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O F P R I N T E R S
Jeersonian America
Jan Ellen Lewis and
Peter S. Onuf, Editors
Jerey L. Pasley
T HE T Y R A N N Y
O F P R I N T E R S
Newspaper Politics in the Early
American Republic
University Press of Virginia
Charlottesville and London
Antimasonry, , .
antipartyism, ac, ,, 66, 6, n. .. See
also Era of Good Feelings; Olive
Branch, The; parties, political; party poli-
tics; republicanism, classical
anti-Semitism, .,c
Apology for Printers (Benjamin Franklin),
.,
Appleby, Joyce, ac, .a
apprentices. See artisans; printers
aristocracy, 6a, , ..., ., ., ,; natural,
6., , .a., .6, .6, acc, a; newspaper
attacks on, 6, ,a, , .6, .6a, a, a,,
,, .
arrests. See legal actions: arrests
artisans, , ., , ..c, aaa, aa, ac, a,., a6,
a; in Baltimore, a, a6, a,; belief in
equal rights by, .., .., .a, .; editors as
political mechanics, .6, .6.; exclusion
from political life, , .c, .a, .c., .,.,
a., aa; as lacking the independence nec-
essary for virtue, .a, .,, c; printers as,
ac, a, a6, a,, ..6, .a, ., ., a, 6a;
and republicanism, .a, n. .; support
of, for Duane and Leib in Philadelphia,
.,, c
Ashley, Timothy, a,,, ac
Ashworth, John, 6c n. 6
Atwater, Jesse, .a
Augustan literature, a
Austin, Benjamin, Jr., .c, a.,, aa
Babcock, Elisha, , .c, ,6
Bache, Benjamin Franklin, 6, ,a, ,
6, .cc.ca, .c, ..., .c, .a, a6,
a., c,, .,; arrested for seditious libel,
; campaigning by, c; criticizes Wash-
ington, 6, ,; death of, .ca, .; down-
ward mobility of, c; education of, c;
experiences in pre-Revolutionary France,
.; historiography on, a6 n. a, a n. ,;
[Page numbers of illustrations are printed in italics]
Bache, Benjamin Franklin (continued)
Jay Treaty, campaign against, .a, ,
, .c; on newspapers defending the
publics interests, , ,; on ordinary citi-
zens duty to engage in politics, ; parti-
sanship of, ,, , 6, a n. ,; ,
nancial costs of, ; , personal
costs of, 6, c, .c.; sedition proceed-
ings against, .c., .a; starts political book-
store, ; takes on William Duane as as-
sistant, .; as target of William Cobbett,
.cc; violence against,
Bache, Margaret Markoe, a, , c, , ,
, ., ..; assumes direction of the Au-
rora, .ca; Cobbetts attacks on, .ca;
marriage to William Duane, .c, .; os-
tracism of, c, .c; political commitment
of, c, a; produces Aurora during
Benjamins absence, a
Bache, Richard, .
Bailey, Francis, .
Baldasty, Gerald J., .
Baltimore, Md., a.,, a, a,, 6 n. c
Baltimore American, .6., .6, c
Baltimore Federal Gazette, a
Baltimore Federal Republican, a6, a.a,
a, a, a6, a,, a., a, a,, aa,
c; campaigning in, a; integration of
party ideology and electoral politics in,
a; lauds libel standards biased against
Republicans, a; ofce destroyed by
crowd of angry artisans, a6; as virulent
detractor of Republican foreign policy
and War of ..a, a6
Baltimore Whig, 6, .a, a
Bangs, Edward, ac,, ac, a.
banking, 6, a, ., .6, ., , ,., ,, ,,
,, , 6, n. .c
Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, ,
Bank of Kentucky, ,c
Bank of the United States: First, , 6., .6,
,; Second, .,, 6, ,,, n. .c
Bank War, 6,, n. .c
banquets, , 6, ,, 6, a6, a.a
barbecues, , a
Barber, Joseph, ,6
Bard, David, .c
Bard, Robert, .c
Barker, John, .
Barlow, Joel, , .c
Barnum, P. T., a
Barrington, George, ac
Bartgis, Matthias, .a
Beckley, John, 6,, ,, ., ., a., aa, n.
