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3D Gcomctry
November 23, 20ll
\e v eurn 3D Ceometry vth the hep o vectors. A dervuton v
go n sync vth our understundng vth Vectors. So l propose to do Vectors
rst beore sturtng to prepure 3D Ceometry.
NOTf : Anothcr vcrsion of thcsc notcs is coming aIong whcrc
probIcms for cach thcory part wiII bc incIudcd. Hcrc right now
onIy thcory is bcing discusscd.
Here ve dscuss the ov o topcs vhch v be covered n
ths suppement und n vhut order.
\e dvde the vhoe topc o 3D geometry nto our purts.
lrst purt deus vth the ponts n 3D geometry und ussocuted
concepts.
Second purt suruces the reuton n unges mude vth the uxes
und concept o drecton n 3Dgeometry, (correspondng to sope
concept n 2D geometry)
1hrd purt tuks ubout the pune equuton und some nterestng
combnutons o punes vth ne und ponts und more thun one
punes
lourth purt, comes vth nes und ts combnutons vth muny
nes und n reerence vth pune.
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Contcnts
1 AnaIogy of 2D with 3D S
2 Points in 3D Gcomctry S
2.l 1vo ponts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.l.l Dstunce betveen A & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.l.2 Secton ormuu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.l.3 Mdpont o segment A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.l.4 1runge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Dircction Cosincs & Dircction Ratios 6
3.l Drecton Cosne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.l.l ldenttes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Drecton Ruto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.l Creutng drecton cosne rom drecton ruto . . . . . 7
3.3 Summury o Drecton cosne und Drecton Ruto . . . . . . 7
3.4 lroecton o u ne segment onto unother ne . . . . . . . . 7
3.4.l lroecton o A uong coordnute uxes . . . . . . . . 7
3.5 Drecton ruto o ne onng tvo ponts . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.6 lrobems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4 PIanc 9
4.l Lquuton o u pune n derent orms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.l.l Ceneru orm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.l.2 Normu dstunce orm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.l.3 lont Normu orm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.l.4 A pune purue to tvo nes und pussng through u pont 9
4.l.5 A pune contunng tvo ponts und purue to u ne . 9
4.l.6 1hree pont orm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.l.7 lntercept orm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l0
4.l.8 Specu cuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l0
4.2 lrobems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l0
S Point & a PIanc 11
5.l loston o u pont vth respect to u pune . . . . . . . . . . . ll
5.l.l sume sde o u pune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ll
5.l.2 opposte sde o u pune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ll
5.l.3 Crgn sde o the pune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ll
5.2 lrobems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ll
5.3 lont outsde u pune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ll
5.3.l Dstunce o u pont rom the pune . . . . . . . . . . . l2
5.3.2 lerpendcuur oot o u pont onto the pune . . . . . l2
5.3.3 lmuge o u pont n u pune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l2
5.4 lrobems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l2
6 Two pIancs 12
6.l Ange betveen tvo punes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l2
6.l.l Specu Cuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l3
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6.l.2 lrobems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l3
6.2 Dstunce betveen punes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l3
6.2.l lrobems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l3
6.3 lune bsector o tvo punes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l4
6.3.l Drecton o normu to u pune . . . . . . . . . . . . . l4
6.3.2 Crgn contunng regon betveen tvo ntersectng punes l4
6.3.3 sector contunng the orgn . . . . . . . . . . . . . l5
6.3.4 sector o ucute/obtuse unge . . . . . . . . . . . . . l5
7 Projcction of an Arca 16
8 lincar combination of pIancs 17
8.l Non-purue punes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l7
8.2 lurue punes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l7
8.3 lrobems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l7
9 PIanc sccts a Iinc joining two points 17
9.l lrobems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l7
10 Thrcc pIancs 17
l0.l Normus ure copunur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l7
l0.2 Normus ure non-copunur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l8
11 fquation of a Iinc 18
ll.l 1vo pont orm o u ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l8
ll.2 Sope pont orm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l9
ll.2.l Specu cuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l9
ll.2.2 Lnsymmetrc orm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l9
ll.3 lrobems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
ll.4 lont und u ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2l
ll.4.l loot o perpendcuur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2l
ll.4.2 lerpendcuur dstunce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2l
ll.4.3 lmuge o u pont n u ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2l
ll.4.4 lrobems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
ll.5 1vo nes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
ll.5.l Skev nes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
ll.5.2 Copunur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
ll.5.3 Ange betveen tvo nes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
ll.6 lrobems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
12 linc & a PIanc 23
l2.l Ange betveen ne & u pune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
l2.2 lroecton o u ne onto u pune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
l2.3 lmuge o u ne n u pune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
l2.3.l Lne s purue to pune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
l2.4 lrobems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
13 Tcchniqucs in spccic ProbIcms 2S
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1 AnaIogy of 2D with 3D
Lets sturt vth ev eurnng rom 2D Ceometry, curtesun coordnute system.
Any pont ut u dstunce o r unts rom orgn und mukng un unge vth
postve x uxs. 1he pour orm o the pont s (r cos , r sn ). Lne onng
ths pont vth orgn mukes un unge vth postve x uxs und vth pos-
tve y-uxs. Hence the reuton betveen the unges mude by ths vector vth
x & y uxes s + =

2
.
l ve try to thnk o somethng smur reuton n 3D geometry. ut the
probem here es thut the unges ure n 3Dund hence muy not orm u suppe-
mentury or compementury. ut surey there v be some reuton betveen
the unges muke by u ne n 3D spuce.
2 Points in 3D Gcomctry
2.1 Two points
Cven tvo ponts A(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) und B(x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) n 3D spuce.
2.1.1 Distancc bctwccn A & B
Dstunce l(AB) =

