Ch.

4: American Life in 17th Century

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The Unhealthy Chesapeake Life difficult, lifespans very short o Disease settlements grew slowly, population came from new settlers from England o Almost all new settlers were men, 6 to 1 ratio of men/women in 1650 Families few & fragile, most men cant find wife (few women), spouses die in a few years o Weak family ties led to rampant problems such as teenage pregnancy Inhabitants eventually acquire immunity to disease, more women, population grows on its own birthrate The Tobacco Economy Chesapeake great for growing tobacco Tobacco kills soil, leads to demand for virgin land, leads to settlers pushing further inland Enormous production causes tobacco price drop, farmers then plant even more Indentured servants, desperate displaced farmers from England, work tobacco fields o Families grow too slowly o Indians die too quickly upon contact w/ whites o Africans too expensive Virginia & Maryland use headright system: buying indentured servant = earning 50 acres land o Led to wealthy merchant-planters who owned huge estates & dominated agriculture/commerce o Massive amount of indentured servants imported Indentured servants at first hopeful; however as land became scarce, owners refuse to include land in freedom dues; after freedom, penniless servants often forced to return to same labor Swell of poor, unmarried freemen, unable to get land or a wife, grow frustrated 1676, Nathaniel Bacon leads Bacons Rebellion, 1000 poor Virginians attack Indians, rampage Jamestown & the rich

o Governor Berkeley had supported Indians instead of poor backcountry farmers o Bacon dies of disease, Governor Berkeley crushes rebellion, hangs many o Tension remains b/w poor farmers & wealthy plantation owners, the rich look for another source of labor Colonial Slavery For most of 1600s, few African slaves lived in colonies, too expensive for farmers By 1680s, rising wages in England led to less indentured servants; at same time planters grew scared of rebellious servants Black slaves begin to outnumber white servants 1698, Royal African Company loses monopoly on bringing slaves to colonies o Enterprising Americans rush to slave trade, number of slaves grow steeply Most slaves came from west coast of Africa, captured by coastal tribes & traded Increase in slave population led to racism & discrimination o Creation of slave codes, strict distinction b/w servant & slave in America In deepest South, climate hostile, labor intense, plantations far apart & lonely, mostly male slaves In Chesapeake, life better: tobacco easier to grow than deep South crops, closer & larger plantations allowed more contact b/w slaves, increase of female slaves led to family life Native born African-Americans create distinct slave culture, blend of

Africans

Africa & America o Unique language (Gullah), religious dances, music Slaves rebellious, but more manageable than whites Southern society As slavery spread, Southern social hierarchy defined o Small but powerful group of planters at top Dominate politics, economy

o o o

Did not live luxuriously, worked hard esp. to control servants First families of Virginia (FFV), arrived very early Beneath planters, small farmers Largest group Owned a few slaves, modest land, worked very hard Beneath small farmers, landless whites Mostly former indentured servants Beneath landless whites, current indentured servants At bottom, black slaves

Urban cities did not grow in South, professional class (lawyers, bankers, etc.) slow to emerge Life revolved around plantations, far away from each other The New England Family Life better than South, clean water, mild temp, less disease, settlers increase lifespans New Englanders, unlike Southerners, migrate as families o As result of central family life, population grows Women marry young, almost ceaseless childbearing o Child raising becomes full-time job from early day of marriage to death o Death in childbirth common Family stability, children grow up nurtured & guided, low teenage pregnancy, strong social structure Unlike the South, where high number of widows led to govt giving women power & property, New England believed such laws undercut family values New England gave rudimentary womens rights, punished abusive

husbands Above all, New England laws defended integrity of marriage: divorce very rare, adulterers severely punished Life in New England Towns Tightly knit small villages & farms Anchored by geography (mtns) & Indians/French/Dutch Puritanism, unity of purpose

Halfway

Society grew organized (unlike the random growth of Chesapeake region), new towns legally chartered, proprietors distributed land Large towns required education, most could read & write o Just 8 years after Massachusetts created, Harvard established (compared to 86 years after creation of Jamestown for College of William & Mary) Democracy in Congregational Church (Puritan) led to democracy in govt Government & Salem Witch Trials As New England towns grew, people began to move to outlying farms, religious zeal diminished, decline in conversions Ministers create Half-Way Covenant, admitted baptism instead of full communion, diluted spiritual purity, weakened distinction b/w elect & others Women become majority in Puritanism Salem witch trials: 1692, 20 lynched o Grew out of superstition, prejudice, unsettled social & religious conditions of changing times Religious traditionalists feared Puritan heritage would be eclipsed by

