -x-2
= lim
2
x " -3 2 +
2x + 3x - 14
= lim
2
1 + 2 a 1x k - 3 a 1x k
1 - 2 (0) + 0
x + 8x - 2
2
2x - 3x + 1
2 a 1x k - 3 a 1x k + a 1x k
2
1 + 8 a 1x k - 2 a 1x k
2
1
2
x - 2
x
3
14
x - 2
x
As x"-3,
2 a 1x k - 3 a 1x k + a 1x k
2
undefined.
1 - 1x - 2 a 1x k
lim
2
x " -3
2 + 3 a 1x k - 14 a 1x k
3
3
" 01 which is
1 - 0 - 2 (0)
lim
x " -3
x + 8x - 2
does not exist.
2
2x - 3x + 1
2 + 3 (0) - 14 (0)
= 21
17.
lim
x " -3
- 1x + 62
x
-x + 6
= lim
2
x " -3 1 + 1 - 12
x + x - 12
x
2
x
- 1x + 6 a 1x k
lim
2
x " -3
1 + 1x - 12 a 1x k
2
14.
lim
x "3
3+ 1
3 x +1
x
= lim
6 x - 11
x "3 6 - 11
3+
= lim
x "3
1
x
6 - 11
1
x
18. (a)
(b)
2 a 1x k + a 1x k
3 - 6 a 1x k
2 (0) + 0
3 - 6 (0)
=0
-x
2
1
x + 2
x
2x + 1
15. lim
= lim
2
x "3 3x - 6
x "3 3 - 6
2
x "3
1 + 0 - 12 (0)
3e + 1
x
e +3
f(x) =
=
= lim
=0
3+ 0
=
6 - 11 0
= 21
-0 + 6 (0)
3+e
-x
1 + 3e
-x
lim f (x) = lim 3 + e - x
x "3
x "3
1 + 3e
3+0
= 1 + 3 (0)
=3
19.
lim _1 - e x i = 1 - lim e x
1
x "3
x "3
lim
= 1 - ex "3 x
0
= 1-e
=0
2009/6/12 6:06:44 PM
20.
-x
0
lim 3 + e- x = 53 +
-0
x "3 5 - e
27.
lim ln 3ex + 1 = ln d lim 3ex + 1 n

x
e +4
x "3
x "3
e +4
3+e n
= ln d lim
-x
-x
= 5
21.
83
x "3
1 + 4e
3+0
= ln 1 + 4 (0)
-3x
+0
lim 2 + e 1 = 12 +
0
x "3 1 +
= ln 3
=2
22.
28.
-x
lim e x + 1 = lim 1 + e-x
x "3
e -1
x "3
2x
x
0 + 2 (0) + 3
lim e2x + 2e x + 3 =
0 - 2 (0) - 3
x " -3 e - 2e - 3
= -1
1-e
1+0
= 1-0
23.
x "- 3
= ln e lim
-x
lim
x "3
x +x+2
2
2x - x + 4
29. lim ln
= 1
6
6e
= lim
x
-x
e -1
x "3 1 - e
x +x+2 o
2
2x - x + 4
2
x " -3
= ln
6 (0)
= 1-0
lim
x " -3
x +x+2
2
2x - x + 4
1 + 1x + 22
=0
= ln
24.
lim
x " -3
-x
lim e x + e- x = lim 1
x "3
e +e
2 - 1x + 42
x "3
= ln
= 1
x+2
x+2
25. lim ln x + 4 = ln b lim x + 4 l
x " -3
x " -3
= ln f lim
1 + 2x
= ln > lim
1 + 2 a 1x k
x " -3
x " -3
1 + 4x
x " -3
= ln
2
1 + 1x + 2 a 1x k
2
2 - 1x + 4 a 1x k
1 + 0 + 2 (0)
2 - 0 + 4 (0)
= - 21 ln 2
1 + 4 a 1x k
lim
1 + 2 (0)
Exercise 2C (P.98)
1. (a)
= ln 1 + 4 (0)
= ln 1
=0
Dx
= 3.05 - 3
= 0.05
(b) Dy = [2(3.05) + 1] - [2(3) + 1]
= 0.1
26.
lim ln 3ex + 1 = ln d lim 3ex + 1 n

x
x " -3
e +4
x " -3
e +4
(c)
3 (0) + 1
= ln 0 + 4
= -ln 4
2. (a)
Dy
Dx
0.1
0.05
=2
By the constant rule,

fl(x) = 0
2009/6/12 6:07:03 PM
84
Solutions
(b) By the power rule,
13. (a)
By the power rule,
3-1
gl(x) = 3x
2
= 3x
dy
= 5x5 - 1
dx
4
= 5x
3. By the power rule,