(x
1
x
2
)
2
+ (y
1
y
2
)
2
+ (z
1
z
2
)
2
2.1.2 Scction formuIa
l u pont C dvded ne onng segment A nternuy or externuy n the
ruto m : n then
C =

mx
2
nx
1
m n
,
my
2
ny
1
m n
,
mz
2
nz
1
m n

vhere corresponds to nternu or externu secton

ProbIcm 2.1. 1o nd the ruto n vhch the pont C(a, b, c) dvdes the ne
onng A(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) & B(x
2
, y
2
, z
2
)
AC
CB
=
x
1
a
a x
2
=
y
1
b
b y
2
=
z
1
c
c z
2
2.1.3 Midpoint of scgmcnt AB
midpoint =

x
1
+ x
2
2
,
y
1
+ y
2
2
,
z
1
+ z
2
2

3 lonts ure coneur

1hree ponts A(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
), B(x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) & C(x
3
, y
3
, z
3
) ure coneur then
x
1
x
2
x
2
x
3
=
y
1
y
2
y
2
y
3
=
z
1
z
2
z
2
z
3
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2.1.4 TriangIc
l. Areu o trunge
Lse vector cross product better or ve v see unother ormuu to get
t gong usng 3D geometry
2. lormuu or centrod(C), lncentre(l), Lxcentres (I
1
, I
2
, I
3
), Crthocenter(H)
und Crcumcenter(C)
use

m
i
x
i

m
i
,

m
i
y
i

m
i
,

m
i
z
i

m
i

u) Centrod : (m
1
, m
2
, m
3
) G (1, 1, 1)
b) lncenter : (m
1
, m
2
, m
3
) I (sn A, sn B, sn C)
c) Lxcenter : (m
1
, m
2
, m
3
) I
1
(sn A, sn B, sn C) smury
or other excenter
d) Crthocenter : (m
1
, m
2
, m
3
) H (tun A, tun B, tun C)
e) Crcumcenter : (m
1
, m
2
, m
3
) O (sn 2A, sn 2B, sn 2C)
3 Dircction Cosincs & Dircction Ratios
3.1 Dircction Cosinc
Let us sturt vth u pont l (x
0
, y
0
, z
0
). So the poston vector o ths pont v
be r = x
0

i +y
0

j +z
0

k. Let us convert ths pont nto pour orm. Let r mukes

un unge , & vth x, y & z uxs respectvey und | r| = r.
1hereore r = x
0

i + y
0

j + z
0

k = rcos

i + rcos

j + rcos

k
Nov the unt vector uong the ne onng orgn und pont l s
r =
x
0

x
2
0
+y
2
0
+z
2
0

i +
y
0

x
2
0
+y
2
0
+z
2
0

j +
z
0

x
2
0
+y
2
0
+z
2
0

k = cos

i + cos

j + cos

k
lont l es on the ne pussng through orgn und pont l. \e huve creuted
u unt uong ths ne.
Nov the terms vhch ve huve got (cos, cos, cos)
l
s the unt vector
uong ne Cl. So ths unt vector heps n knovng the drecton o ths ne.
And uny vector hus one unque unt vector uong ts drecton. 1hs cun be
eusy proved.
Let tvo unt vectors be uong the sume nes. Hence they ure
coneur unt vectors.
u
1
= u
2
| u
1
| = | u
2
| 1ukng moduus on both sdes.
|| = 1 = 1. So uong u ne there s one unque unt
vector the other s ust ts opposte drecton.
Notuton : A drecton cosne s denoted us (l, m, n)
So ve c|a|m, d|tec||on cos|ne |s un|| vec|ot a|ong a ||ne.
l
Drecton cosne (l, m, n) l

i +m

j +n

k. ln 3D geometry u vector s vrtten us u coord-

nute. So uny vector a

i + b

j + c

k n 3D s (a, b, c)
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3.1.1 ldcntitics
l. cos
2
+ cos
2
+ cos
2
= 1
2. sn
2
+ sn
2
+ sn
2
= 2
3.

cos 2 = 1
4. Drecton cosne o coordnute uxes ure (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) & (0, 0, 1)
3.2 Dircction Ratio
Drecton Ruto s dened us uny scuur mutpe o the drecton cosne. ln
vector terms, us drecton cosne s the unt vector smury drecton ruto s
uny vector uong u purtcuur ne. Note: Any vector drecton ruto
und unt vector drecton cosne
3.2.1 Crcating dircction cosinc from dircction ratio
l ve knov the drecton ruto suy (a, b, c) then ve huve uny vector uong ts
drecton. 1o creute the drecton cosne uong the sume drecton s to nd
the unt vector uong ths drecton. So ust dvde the drecton ruto vth the
ength o drecton ruto.
DC =

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
,
b

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
,
c

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

,
3.3 Summary of Dircction cosinc and Dircction Ratio
l. Drecton cosne o u ne n 3D geometry s Lnt vector uong thut ne
n Vectors
2. Drecton ruto uong u ne n 3D geometry s Any vector uong thut
ne n Vectors.
3.4 Projcction of a Iinc scgmcnt onto anothcr Iinc
Cven u ne segment onng ponts A(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) & B(x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) und u ne
vth drecton cosnes (l, m, n) then the proecton o the segment onto the
ne s
(x
2
x
1
)l + (y
2
y
1
)m + (z
2
z
1
)n
3.4.1 Projcction of AB aIong coordinatc axcs
A uong
l. x axis : x
2
x
1
2. y axis : y
2
y
1
3. z axis : z
2
z
1
fxampIc 3.1. \hut s the drecton cosne o
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- x-uxs
l. 1o nd the drecton cosne uong x-uxs ve rst nd the unt vec-
tor uong x-uxs.