Bell, Thomas, 66
Bennington Vermont Gazette, .c
Benson, Lee, .
Bentley, William, a.c, a., aa., aa, ac, a,,
Benton, Thomas Hart, ,, c,
Bernard, Frances,
Binns, John, ,, aaaa, .., .6, .,., .,
a, , a, ,, .
Bishop, Abraham, .a, a, ,6, ,,
Blackstone, William, .a
Blaine, James G.,
Blair, Francis P., , aa, ,, ,, ., 6
Blake, Francis, ac6, a., aac, aa
Bloomeld, Joseph, a., a, a, a
Blumin, Stuart, ac
Bohmer, David A., n.
Bolvar, Smon,
Bolles, F. D., ,
bonds for good behavior. See legal penalties:
bonds for good behavior
Boston Chronicle & Patriot, 6,
Boston Columbian Centinel, c, a, , .c.,
a, a, a, 6, aa n. a
Boston Constitutional Telegraph(e), .., .6,
a,6
Boston Democrat, a.
Boston Gazette, c, ,, , , 6, .c
Boston Independent Chronicle, a6, ,., a, .c,
..c, .., .6,, a.,, aa, a, a,a, 6,, aa6
n. c
Boston Massachusetts Mercury, ac
Boston Massachusetts Spy, 6. See also
Worcester Massachusetts Spy
Boston New England Palladium, aa, a
Boston News-Letter, c
Boston Recorder, a,c
Boston Statesman, ., a,
Botein, Stephen, a6, a. n. 6
Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, .6,, .,c, c
Bradford, William, a,
Bradley, Stephen R., a..
Brainard, John G. C., a.
Brief Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century
(Rev. Samuel Miller), .6
Bristed, John, aca, ac
Bronson, Enos, a.
Brown, Robert,
Buckingham, Joseph T., c, 6, .c, a
Bucktails, aa, 6, ,,6, 6c n. 6
Buel, Richard,
Burk, John Daly, .a
Burke, Edmund, 6
Burnham, Michael, ac
Burr, Aaron, .a, a.6, aa, c n. ; and Bur-
rites, a.6
Burroughs, Stephen, ac
Caldwell, Elias Boudinot, a.
Calendrier Republicain, , .cc
Calhoun, John C., , a., , , 6, 6,
, 6, c
cc Index
Callender, James Thomson, ,6, , ..6, .a,
., .6c, ac, a, a6c, a6, a6,
Calvinism, a, ,
campaigning, political, ,, ,c, .c.c,
..., ..., a, n. ; cultural dis-
approval of, , .a, ; evolution of
from colonial period to Early Republic,
; language of, 6; and voter turnout,
6,. See also celebratory politics; edi-
tors, partisan newspaper; newspapers,
partisan; party politics
Campbell, George W., a
Campbell, John, c
Carey, Mathew, , ,, 6, 6 n. a.; as
critic of newspaper politics, , ,; en-
dorses Alien and Sedition Acts, . See
also Olive Branch, The
Carlton, Elizabeth, a,,
Carlton, William, a.c, a., aa., a,,, a6
Carroll, Daniel, ,6
Carter, Landon, .
Catos Letters (Trenchard and Gordon), c, a
celebratory politics, .,, . n. aa. See also
banquets; barbecues; Fourth of July cele-
brations and orations; parades; toasts
Chambers, David, .c
Chambersburg (Pa.) Farmers Register, ..6.,
.c, c, . n. a6. See also Greensburg
(Pa.) Farmers Register
Chambersburg (Pa.) Franklin Repository, .,
.c
character, c, .., ., ac, a., a6, a,., c;
versus political principles as qualication
for ofceholding, c, ,, ac; threats
posed to by newspaper editors, gentry
fears of, a6, a,., c6
Charleston City Gazette, a6a, a6
Charleston Federal Carolina Gazette, a
Charleston Investigator, a6
Charleston Mechanic Society, a6
Charleston Mercury, a6a, a6
Chase, Samuel, a,a
Cheetham, James, a.6, a,
Cheraw (S.C.) Pee Dee Gazette, .,a
Chesapeake affair, aa
Childs, Francis, 66, ,,
Chipman, Nathan, .c
Church, Benjamin,
Cincinnati, Ohio, c n. .c
Cincinnati Gazette, a
Cincinnati Inquisitor and Cincinnati Advertis-
er, ,,
Cincinnati National Republican,
circulation, newspaper, ,, , a6, , c, ,,
,,, , , .c., .., .., .., .6., .6,, .,a,
.,, .,, .., ., .., .a, .,, ac., ac,
ac, a., aa, .c, a, a,, , ,c, ..6,
aa n. a
Claiborne, John F. H., a.