Yankee commercialism The New England Way of Life Difficult farming conditions led to emphasis on industry & frugality Less ethnic diversity than South, newcomers unattracted to the land & religion Timber, shipbuilding, fish Legacy: New Englanders immigrate all over country & create communities modeled after New England towns, Yankee ingenuity became national trait, New England conscience from Puritanism became national idealism The Early Settlers Days and Ways Life fairly affluent for Americans, land cheap esp. in New England & middle colonies Most immigrants were not aristocratic or extremely poor Crude colonial life meant little social class distinctions; equality & democracy

Ch.5: Colonial Society on Eve of Revolution10/3/2011 5:47:00 PM

By eve of revolution, Britain had 32 North American colonies o Florida o Canada o Caribbean Why did the 13 colonies rebel while others didnt o Distinctive social, economic, political structures o Appearance of American way of life Conquest by the Cradle Colonial population grows rapidly due to natural fertility o Average age very young o Decreased English advantage in population o Most lived in rural areas o Only 4 cities: Philadephia (largest), NY, Boston, Charleston A Mingling of Races Melting pot of ethnicity & culture Many Germans settle in Pennsylvania ( Pennsylvania Dutch) o Enhanced religious diversity o No loyalty to British Scots-Irish settle in western frontiers o Scots transplanted to Ireland, discriminated by Irish, economic life restricted, escaped to America o No respect for British govt o Joined & led marches & protests Mixture of peoples led to multicultural American identity, as well as diverse multi-tribal African Americans & Native Americans The Structure of Colonial Society Land of equality & opportunity, most were small farmers Possible rags-to-riches success, rare in Europe Stratification & mobility barriers begin to form War made merchants of New England & middle colonies rich o These nouveau-rich begin to display wealth War also created large group of widows & orphans, depended on charity

Descendants of original settlers received less land (farms subdivided b/w children), younger sons & daughters became wage laborers, or went west to find land Gap b/w wealthiest slave/plantation owners & poor whites/tenant farmers Thousands of convicts were shipped to America, some unfortunate victims of strict penal system Some colonies, afraid of resentful & rebellious slaves, tried to block importation; British govt vetoes all blocks, keen on preserving cheap labor; colonies protest vetoes on grounds of morality

Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists Highest profession: Christian ministry Physicians poorly trained & not respected, led to unnecessary deaths Epidemics sweep colonies esp. smallpox Lawyers not respected, same level as drunkards Workaday America Middle colonies produced lots of grain Fishing also rewarding job Multi-continental trade very profitable, triangle trade Manufacturing small scale, but many small enterprises existed Strong laborers & skilled craftspeople rare & highly valued Lumbering, most important manufacturing Trade imbalance: fast-growing Americans demand more British products, slow-growing British saturated w/ American products o As result, colonists sell to foreign countries Parliament tries to prevent trade w/ foreign countries (Molasses Act, etc.); Colonists begin to smuggle, bribe

Horsepower & Sailpower Sprawling & sparsely populated America had lack of transportation Tavern set up along travel routes & in cities, cradle of democracy where everyone mingled o Gossip & information, gathered public opinion & agitation Postal system: slow, infrequent, secrecy problem Dominant Denominations 2 tax-supported churches

o Anglican/Church of England o Congregational Large amount of people belonged to no church Church of England/Anglican official in Georgia, Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, part of NY Anglican Church, secure & self-satisfied, were less fierce & devoted than Puritans Congregational Church official in New England except RI o Grew out of Puritanism Presbyterianism, similar to Congregational, never official