i = 1

i + 0

j + 0

k s the unt vector uong x-uxs

hence (1, 0, 0) s the drecton cosne uong x-uxs.
2. Another vuy s to nd the unge x-uxs mukes vth postve x,y &
z uxs. So = 0, = /2 & = /2. Hence the drecton cosne
s (cos 0, cos

2
, cos

2
) = (1, 0, 0)
- bsector o x-z uxes
l. 1he bsector o x-z uxes v e n the x-z pune. So ve sove ths
probem by ndng uny vector uong the drecton o ths bsector
und then ndng unt vector rom thut vector vhch then cun be
cumed us the drecton cosne. Any vector uong the bsector =

i +

k. And unt vector uong ths drecton s

i

2
+0

j +

k

2
. Hence
the drecton cosne = (
1

2
, 0,
1

2
)
2. Another vuy s through (cos, cos, cos). Here the bsector mukes
un unge /4 vth both x & z uxes. lt mukes u rght unge vth y
uxs. Hence drecton cosne = (cos

4
, cos 0, cos

4
) = (
1

2
, 0,
1

2
)
3.S Dircction ratio of Iinc joining two points
Drecton ruto o ne onng tvo ponts l(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) & (x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) s u
vector uong ths ne. So vector

PQ = q p = (x
2
x
1
, y
2
y
1
, z
2
z
1
).
1hs s uny vector thut s drecton ruto.
3.6 ProbIcms
l. Cun u drected ne huve drecton rutos 45, 60 und 120 (n degrees)
2. A nes mukes un unge o /4 vth euch o x axis y-uxs und z-uxs
then nd the unge mude by t vth x axis
3. l the drecton cosnes o u vurube ne n tvo uducent ponts be
l, m, n und l +l, m+m, n+n, shov thut the smu unge betveen
the tvo postons s gven by
2
= l
2
+m
2
+n
2
4. l u ne Cl through the orgn C mukes unges 30

, 45

, 60

vth x, y, z
uxes respectvey. then the drecton cosnes o OP ure :
5. l A(1, 2, 3) , B (2, 4, 1) , C (1, 2, 4) und D(1, 0, 3) ure our ponts. lnd
the proecton o CD on A.
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4 PIanc
4.1 fquation of a pIanc in diffcrcnt forms
4.1.1 GcncraI form
Ceneru orm o u pune equuton s
ax + by + cz + d = 0
4.1.2 NormaI distancc form
Cven the drecton cosne o the normu to u pune (a, b, c) und dstunce o
the pune rom orgn d then equuton o the pune
ax + by + cz + d = 0
4.1.3 Point NormaI form
Cven u pont (x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) yng on the pune und normu to the pune (a, b, c)
then the equuton o the pune
a(x x
o
) + b(y y
0
) + c(z z
0
) = 0
4.1.4 A pIanc paraIIcI to two Iincs and passing through a point
A pune purue to tvo nes vth drecton cosnes/rutos (a
1
, a
2
, a
3
) und
(b
1
, b
2
, b
3
) und pussng through the pont (x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)

x x
1
y y
1
z z
1
a
1
a
2
a
3
b
1
b
2
b
3

= 0
4.1.S A pIanc containing two points and paraIIcI to a Iinc
Let (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) & (x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) be tvo ponts on the requred pune und u ne
purue to the pune vth drecton cosne/ruto (a, b, c) then the equuton o
the pune

x x
1
y y
1
z z
1
x
1
x
2
y
1
y
2
z
1
z
2
a b c

= 0
4.1.6 Thrcc point form
Cven three ponts (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
), (x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) & (x
3
, y
3
, z
3
) e on u pune vhose
equuton s