7-1
fl(x) = 7x
dy
dx
(b)
= 7x6
= 5(1)4
x =1
=5
6
` fl(-1) = 7(-1)
=7
2
14. a y = x
2
4. Dy = 4r(7) - 4r(6)
= 52r
dy
= 3x2
dx
(a)
The slope of the tangent at (2 , 8)

dy
5.
Dy
9r (10.1) - 9r (10)
=
Dx
10.1 - 10
= dx
= 3(2)2
= 180.9r
6. By the constant rule,
fl(x) = 0
= 12
(b) The slope of the tangent at (-1 , -1)
dy
= dx
fl(x) = 0
fl(x) = 0
6-1
fl(x) = 6x
x =2
x = -1
= 3(-1)2
=3
6
15. a y = x
dy
= 6x5
dx
(a)
The slope of the tangent at ( 2 , 4)

dy
= dx
5
= 6x
x= 2
= 6( 2 )5
9-1
fl(x) = 9x
8
= 9x
= 24 2
(b) The slope of the tangent at (-1 , 1)
dy
= dx

15 - 1
fl(x) = 15x
x = -1
= 6(-1)5
= -6
14
= 15x
12. (a)

By the power rule,

gl(x) = 2x2 - 1
= 2x
(b) gl(4) = 2(4)
=8
16. a y = x
dy
= nxn - 1
dx
dy
dx
x =1
=5
n-1
` n(1)
=5
n=5
2009/6/12 6:07:14 PM
85
17. a y = x
20. (a)
(i)
Dy
dy
= nxn - 1
dx
dy
dx
x =2
2 - (2 + D x)
= 2 (2 + D x)
= 12
-D x
= 2 (2 + D x)
n-1
` n(2)
= 12
n=3
= 2 +1 D x - 21
Dy
(ii)
Dx
-D x
= D1x $ 2 (2 + D x)
18. a y = x
= 2 (2-+1 D x)
dy
= 3x3 - 1
dx
= 3x2
Let the coordinates of P be (x0 , y0).
`
dy
dx
x = x0
(b)
dy
dx
x =2
= lim 2 (2-+1 D x)
Dx " 0
1
= 2 (2-+
0)
=- 41
x0 = 21 or - 21
3
When x0 = 21 , y0 = a 21 k = 81 ;
when x0 = - 21 , y0 = a- 21 k = - 81 .
3
` The coordinates of P are a 21 , 81 k or
Supp. Exercise 2 (P.100)

1. (a)
f (x)
f (x)
2.001
3.999 5
1.9
4.052 6
2.01
3.995 0
1.99
4.005 0
2.1
3.952 4
1.999
4.000 5
3.666 7
a- 1 , - 1 k .
2
8
19. (a)
f(x + Dx) - f(x)

= [3(x + Dx)2 - 4] - (3x2 - 4)
= 3(x + Dx)2 - 3x2
= 3(x2 + 2xDx + Dx2) - 3x2
= 3D x (2x + D x)
`
(b) lim
Dx " 0
Dy
Dx " 0 Dx
= 4
3x02 = 4

= lim
f (x + D x) - f (x)
Dx
3D x (2x + D x)
Dx
Dx " 0
lim ` 3 + 2x j = 4
x "2
(b)
f (x)
f (x)
-1
0.001
2 003
-0.1
-17
0.01
203
-0.01
-197
0.1
23
-0.001
-1 997
= lim
= lim 3(2x + Dx)

Dx " 0
= 3(2x + 0)
= 6x
(c)
a fl(x) = lim
Dx " 0
f (x + D x) - f (x)
Dx
= 6x
` fl(2) = 6(2)
= 12

`
lim ` 3 + 2x j does not exist.
x "0
2009/6/12 6:07:31 PM
86
Solutions
2. (a)
f (x)
f (x)
1.666 7
3.001
2.500 9
4. (a)
lim [4f (x) + 3g (x)]

x "2
= 4 $ lim f (x) + 3 $ lim g (x)

x "2
2
x "2
2
= 4 [2 (2) + 3] + 3 (2 - 4)
2.9
2.412 8
3.01
2.508 8
2.99
2.491 3
3.1
2.587 8
2.999
2.499 1
3.4
= 44
(b)
lim
x "0
lim f (x)
f (x)
x"0
= lim g (x)
g (x)
x"0
`
(b)
lim x + 1 = 2.5
x "3 x + 1
0 -4
3
= -4
f (x)
f (x)
-2
-5
-1.1
-22.1
-0.99
198.01
-1.01
-202.01
-0.9
18.1
-0.999 1 998.001
2x + 5
2 (2) + 5
5. lim x + 1 = 2 + 1
x "2
=3
2
6. lim
x "1
-1.001 -2 002.001
h
2 (0) + 3
2
2 (1) - 7 (1) + 6
2x - 7x + 6
=
2
2
3x - x + 1
3 (1) - 1 + 1
= 31
When x approaches -1, f(x) does not