Presbyterianism-Congregationalism-rebellion heavily associated, trinity Anglicans support Brit. King Much more religious freedom than Europe The Great Awakening Religious spirit had declined by 1700s Puritan churches declined due to elaborate doctrines & compromising efforts to loosen membership requirements Liberal ideas threatened religion o Arminians, followers of Jacobus Arminius Great Awakening began in Northampton, MA by Jonathan Edwards o Did not believe in salvation thru good work George Whitefield, w/ booming voice that brought audience emotion, revolutionized colonial religion o Human helplessness, divine omnipotence Old light ministers, orthodox, skeptical of emotional & theatrics of revivalists Legacy of Awakening

o undermined old clergy o divided many denominations & increased number of churches o encouraged more missionary work w/ Indians & blacks o founding of new light colleges (Princeton, Brown, etc.) Great Awakening was 1st spontaneous mass movement of Americans, broke down sectional & denominational lines, united Schools & Colleges Traditional English believed education only for rich male leaders

Puritan New England most interested in education, for religious purposes South, due to spread of people over large areas, depended on private tutors Colonial education focused on religion, classical languages; doctrine & dogma, not experiment & reason; no independent thought UPenn: first American college free from church control A Provincial Culture Pioneering America not made for arts; artists went to Europe to pursue ambitions Architecture imported from Europe Literature also undistinguished in colonies o Exception: Phyllis Wheatley, uneducated slave girl, great poet o Ben Franklin: 1st educated American, Poor Richards Almanack Ben Franklin only real colonial scientist Pioneer Presses Ben Franklin set up 1st privately supported library in America, Philadelphia Colonial news in newspapers lagged weeks behind event 1734-1735, Zenger trial: Zengers NY newspaper condemned corrupt governor; Zenger charged w/ libel; defended by Alexander Hamilton; achievement for freedom of press & democracy Great Game of Politics By 1775: CT & RI elected governors under self-governing charters; MD, PA, DE ruled by proprietors who chose governors; 8 other colonies had royal governors Every colony had 2-house legislation o Upper house/council, appointed by crown/proprietor/voters o Lower house/popular branch, elected by people Backcountry severely underrepresented, bitter Self-taxation thru representation Worst corrupt governor: Lord Cornbury, governor of NY & NJ in 1702, drunkard, spendthrift, etc. Power of purse (governor salary) w/ colonial assemblies County govt in South, town-meeting govt in New England

Colonial

o Town-meetings: cradles of self-govt, direct democracy o Most eligible voters did no take advantage of the vote Folkways Americans ate more bountifully than Europeans Christmas frowned upon, Thanksgiving true American holiday By mid-1750s, all British colonies were similar in several ways o English, Protestant o Ethnic & religious tolerance o Much opportunity for social mobility

Ch. 6: The Duel for North America

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1688-1763: 4 world wars fought by Britain, France, Spain in Europe & Americas France late American expansion o 1500s: caught up in foreign & domestic wars o clashes b/w Roman Catholics & Protestant Huguenots o 1598: Edict of Nantes gave limited toleration to French Protestants; as result, wars cease, France becomes mightiest European nation o Ruled by brilliant ministers & King Louis XIV 1608: Samuel de Champlain leads first French settlement, Quebec Quebecois French assist Huron Indians in tribal wars against Iroquois o Earn hatred of Iroquois, who hampered French settlement of Ohio Valley & became British allies New France/Canada became royal colony, completely autocratic, no elections or representatives, no trial by jury Slow population growth o Landowning French peasants had no economic motive

o Huguenots denied entry o Govt favored Caribbean New France Fans Out French beaver trappers dotted North America o Recruited Indians, shattered traditions, died by disease French Catholic missionaries, Jesuits, tried to save Indians for Christ & from fur-trappers Antoine Cadillac found Detroit, 1701, to block English Robert de la Salle,1682, traveled down Mississippi to Gulf to block Spanish, founded Louisiana New Orleans set up to block Spanish & to boost fur trade, shipped materials from fertile Illinois The Clash of Empires King Williams War (1689-1697), Queen Annes War (1702-1713) o Earliest contests for North America o British vs French beaver-trappers

o Neither side considered America important, didnt use real troops, used primitive guerrilla warfare o Spain eventual French ally o Peace terms signed at Utrecht, gave Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay to British King Georges War o First called War of Jenkins Ear o British had previously won limited trading rights in Spanish America o War confined to Caribbean & Georgia o o o o