x x
1
y y
1
z z
1
x
1
x
2
y
1
y
2
z
1
z
2
x
2
x
3
y
2
y
3
z
2
z
3

= 0
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4.1.7 lntcrccpt form
A pune thut mukes ntercepts a, b & c vth the coordnute uxes s
x
a
+
y
b
+
z
c
= 1
4.1.8 SpcciaI cascs
l. x = 0 : s the y z pune
2. y = 0 : s the x y pune
3. z = 0 : s the x y pune
4. pune perpendcuur to the x axis s ay + bz = 1
5. pune perpendcuur to the y axis s ax + bz = 1
6. pune perpendcuur to the z axis s ax + by = 1
4.2 ProbIcms
l. A vurube pune s ut u constunt dstunce p rom the orgn und meets
the coordnuted uxes n A, B, C. Shov thut the ocus o the centrod o
the tetruhedron CAC s x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 16p
2
2. lnd the equuton o the pune pussng through the ponts (2, 2, 1) und
(9, 3, 6) und perpendcuur to the pune 2x + 6y + 6z = 9
3. A vurube pune ut u constunt dstunce p rom orgn meets the uxes
ut A, B, C. 1hrough A,,C punes ure druvn purue to the coordnute
punes. Shov thut the ocus o ther pont o ntersecton s gven by
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= p
2
4. lnd the equuton o the pune vhch s perpendcuur to the pune
5x +3y +6z +8 = 0 und vhch contuns the ne o ntersecton o the
punes x + 2y + 3z 4 = 0 und 2x + y z + 5 = 0
5. lnd the equuton o the pune pussng through the ponts (2, 1, 0) , (5, 0, 1)
und (4, 1, 1)
6. 1he equuton o the pune pussng through the orgn und contunng the
nes vhose drecton cosnes ure proportonu to 1, 2, 2 und 2, 3, 1
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7. 1he pune pussng through the pont (2, 2, 2) und contunng the
ne onng the ponts (1, 1, 1) und (1, 1, 2) mukes ntercepts on the
coordnute uxes, the sum o vhose engths s :
S Point & a PIanc
S.1 Position of a point with rcspcct to a pIanc
S.1.1 samc sidc of a pIanc
l tvo ponts P(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) & Q(x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) ure on the sume sde o the pune
ax + by + cz + d = 0 then
(ax
1
+ by
1
+ cz
1
+ d)(ax
2
+ by
2
+ cz
2
+ d) > 0
S.1.2 oppositc sidc of a pIanc
l tvo ponts P(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) & Q(x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) ure on the other sde o the pune
ax + by + cz + d = 0 then
(ax
1
+ by
1
+ cz
1
+ d)(ax
2
+ by
2
+ cz
2
+ d) < 0
S.1.3 Origin sidc of thc pIanc
1o nd u pont P(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) s on the orgn sde o u pune then rst step
s to muke d postve n the pune equuton und substtute (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) n the
ne equuton to see ts sgn. lrom ubove deducton ve get
ax
1
+ by
1
+ cz
1
+ d > 0 (d>0)
then the pont s on the orgn sde o the ne ese
ax
1
+ by
1
+ cz
1
+ d < 0 (d>0)
then the pont es on the non-orgn sde o the ne.
S.2 ProbIcms
l. Check the oovng ponts ure on the orgn sde or non-orgn sde
o the pune x +
y
2
+
z
3
= 1
l(1, 2, 3), Q(1, 2, 3)
S.3 Point outsidc a pIanc
1here ure three types o nterestng probems vhch cun urse u pont s out-
sde u pune. loot o the perpendcuur o the pont onto the pune, dstunce
o the pont rom the pune & lmuge o the pont n the pune.
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S.3.1 Distancc of a point from thc pIanc
Dstunce o u pont (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) rom u pune ax + by + cz + d = 0 s
|ax
1
+ by
1
+ cz
1
+ d|

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
S.3.2 PcrpcndicuIar foot of a point onto thc pIanc
loot o the perpendcuur o u pont (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) onto the pune ax+by +cz +
d = 0 s gven by
x x
1
a
=
y y
1
b
=

ax
1
+ by
1
+ cz
1
+ d
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

S.3.3 lmagc of a point in a pIanc

lmuge o u pont (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) n the pune ax + by + cz + d = 0 s gven by
x x
1
a
=
y y
1
b
= 2

ax
1
+ by
1
+ cz
1
+ d
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

S.4 ProbIcms
l. lnd the dstunce o the pont (2, 1, 0) rom the pune 2x+y+2z+5 = 0
(souton : 10/3)
2. lnd the muge o the pont (3, 2, 1) n the pune 3x y + 4z = 2
(souton : (0, 1, 3) )
3. lnd the equuton o the pune pussng through the ponts (2, 1, 0) , (5, 0, 1)
und (4, 1, 1)
4. l l s u pont (2, 1, 6) then nd the pont such thut l s perpendc-
uur to the pune n probem 3 ubove, und the mdpont o l es on
t. (souton : (6, 5, 2) )
5. lnd the ncentre o the tetruhedron ormed by the punes x = 0, y =
0, z = 0 und x +y +z = a (souton :

3 1

3
a,

3 1

3
a,

3 1

3
a

)
6 Two pIancs
6.1 AngIc bctwccn two pIancs
Ange betveen tvo punes a
1
x+b
1
y+c
1
+d
1
= 0 und a
2
x+b
2
y+c
2
+d
2
= 0
s sume us unge betveen ther normus
cos =
a
1
a
2
+ b
1
b
2
+ c
1
c
2

a
2
1
+ b
2
1
+ c
2
1

a
2
2
+ b
2
2
+ c
2
2
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6.1.1 SpcciaI Casc
l. l they ure purue
a
1
b
1
=
a
2
b
2
=
a
3
b
3
.e.
(a
1
, b
1
, c
1
) = (a
2
, b
2
, c
2
)
As vectors they ure coneur vectors
2. l they ure perpendcuur
a
1
a
2
+ b
1
b
2
+ c
1
c
2
= 0
6.1.2 ProbIcms
l. lnd the unge betveen the nes vhose drecton cosnes ure propor-
tonu to 0,l,l und 1, 0, 1 respectvey.
2. lnd the obtuse unge betveen the nes vth drecton rutos propor-
tonu to 3, 6, 2 und 1, 2, 2
3. Shov thut the on o the ponts (1, 2, 3) und (2, 3, 5) s purue to the
on o the ponts (1, 2, 3) und (1, 4, 1)
6.2 Distancc bctwccn pIancs
1vo pune n u 3D spuce uvuys ntersect.
l. l they ure purue
Dstunce betveen ax + by + cz + d
1
= 0 und ax + by + cz + d
2
= 0 s
(us they ure purue )
|d
1
d
2
|