2
`
3. (a)
lim x + 1 does not exist.

x "-1 x + 1
lim [f (x) + g (x)]

x "1
= lim f (x) + lim g (x)

x "1
x "1
6 - 9 a 1x k + 6 a
lim
x "3
3 - 5 a 1x k + 3 a
6 - 9 (0) + 6 (0)
3 - 5 (0) + 3 (0)
1k
x
2
1k
x
=2
= lim (2x - 1) + lim 2x + 1

x "1
6- + 2
2
x
x
6x - 9x + 6
7. lim
= lim
2
x "3 3 - 5 + 3
x "3 3x - 5x + 3
2
x "1
2
= 2 (1) - 1 + 2 (1) + 1
= 1+ 3
8.
(b) lim [f (x) g (x)]
lim
x " -3
9
+ 102
x
x
9x + 10
= lim
2
x " -3 1 - 3 + 2
x - 3x + 2
2
x
x "0
= lim f (x) $ lim g (x)

x "0
x "0
= lim
x " -3
= lim (2x - 1) $ lim 2x + 1

x "0
9 a 1x k + 10 a 1x k
= [2 (0) - 1] $ 2 (0) + 1
= -1
1 - 3 a 1x k + 2 a 1x k
x "0
9 (0) + 10 (0)
1 - 3 (0) + 2 (0)
=0
2009/6/12 6:07:48 PM
87
9.
3
2
1+
lim x 3+ x = lim
x " -3
x " -3
x +1
1+
1
x
1
x
100
= 101x
1 + 1x
= lim
x " -3
(d) By the power rule,

fl(x) = 101x101 - 1
1 + a 1x k
14. a y = x
1+0
3
1+0
= 1
dy
= 5x4
dx
(a)

dy
10.
) = 8 lim (1 - e
= dx
= 8 a1 - lim e
= 5(2)4
= 80
-2x
-2x
lim 8 (1 - e
x "3
x "3
-2x
x "3
= 8(1 - 0)
=8
11.
Dy
Dy
Dx
(b) The slope of the tangent at (-1 , -1)

dy
= [4(2 + Dx)2 + (2 + Dx) + 1] - [4(2)2 + 2 + 1]

= 4[4Dx + (Dx)2] + Dx
= 17Dx + 4(Dx)2
=
17D x + 4 (D x)
Dx
= dx
Dy
1
= (1 + D1x) + 4 - 1 +
4
x = -1
= 5(-1)4
=5
4
15. a y = x
= 17 + 4D x
12.
x =2
dy
= 4x3
dx
(a)

dy
= 5 +1 D x - 51
= dx
x =0
= 4(0)3
=0
5 - (5 + D x)
= 5 (5 + D x)
-D x
= 5 (5 + D x)
Dy
Dx
(b) The slope of the tangent at ( 3 , 9)

dy
-D x
5 (5 + D x)
= dx
Dx
= 4( 3 )3
= 5 (5-+1 D x)
13. (a)
By the constant rule,

fl(x) = 0
x= 3
= 12 3
16. (a)
lim [f (x) g (x)]

x "1
= lim f (x) $ lim g (x)

x "1
(b) By the power rule,

fl(x) = 7x7 - 1
6
= 7x
(c)

x "1
= lim (e + 3) $ lim (e - 4)
x "1
1
x "1
1
= (e + 3) (e - 4)
2
= e - e - 12
By the power rule,

fl(x) = 14x14 - 1
13
= 14x
2009/6/12 6:08:04 PM
88
Solutions
f (x)
g (x)
20. lim
lim f (x)
= lim
(b) lim
x "0
(1 + 2x) - 1 - 8x
2
4x
2
3
4
(1 + 8x + 24x + 32x + 16x ) - 1 - 8x
x "0
x"0
= lim g (x)
4x
x "0
2
x"0
24x + 32x + 16x