Merged w/ War of Austrian Succession in Europe France & Spain allied New Englanders capture Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island Peace treaty of 1748 gave Louisbourg back to France, angered New England George Washington Inaugurates War w/ France Ohio Valley becomes center of fight b/w French & British o Key to continental expansion 1749, Virginian speculators secure legal rights to Ohio Valley; at same time French built chain of forts in area 1754, Washington sent to Ohio to lead 150 militiamen to secure area French return w/ reinforcements, force Washington to retreat Scared British kick French Acadians out of Nova Scotia, become Cajuns Global War & Colonial Disunity Previous 3 wars began in Europe, French-Indian war began in America Grows into massive Seven Years War, fought in America, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa Europe: Britain & Prussia vs France, Spain, Austria, Russia o Bloodiest in Germany, Frederick the Great repelled French & allies o France devoted to European war, unable to fight well in America Unlike previous wars, colonists became united

1754, intercolonial congress in Albany o keep Iroquois loyal o achieve more colonial unity o led by Ben Franklin Braddocks Blundering and its Aftermath Beginning of war bad for British General Braddock led fight for Fort Duquesne o Old & haughty, scoffed at colonial guerrilla warfare o Ill-trained militia o British lost appallingly Entire frontier attacked by Indians after easy defeat @ Duquesne 1756, British launch full invasion in Canada, tries to attack multiple posts at once, fails miserably Pitts Palms of Victory William Pitt, Great Commoner, Organizer of Victory, took over war o Backed off on West Indies assaults o Concentrate on vitals of Canada: Quebec-Montreal o Picked young & energetic leaders 1758, first battle against Louisbourg, falls after siege, first significant British victory in war Second battle against Quebec, led by James Wolfe, city surrenders o Marks end of French power in North America Restless Colonists Colonists emerge w/ confidence in military

Ch.7: The Road to Revolution

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Commercial, military, cultural bonds had tightened b/w colonies & Britain since 1600s Americans were reluctant revolutionaries, wanted to claim only right of Englishmen, not to separate The Deep Roots of Revolution New World nurtured new ideas about society, citizen, govt Republicanism: a just society is one in which all citizens willingly subordinate their private interests to the common good, based on Greeks & Romans o Virtue of citizens o Civic involvement o Opposed to hierarchy & authoritarianism Radical Whigs: feared the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power of the monarch, attacked corruption like patronage & bribery Republicanism & radical Whig ideas predisposed Americans against threats to their rights Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Georgia was the only colony formally planted by British govt Mercantilism: wealth was power and a countrys economic wealth (and thus its military & political power) can be measured in gold & silver o Country must export more than they import Colonies can reduce need for foreign imports by sending raw material, while providing a market for exports Navigation Law of 1650: all commerce going to and form colonies could only be transported n British/colonial vessels o Aimed against Dutch Subsequent laws: European goods going to America must first land in Britain & pay tariffs; Americans must ship certain tallied products exclusively to Britain (tobacco) Colonies buy more from Britain than they sell there, led to currency shortage o Difference made up with gold & silver earned illegally thru Spanish & French West Indies that drained out of colonies

Colonies begin issuing paper money to fix currency shortage, paper money value quickly drops Parliament prohibits colonies to print paper money or to pass indulgent bankruptcy laws Royal power to veto any colonial legislation that harmed mercantilist system o Not used often, yet resented by colonists Merits & Menace of Mercantilism Until 1763, most laws concerning trade & commerce were loosely enforced o Americans made fortunes from smuggling Colonies made fortunes over certain American products, such as ship parts & tobacco, that were bought in Britain Colonies benefited from worlds greatest navy & army, w/o paying for it Mercantilism stifled economic initiative, imposed dependency on British Americans felt used Stamp Tax Uproar 1763, Prime Minister George Grenville orders navy to strictly enforce Navigation Laws Grenville passes Sugar Act of 1764: increased tax on foreign sugar o Made to raise tax revenue from colonies for crown o Colonies protest, taxes lowered a lot Quartering Act of 1765: required colonies to provide food & lodging for British troops Stamp Tax of 1765: required a stamp that certified paying of tax on many commercial & legal documents o Made to raise revenue for new military Grenville believed tax measures to be fair; British citizens had long dealt with same taxes Grenvilles new legislation jeopardizes basic English rights: offenders of Sugar/Stamp Acts had trial w/o jury, and guilty until proven innocent Americans, taught by radical Whig ideas, suspicious of British army in the colonies, believed they would take away liberties