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
2. l they ure non-purue
1he dstunce betveen the punes thut ntersect s zero.
6.2.1 ProbIcms
l. lnd the equutons o the punes purue to the pune x2y+2z3 = 0
vhch s ut u unt dstunce rom the pont (1, 2, 3) (souton x2y+2z =
0 und x 2y + 2z = 6 )
2. lnd the dstunce betveen the purue nes x + y z + 4 = 0 und
x + y z + 5 = 0 (Souton : 1/

3 )
3. lnd the equuton o the pune md purue betveen the punes 2x
2y + z + 3 = 0 und 2x 2y + z + 9 = 0
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6.3 PIanc biscctor of two pIancs
6.3.1 Dircction of normaI to a pIanc
Cven u pune ax + by + cz + d = 0 ve muke the constunt postve then
vhut s the drecton o the normu to ths pune.
Lets thnk n terms o vector geometry
r n = p
vhere p s the dstunce o the pune rom the orgn.
1he ubove equuton ax +by +cz +d = 0 (vthout oss o generuty, d cun
be ussumed to be negutve) cun be converted nto the vector equuton us
(x, y, z)

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
,
b

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
,
c

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

=
d

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
vhere n =

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
,
b

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
,
c

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

und p =
d

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
So the drecton o

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
,
b

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
,
c

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

s uvuy
rom orgn. .e. (a, b, c) s uvuy rom the orgn.
So thc naI concIusion : lor the u pune equuton, ax + by + cz + d = 0 on
mukng d postve the drecton o normu (a, b, c) s uvuy rom orgn tovurds
the pune.
6.3.2 Origin containing rcgion bctwccn two intcrsccting pIancs
Cven tvo pune equutons P
1
: a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
z + d
1
= 0 und P
2
:a
2
x +
b
2
y + c
2
z + d
2
= 0 such thut d
1
& d
2
> 0 then the green regon contunng
the orgn s postve or both the punes P
1
und P
2
und the other vertcuy
opposte green regon s negutve or both P
1
und P
2
. So or the green regon
P
1
P
2
> 0 (vhere d
1
, d
2
> 0)
Nov ets concentrute on the red regon. oth the red regon ure such thut
ether o P
1
or P
2
s negutve
2
. Hence
P
1
P
2
< 0 (vhere d
1
, d
2
< 0)
2
P
1
, P
2
s negutve meuns P
1
pune's expresson vuue ut (0, 0, 0) s negutve .e. a
1
(0) +
b
1
(0) + c
1
(0) + d
1
< 0 und vce-versu or beng postve
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So rom the ubove dscusson ve knov vhch regon v huve the orgn
yng n t. Nov next ve vorry to nd u method to nd the ucute unge
bsector rom probem sovng perspectve und vhch unge (ucute or obtuse)
v contun the orgn.
6.3.3 Biscctor containing thc origin
Here ve ure nterested n knovng vhch unge bsector contuns the orgn.
Any pont on the bsector sutses
|a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
z + d
1
|

a
2
1
+ b
2
1
+ c
2
1
=
|a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
z + d
2
|

a
2
2
+ b
2
2
+ c
2
2
a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
z + d
1

a
2
1
+ b
2
1
+ c
2
1
=
a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
z + d
2

a
2
2
+ b
2
2
+ c
2
2
1he unge contunng the orgn (ubove dugrum green regon) hus both
a
1
x+b
1
y +c
1
z +d
1
& a
2
x+b
2
y +c
2
z +d
2
postve(n orgn regon) or both
negutve(vertcuy opposte to orgn). Correspondngy, a
1
x+b
1
y +c
1
z +d
1
or a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
z + d
2
one o these s negutve n the red regon.
So,
a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
z + d
1

a
2
1
+ b
2
1
+ c
2
1
=
a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
z + d
2

a
2
2
+ b
2
2
+ c
2
2
, (orgn contunng unge bsector)
a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
z + d
1

a
2
1
+ b
2
1
+ c
2
1
=
a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
z + d
2

a
2
2
+ b
2
2
+ c
2
2
, (non-orgn contunng unge bsector)
6.3.4 Biscctor of acutc/obtusc angIc
1o nd the equuton, o the ucute unge bsector betveen the punes a
1
x +
b
1
y + c
1
z + d
1
= 0 und a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
z + d
2
= 0.
lor ths probem ve rst ocute the regon o orgn.
Stcp l : Muke d
1
> 0 und d
2
> 0
Stcp ll : (a
1
, b
1
, c
1
) und (a
2
, b
2
, c
2
) ure normus to punes sturtng rom orgn
to these respectve punes
Stcp lll : Ange betveen the normus : (a
1
, b
1
, c
1
) (a
2
, b
2
, c
2
) = a
1
a
2
+
b
1
b
2
+ c
1
c
2
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l a
1
a
2
+b
1
b
2
+c
1
c
2
> 0 then the normu betveen the punes s ucute und
thut mpes the unge betveen the punes not contunng the orgn s ucute
meuns unge contunng the orgn s obtuse.
l a
1
a
2
+b
1
b
2
+c
1
c
2
< 0 then the normu betveen the punes s obtuse und
thut mpes the unge betveen the punes not contunng the orgn s obtuse
meuns unge contunng the orgn s ucute.
a
1
a
2
+ b
1
b
2
+ c
1
c
2
> 0, d
1
, d
2
> 0 a
1
a
2
+ b
1
b
2
+ c
1
c
2
< 0, d
1
, d
2
> 0
Crgn es
n
Cbtuse Ange Acute Ange
Crgn
contunng
Ange
bsector
put + n the beov ormuu put - n the beov ormuu
1he equuton o unge bsector
a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
z + d
1