= lim
2
4x
x "0
lim (e + 3)
x"0
lim (e - 4)
= lim (6 + 8x + 4x )
x"0
x "0
e +3
0
e -4
= 6 + 8(0) + 4(0)
=6
= - 43
21. lim e
17. lim
x "2
= lim
x "2
x -4
3
x -8
2
(x - 2) (x + 2x + 4)
x+2
2
x + 2x + 4
x "2
lim (x2 - 3x - 4)
= e x " -1
(x + 2) (x - 2)
= lim
x2 - 3x - 4
x "-1
2+2
2
2 + 2 (2) + 4
(- 1)
=e
= e0
= 1
- 3(- 1) - 4
22. lim (2 - x ) e
2
3x + 4
x "-1
= 31
2
= lim (2 - x ) $ lim e
x " -1
(x + 1) (x + 5)
18. lim
lim
= lim (2 - x ) $ e x " -1
3x + 4
x "-1
x - 25
x "-5
3x + 4
x " -1
(x + 1) (x + 5)
= lim (x + 5) (x - 5)
x "-5
2
x +1
= lim x - 5
x "-5
2
(-5) + 1
2
= [2 - (-1) ] e
=e
2
4x + 8
2
2x + 1
23. lim ln
= -5 - 5
x "1
= ln e lim
13
=-5
3 (- 1) + 4
4x + 8 o
2
2x + 1
2
x "1
2
19. lim
x "0
x +9 2
x +1
2
x +9 + x +1
4 (1) + 8
= ln
2 (1) + 1
= ln 2
0 +9 - 0 +1
0 +9 + 0 +1
= 21
24. lim ln
x "0
2x
4+e
2x
4-e
2x
4+e o
= ln e lim
2x
x "0
4-e
2 (0)
4+e
= ln
2 (0)
4-e
5
= ln 3
2009/6/12 6:08:21 PM
25. lim
x "3
89
2e + 7
x
4e + 8
-x
2 + 7e
= lim
-x
x "3
4 + 8e
2 + 7 (0)
= 4 + 8 (0)
= 21
26. lim
x " -3
2e + 7
x
4e + 8
2 (0) + 7
= 4 (0) + 8
7
= 8
27. a y = x
dy
= nxn - 1
dx
dy
dx
x = -1
= -2
n-1
` n(-1)

= -2
n=2
28. a y = x
dy
= 4x3
dx
Let the coordinates of P be (x0 , y0).

`
dy
dx
x = x0
= 13.5
4x03 = 13.5

x0 = 2
81
3
3
When x0 = 2 , y0 = a 2 k = 16 .
4
3 81
` The coordinates of P are a 2 , 16 k .
2009/6/12 6:08:27 PM

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75

Chapter 2: Derivatives of Functions

Chapter 2 Derivatives of Functions

That is, for each value of x (except x = -3),

According to the question, y = rx.

4 4.9 4.99 4.999 g 5.001 5.01 5.1 6

f (x) 3 3.9 3.99 3.999 g 4.001 4.01 4.1 5

` We cannot find f (2).

(b) When x = 2, f (x) is undefined.

lim [f(x) + g(x)]

= lim f (x) + lim g (x)

lim [2g(x)] = 2 : lim g(x)

0 0.9 0.99 0.999 g 1.001 1.01 1.1 2

f (x) 1 2.8 2.98 2.998 g 3.002 3.02 3.2 5

lim (3x + 7)2 = 16

lim x 3-x 1 does not exist.

When x approaches 1, f(x) does not

Chapter 2: Derivatives of Functions

lim g(x) = lim (x2 + 2x + 1)

lim [f(x) + g(x)]

= lim f(x) + lim g(x)

lim [f(x) - g(x)]

lim f(x) = lim (2x - 1)

lim g(x) = lim (x2 + 1)

= lim f(x) : lim g(x)

lim [f(x) + g(x)]

= lim f(x) + lim g(x)

= lim (3x - 1) + lim

lim f (x) = lim (x - 2x + 1)

(b) lim [f(x)g(x)]

= lim f(x) : lim g(x)

= lim 1f (x) + lim 1g (x)

= lim (3x - 1) : lim x + 4

lim : f (1x) + g 1(x) D

lim [3f(x) - 2g(x)]

= 3 lim f (x) - 2 lim g (x)

(b) lim { f(x) - [g(x)] }

= 3 lim (2x - 1) - 2 lim (2x + 1)

= lim f(x) - 8 lim g (x) B 2

= lim (2x + 1) - b lim

= lim f(x) : lim g(x)

= lim (2x - 1) : lim (2x + 1)

lim [f(x) - g(x)]

= lim f(x) - lim g(x)

= lim (x2 + x + 8) - lim (x2 - x + 8)

(b) lim [f(x)g(x)]

lim [g(x) - f(x)]

= lim g(x) - lim f(x)

(b) lim {[f(x)] - g(x)}

= 8 lim f (x) B 2 - lim g (x)

Chapter 2: Derivatives of Functions

lim e - ex2 = 1.36

23. lim x - 1 = lim

24. lim x - 1 = lim

= lim (x2 + 1)(x + 1)

When x approaches 2, f(x) does not

lim log (x - 2) does not exist.

(b) lim 2x - 1 = lim

30. lim ln (4x + 3) = ln 8 lim (4x + 3) B

lim f (x) = lim

Chapter 2: Derivatives of Functions

lim f (x) = lim