Americans accepted the right of Parliament to make legislations that effect the whole empire, but denied the right of Parliament to impose taxes on Americans w/o any American representation o Only own elected colonial legislatures should be able to tax Americans Grenville: power of Parliament supreme & undivided, Americans had virtual representation, power of govt cant be divided b/w legislative authority in London & taxing authority in colonies Parliament Forced to Repeal the Stamp Act Stamp Act Congress of 1765: NYC, 27 delegates from 9 colonies, drew up statement of rights & grievances to ask repeal of Stamp Act o Brought together leaders from various colonies, led to intercolonial unity Consumer boycotts of British goods o Homespun wool fashionable o United American people in common action Sons/Daughters of Liberty use violence along w/ protest o Tar boycott violators

o Mobs ransack houses of officials Stamp collectors forced to resign, Stamp Act nullified British merchants, manufacturers, shippers, laborers suffer as result of boycott, demand Parliament to repeal Stamp Act Parliament repeals Stamp Act in 1766, passes Declaratory Act which gave Parliament the right to bind its colonies in all cases, absolute sovereignty over colonies The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston Massacre Parliament taken over by Champagne Charley Townshend, who convinces Parliament to pass Townshend Acts of 1767 o Indirect customs duty payable at American ports, but Americans still dissatisfied o Taxed glass, paper, TEA o Revenue raised to pay royal governors & judges in America New York legislature suspended in 1767 for not complying w/ Quartering Act Colonists, in prosperity, took Townshend Acts less seriously

o Smuggled tea was cheap Breakdown of law & order led to troops in Boston, 1768 o Soldiers were drunk & profane March 5, 1770: Town mob provoke a few soldiers, who open fire w/o orders on colonists The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Townshend Acts failed to make much money Boycotts continue hurting British manufacturers Lord North convinces Parliament to repeal Townshend Acts, except TEA

Ch.8: America Secedes from the Empire10/3/2011 5:47:00 PM

After Lexington & Concord Minute Men gather in Boston Second Continental Congress meet o Still no want of independence o New appeals to Britain, rebuffed o Begin to raise $, army/navy Congress Drafts George Washington Washington never more than colonel Gifted leader, strength of character o Great moral force, symbol, rallying point Bunker Picking Virginian Washington calmed Southerners fears of large New England army Aristocrat, check the excesses of the masses Hill & Hessian Hirelings Bipolar war b/w sucking up to king & fighting armies from April 1775-July 1776 May 1775: Ethan Allen & Benedict Arnold capture Ticonderoga & Crown Point, upper NY o Won gunpowder & artillery for Boston siege June 1775: colonists win Bunker Hill in Boston o British launch frontal attack, slaughtered by colonists o Colonial gunpowder runs out, retreat July 1775: Congress Olive Branch Petition August 1775: King George III formally proclaims colonies in rebellion & treason September 1775: King hires German mercenaries (Hessians) o Shock colonists, quarrel within family o Seduced by American land, Hessians remain in America

Abortive Conquest of Canada October 1775: British burn Falmouth (Portland), Maine Americans begin invasion of Canada o Believed conquered French were eager to rebel British o Add 14th colony, deprive Britain of a base for attack o No longer defensive war, undisguised offensive General Montgomery go up Lake Champlain, capture Montreal Montgomery joined @ Quebec by Benedict Arnold

Assault on Quebec fails, retreat up St. Lawrence French-Canadians treated nicely by British, no desire to fight w/ anti-Catholic Americans January 1776: British burn Norfolk, VA March 1776: British evacuate Boston Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 1776 Common Sense published Why should tiny Britain control vast America King was Royal Brute Paine & Idea of Republicanism Called fore creation of republic All government officials should get power from popular consent Republicanism, created in classical times, survived in British mixed govt Committees of Correspondence, New England town-meetings, demonstrated feasibility of republicanism Conservative Patriots favor rule by natural aristocracy of talent, fear fervor for liberty would lose social stability & order Jeffersons Explanation of Independence June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee declares colonies should be free & independent July 2, 1776, Congress adopts Henry Lees motion Declaration of Independence cleared air o Foreign aid can be solicited w/ more success o Americans become rebels, must hang together Patriot & Loyalists