a
2
1
+ b
2
1
+ c
2
1
=
a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
z + d
2

a
2
2
+ b
2
2
+ c
2
2
7 Projcction of an Arca
1vo ncned punes, vth un ureu A yng on one o the punes then ve nd
the proecton o A onto the other pune.
l proecton o ureus o u pune A n 3D spuce s A
xy
, A
yz
, A
zx
onto the
x-y, y-z & z-x punes then A
2
= A
2
xy
+ A
2
yz
+ A
2
zx
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8 lincar combination of pIancs
8.1 Non-paraIIcI pIancs
Cven tvo punes P
1
: a
1
x+b
1
y+c
1
z+d
1
= 0 & P
2
: a
2
x+b
2
y+c
2
z+d
2
= 0
then the equuton o punes pussng through ntersecton o these punes s
gven by
P
1
+P
2
= 0
8.2 ParaIIcI pIancs
Cven tvo punes P
1
: ax + by + cz + d
1
= 0 & P
2
: ax + by + cz + d
2
= 0
then neur combnuton represents umy o purue punes to these punes.
8.3 ProbIcms
l. lnd the equuton o the pune contunng the ne o ntersecton o the
pune x +y +z 6 = 0 und 2x +3y +4z +5 = 0 und pussng through
the pont (1, 1, 1) (Souton : 20x + 23y + 26z 69 = 0)
2. lnd the equuton o the pune thut s perpendcuur to the pune 5x +
3y+6z+8 = 0 und vhch contuns the ne o ntersecton o the punes
x + 2y + 3z 4 = 0 und 2x + y z + 5 = 0 (souton : 51x + 15y
50z + 173 = 0 )
3. 1he pune x 2y + 3z = 0 s rotuted u rght unge ubout the ne o
ntersecton vth the pune 2x + 3y 4z 5 = 0, nd the equuton o
the pune n ts nev poston. (souton : 22x + 5y 4z 35 = 0)
9 PIanc sccts a Iinc joining two points
Ruto n vhch u pune ax+by+cz+d = 0 dvdes the ne onng A(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
)
& (x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) s gven by
m
n
=

ax
1
+ by
1
+ cz
1
+ d
ax
2
+ by
2
+ cy
2
+ d

9.1 ProbIcms
l. lnd the ruto n vhch the on A(2, 1, 5) und B (3, 4, 3) s dvded by
the pune 2x + 2y 2z = 1. Aso, nd the coordnutes o the pont o
dvson.
10 Thrcc pIancs
10.1 NormaIs arc copIanar
- l the normus to three punes ure copunur then there ure tvo
possbtes.
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l. A the three puss through u common ne o ntersecton( ths v orm
u penc o punes)
1o ocute ths cuse ve need box product o the normus [

N
1

N
2

N
3
] = 0
und shov neur combnuton o uny tvo s producng the thrd orm
unque vuues o the scuur
2. Cne o the punes s not pussng through ntersecton o the other tvo
(they v orm u prsm knd o structure)
1o ocute ths cuse ve need box product o normus to be zero und shov
the uny pont on the ntersecton o uny tvo punes s not sutsyng the
thrd pune.
10.2 NormaIs arc non-copIanar
- l the normus to three punes ure not copunur then the punes
ntersect n u unque pont. see the dugrum ubove
11 fquation of a Iinc
l tvo vectors ure uong the sume ne then they ure coneur und hence they
ure scuur mutpe o euch other. l you knov und cun prove ths then ve
cun proceed to nd the 3D equuton o u ne.
11.1 Two point form of a Iinc
\e huve u ne thut pusses through tvo ponts (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) & (x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) then
the ve deduce the equuton o ths ne us oovs.
Let (x, y, z) be u pont on ths ne (ocus pont)
1hereore (x x
1
, y y
1
, z z
1
) = (x
1
x
2
, y
1
y
2
, z
1
z
2
)

x x
1
x
1
x
2
=
y y
1
y
1
y
2
=
z z
1
z
1
z
2
=
1hs s the equuton o the ne n tvo pont orm
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11.2 SIopc point form
\e huve u ne thut pusses through u pont (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) und purue to the ne
vth drecton rutos (a, b, c) then equuton o ths ne s

x x
1
a
=
y y
1
b
=
z z
1
c
= constant
11.2.1 SpcciaI casc
Lquuton o ne pussng through the pont (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) und purue to the ne
vhose drecton cosnes ure (l, m, n) then equuton o ths ne s

x x
1
l
=
y y
1
m
=
z z
1
n
= r
vhere r s the dstunce o betveen the ponts (x, y, z) & (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
)
11.2.2 Unsymmctric form
ln 3D u ne s unquey determned by ntersecton o tvo punes.
a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
z + d
1
= 0 (ll.l)
a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
z + d
2
= 0 (ll.2)
Drecton o the ne o ntersecton o punes s sume us perpendcuur to
normus to these punes.
Normu to the tvo punes ure

N
1
: (a
1
, b
1
, c
1
) &

N
2
: (a
2
, b
2
, c
2
), hence the
vector uong the ne o ntersecton o the tvo punes
s the vector thut s perpendcuur to the tvo normus. So the Drecton
cosnes o the ne s
Direction Ratio of Line =

i

j

k
a
1
b
1
c
1
a
2
b
2
c
2

fxampIc 11.1. Cven usymmetrc orm o equuton o u ne x+y = 1, z = 1.

\hut s symmetrc orm o the equuton o ths ne: And purumetrc orm o
the equuton o ths ne.
Normu to the pune x + y = 1:

N
1
= (1, 1, 0) & Normu to the second
pune z = 1:

N
2
= (0, 0, 1).
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Drecton cosne o the ne o ntersecton o these tvo nes s

N
1

N
2
=
(1, 1, 0)
Any pont on ths ne o ntersecton s (1, 0, 1) (ths ve get by tru n the
ubove pune equutons)
So the symmetrc equuton o the ne o ntersecton s
x 1
1
=
y 1
0
=
z 0
1
=
(umbdu s u constunt)
So the purumetrc orm o uny pont on ths ne s ( + 1, 1, )
11.3 ProbIcms
l. lnd the equuton o u ne pussng through the pont P (1, 2, 3) und
huvng drecton cosnes

2
3
,
2
3
,
1
3

. Aso nd the coordnutes o u

pont on the ne ut u dstunce o 6 unts rom P (souton : equuton o
the ne s :
x 1
2
=
y 2
2
=
z 3
1
und requred pont (5, 2, 5))
2. lnd the dstunce o the pont o ntersecton o the ne
x 3
1
=
y 4
2
=
z 5
2
und the pune x+y +z = 17 rom the pont A(3, 4, 5). (souton
: 3 unts)
3. lnd the drecton cosnes o the ne vhose equutons ure
6x 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z 2
(souton :
1

14
,
2

14
,
3

14
)
4. lrove thut the nes x = ay +b, z = cy +d und x = a

y +b

,z = c

y +d

ure perpendcuur aa

+ cc

+ 1 = 0
5. lnd the equuton o the ne through the pont (1, 3, 2) und perpen-
dcuur to the nes
x
1
=
y
2
=
z
2
und
x + 2
3
=
y 1
2
=
z + 1
5
(souton :
x + 1
2
=
y 3
7
=
z + 2
4
)
6. lnd the dstunce o the pont l(1, 2, 3) rom the pune x y + z = 5
meusured purue to the ne
x
2
=
y
3
=
z
6
(souton : l)
7. Reduce n symmetrcu orm the equutons o the nes x y + 2z = 5
und 3x + y + z = 6 (souton :
4x 11
33
=
4y + 9
5
=
z
1
)
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11.4 Point and a Iinc
Cven u pont P(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) outsde the ne
x
a
=
y
b
=
z
c
11.4.1 foot of pcrpcndicuIar
Drecton ruto o the ne s (a, b, c).
Let
x
a
=
y
b
=
z
c
=
lor u specc the oot o the perpendcuur s (a +, b +, c +)
Drecton ruto o the perpendcuur s (a +x
1
, b + y
1
, c + z
1
)
So
(a, b, c) (a + x
1
, b + y
1
, c + z
1
) = 0
=
(a, b, c) (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
)
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
loot o perpendcuur rom (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) onto the ne
x
a
=
y
b
=
z
c
s gven by
x
a
=
y
b
=
z
c
=

(a, b, c) (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
)

a
2

(ax
1
+ by
1
+ cz
1
) (a + b + c)
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

11.4.2 PcrpcndicuIar distancc

You nd the oot o the perpendcuur rom the ubove ormuu und then use
the dstunce ormuu to nd the dstunce betveen the oot und the pont.
11.4.3 lmagc of a point in a Iinc
Smury rom the ubove ormuu ve get (x, y, z) s the muge o u pont
(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) then muge s gven by
x
a
=
y
b
=
z
c
= 2

(a, b, c) (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
)

a
2

= 2

(ax
1
+ by
1
+ cz
1
) (a + b + c)
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

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11.4.4 ProbIcms
l. lnd the oot o the perpendcuur rom the pont (0, 2, 3) on the ne
x + 3
5
=
y 1
2
=
z + 4
3
. Aso nd the ength o the perpendcuur.
(souton : (2, 3, 1) und

21 )
2. lnd the muge o the pont (1, 6, 3) n the ne
x
1
=
y 1
2
=
z 2
3
(souton : (1, 0, 7) )
3. lnd the dstunce o the pont P (3, 8, 2) rom the ne
x 1
2
=
y 3
4
=
z 2
3
meusured purue to the pune 3x +2y 2z +15 = 0 (souton :
7 )
4. lnd the oot und the ength o the perpendcuur rom P (5, 7, 3) to the
ne
x 15
3
=
y 29
8
=
z 5
5
. lnd uso the equuton o the pune
n vhch the perpendcuur und the gven strught ne e. (souton :
(9, 13, 15) , 14, 9x 4y z = 14)
11.S Two Iincs
11.S.1 Skcw Iincs
ln 3D geometry, tvo nes cun be non-purue us ve us non-ntersectng.
Such nes ure cued skev nes.
1vo nes
x x
1
a
1
=
y y
1
b
1
=
z z
1
c
1
und
x x
2
a
2
=
y y
2
b
2
=
z z
2
c
2
Shortcst distancc betveen them s
[(x
1
x
2
, y
1
y
2
, z
1
z
2
) (a
1
, b
1
, c
1
) (a
2
, b
2
, c
2
)]
|(a
1
, b
1
, c
1
) (a
2
, b
2
, c
2
)|
Vcctor form of shortcst distancc
Convertng gven ne equutons nto vector orm : r = (x
1