Ch. 13: Rise of a Mass Democracy

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Introduction Era of Good Feelings had illusion of tranquility, shattered by panic of 1819 and Missouri Compromise Bad economy and slavery issue dominated politics during 1820s1830s Vigorous political conflict became celebrated for health of democracy o Political parties emerge o New form of caompaigning: banners, parades, baby kissing, etc o Voter turnout rises sharply Apathetic politics of Era of Good Feelings yield to boisterous democracy & strong politics of Jacksonian era Energetic new Democrats capture White House in 1828 Whigs emerge as opposition in 1830s The Corruption Bargain of 1824 Last old-style election 4 candidates o John Quincy Adams o Henry Clay o William H. Crawford o Andrew Jackson All 4 claim to be Republicans since real parties hadnt emerged Results confusing Jackson polls strong w/ public, esp. in West, against corruption & govt privilege o However fails to win electoral votes By 12th Amendment, House of Reps must choose president in deadlock from top 3 candidates o Clay eliminated, but as Speaker of House must preside over president selection Clays process of elimination o Crawford had stroke, out o Hated military chieftain Jackson, archrival for West Jackson hated Clays denunciation of his 1818 Florida o Puritanical Adams left

Clay & Adams different lifestyles, common politically o Fervid nationalists o Advocates of American System Corruption Bargain: Clay chooses Adams as president, Adams chooses Clay as secretary of state (influential position, almost certainly leads to presidency) o Adams, publics 2nd choice, wins over Jackson, publics 1st choice Jacksonians, common folk, furious No positive evidence to prove a formal Corrupt Bargain; Political

deals were traditionally common practice o Massive outcry shows democratic change coming A Yankee Misfit in the White House Irritable, sarcastic, tactless, unfriendly; yet honest, respectful, high-minded Came w/ incredible record, esp. in foreign affairs First minority presient, voted by less than 1/3 of public Refused to oust efficient officeholders to make room for his supporters Nation going towards states rights & sectionalism, Adams remains strong nationalist Nationalist proposals o Construction of roads, canals o National university o Federal support for astronomical observatory Public dislike nationalist proposals o Regular working class see astronomical observatory waste of money

o South particularly angry More federal financial burdens = continued tariffs Federal govt might meddle in slavery Tries to curb feverish speculation in the West, angers westerners Georgians want Cherokees out; Adams tries to deal fairly w/ Indians; Georgia threatens to use violence Going Whole Hog for Jackson in 1828

Jacksons presidential campaign began since day Adams was elected Republicans split o National Republicans, Adams o Democratic Republicans, Jackson Much political hyperbole used by Jackson followers o Jackson not frontiersman but wealthy planter o Adams was aristocratic but not corrupt Mudslinging reaches new low Votes split along sectional lines

o Jackson wins West & South o Adams wins New England & wealthy parts of Northeast o Middle states & Old Northwest divided Jackson trumps Adams in electoral votes Political center had shifted from conservative East towards emerging West Old Hickory as President Full of passion & violence First Western president, first nominated at formal party convention, second w/o college education Frontier aristocrat, hard to fit in category Ascendancy of the masses, common Hickoryites swarm Washington Conservatives see end of world, King Mob The Spoils System Democrats begin striking bargains too Jackson introduces grand-scale spoils system Defends spoils system on grounds of democracy o Any upstanding American can be in govt Washington needed a housecleaning, some had been there since President Washington Jackson less about finding new blood than rewarding old cronies Based on party/Jackson loyalty, not on country loyalty Promise of patronage/spoils allow Americans to pick a party & be loyal to it The Tricky Tariff of Abominations

Tariffs protected American industry from European competition, but drove up prices for Americans and led to retaliatory European tariffs Northerners & Middle states like tariffs, protect their industries o Wool, textiles booming South, which had little manufacturing but used lots of manufactured goods, hate tariffs Tariff of 1828 o Jacksonites propose high tariff in Congress, expect to be shot down & make President Adams look bad o Tariff passes to their surprise Southerners outraged at Tariff of 1828, call it Black Tariff Tariff of Abominations o Believed the Yankee tariff discriminated them,, o Old South failing, South use tariff as scapegoat