i +y
1

j +z
1

k) +
(a
1

i + b
1

j + c
1

k) & r = (x
2

i + y
2

j + z
2

k) + (a
2

i + b
2

j + c
2

k)
Nov rom vectors ve knov tvo vectors r = a +

b & r = c +

d then
the shortest dstunce betveen ths skev nes s
=
[ a c

b

d]

|b

d|
=

x
1
x
2
y
1
y
2
z
1
z
2
a
1
b
1
c
1
a
2
b
2
c
2

(b
1
c
2
c
1
b
2
)
2
+ (c
1
a
2
a
1
c
2
)
2
+ (b
1
c
2
c
1
b
2
)
2
11.S.2 CopIanar
l [(x
1
x
2
, y
1
y
2
, z
1
z
2
) (a
1
, b
1
, c
1
) (a
2
, b
2
, c
2
)] = 0 then the ubove men-
toned nes ure copunur
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11.S.3 AngIc bctwccn two Iincs
l drecton cosnes or drecton rutos o tvo nes ure knovn then unge
betveen them
Let (l
1
, m
1
, n
1
) & (l
2
, m
2
, n
2
) ure the drecton cosnes o tvo nes then
cos = l
1
l
2
+ m
1
m
2
+ n
1
n
2
Let (a
1
, b
1
, c
1
) & (a
2
, b
2
, c
2
) ure the drecton rutos o the nes then
cos =
a
1
a
2
+ b
1
b
2
+ c
1
c
2

a
2
1
+ b
2
1
+ c
2
1

a
2
2
+ b
2
2
+ c
2
2
11.6 ProbIcms
12 linc & a PIanc
12.1 AngIc bctwccn Iinc & a pIanc
\e muke use o the normu's drecton ruto thut s uvuube or us rom
equuton o the pune. Ange mude by the ne vth the pune s
Angle =

2
cos
1

(a, b, c) (p, q, r)

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

p
2
+ q
2
+ r
2

vhere equuton o pune s ax+by +cz +d = 0 und

x
p
=
y
q
=
z
r
12.2 Projcction of a Iinc onto a pIanc
lroecton o u ne onto u pune s vorked out n the oovng steps.
Stcp l : lnd the ntersecton pont o ntersecton o the pune und the ne.
suy pont M (ntersecton o u ne und u pune rom ubove)
Stcp ll : Nov tuke the pont on the gven ne und nd ts oot o perpen-
dcuur onto the pune suy P

(gven u pont outsde u pune nd ts oot o

perpendcuur)
Stcp lll : Nov get the equuton o the proecton usng the tvo pont orm
o u ne n 3D
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12.3 lmagc of a Iinc in a pIanc
1here ure tvo possbtes vth u ne und u pune. l the drecton cosne
o the ne s perpendcuur to the pune then the ne s ether purue to the
pune or s contuned n the pune.
l the ne s not purue to the pune then t must be ntersectng.
12.3.1 linc is paraIIcI to pIanc
lmage o| a ||ne vhen pata||e| |o |he p|ane
Stcp l : 1uke tvo ponts on the ne und get ther muges n the pune.
Stcp ll : Lsng these tvo ponts vrte the equuton o the muge ne usng
tvo pont orm.
lmage o| a ||ne vhen |n|etsec||ng |he p|ane
Stcp l : lnd the ntersecton o the ne vth the pune
Stcp ll : 1uke the pont vhch es on the ne rom the ormuu und nd ts
muge pont
Stcp lll : Lsng these tvo ponts vrte the equuton o the ne vhch s the
muge o the gven ne n the gven pune.
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12.4 ProbIcms
l. lnd the unge betveen the ne
x 1
1
=
y + 2
1
=
z 4
0
und the pune
y + z + 2 = 0 (souton : =

6
)
2. nd the equuton o the ne pussng through the pont (3, 0, 1) und
purue to the punes x + 2y = 4 und 3y z = 5 (souton :
x 3
2
=
y
1
=
z 1
3
)
3. lnd the equuton o the pune pussng through the ne o ntersecton
o the punes 2x + y z = 3 und 5x 3y + 4z + 9 = 0 und purue to
the ne
x 1
2
=
y 3
4
=
z 5
5
(souton : 7x + 9y 10z = 27 )
4. lnd the proecton o the ne
x 1
3
=
y 2
4
=
z 3
5
on the pune
x y + z = 2 (souton :
x + 2
2
1
3
=
y + 2
2 +
10
3
=
z + 2
2 +
5
3
)
5. lnd the proecton o the ne 3xy+2z 1 = 0 und x+2yz = 2 on
the pune 3x+2y +z = 0 (souton : 3x+2y +z = 0 = 3x8y +7z +4
)
13 Tcchniqucs in spccic ProbIcms
ProbIcm 13.1. Cven u ne
x1
1
=
y2
2
=
z3
3
und u pont (1, 1, 1) nd the
oot o the perpendcuur & muge o ths pont n the gven ne
ProbIcm 13.2. lnd the equuton o u pune pussng through ntersecton o
punes x + y + z = 1 & 2x + y z = 2 und pussng through (0, 0, 0) :
l ve huve tvo punes u = 0 & v = 0 then equuton o umy o punes
pussng through the ntersecton o these tvo punes s u +v = 0
Lsng the ubove uct, the equuton o the pune pussng through ntersecton
o the gven punes s
(x + y + z 1) +(2x + y z 2) = 0
Nov ths pune pusses through orgn hence (0, 0, 0) hence sutses ths m-
pes
1 +(2) = 0
=
1
2
Substtutng ve get the equuton o the pune.
25