Clap, William, a,6
class, ac, aa, a6, , , .., .6,, ..a,
acc, a.,, aa,, aa, ac, a,., ac, a, a6,
aa, a, a, a. See also artisans; gentili-
ty; gentlemen; printers
Clay, Henry, , 6
Clinton, De Witt, ., aa,, .,, c, ,
Clinton, George,
Cobbett, William, .cc, .ca, .c, aa, a,
a,, a n. 6
Code of Honor, The ( John Lyde Wilson), a6
Coleman, William, ., a,, ac, ac, a6,
a,, a,
Columbia Typographical Society, .,
common law, a6, a,a, a, c
Common Sense, 6, c,
Commonwealth v. Clap, a,6
Compensation Act, 6c6, ,c; editor-con-
gressmens opposition to, 6c6., n.
a; popular backlash against, 6.6a
Concord New-Hampshire Patriot, a, ,
., .,
Condict, Lewis, 6a
Congregationalists, ., a.c, a, ,6, ,,, ,,
c
Congress, U.S.: editors in, ..c.., .6, aa,
a,, a,, a6a, a6, ac, a., a, a, ,
,, ,, 6 n. a.; editors nancial
difculties arising from service in, aa,
6,; lawyers as most overrepresented
group in, ,; party development in, .6
n.
Connecticut, , ..., .a, ., ., ., .6a6,
a.., a., a., a6, ac, 6, 66, ,6c,
, ,, , ; constitutional re-
form in, ,, ,c, ; Constitution of
.., , 6; lawyer domination of, .,
a,, ,6, c, 6; phlegmatic political
culture of, .a, ,6; Standing Order
in, ., ., a., a, ,6, ,,, ,, c, ,
,; Stand-Up Law in, a., ,, ; Tol-
eration Party in, ,,, ,, ,, c, .a,
,
Connecticut Wits, .c, a
Conrad, Frederick,
Constitution, British, .,, .c
Constitution, French,
Constitution, U.S., .,, .., .6, aa; common
peoples interpretations of (popular con-
stitutionalism), .6,, ., n.
Constitutional Convention (.,,), a, a.,
a,.
Constitutional ratication debate. See rati-
cation of U.S. Constitution, debate over
Constitutional Republicans, .c, ...a, .
contempt proceedings, a, a,, a, ca, .,
6a n. 6
Index .c.
Cooper, James Fenimore, a
Cooper, John, 6
Cooper, Thomas, aaa
Cooper, William, a6, a,
Cooperstown (N.Y.) Impartial
Observer/Cooperstown Federalist, a6, a,
Corcoran, Catherine (Mrs. William Duane),
.,, .
Corrupt Bargain, c
corruption, a, , 6, , ., .6, .a, ac,
a, a6, a, a6, c, a, , , ,
Cosby, William, c
Cotting, Samuel, aaca.
Cox, James M., .
Coxe, Tench, .6, ., ., ., a,, .a; as ag-
gressive ofce-seeker, c6, c; as editor
of Philadelphia Evening Post, c6; frames
.c campaign as referendum on Duane
and newspaper politics, c,; removals
policy, views on, c6
Craftsman, The, a
Crawford, William, 6, c
Croswell, Edwin, ,6
Croswell, Harry, ., ., a, a, a,
a6, a,., a,, a,, a., ,6, ,,
Crowninshield, Jacob, a..
Cruger, Daniel, a
Cushing, Joseph, a
Cutts, Richard, a..
Daggett, David, .a
Dallas, Alexander J., , ., a6, a,, a, a.,
c, .a, ., .,; attempts pecuniary
temptation of Duane, c; defends Pass-
more judges in impeachment trial, c;
and .c memorial to the state legislature,
...a; Federalists, social and business ties
to, a, .a n. a,; legal reform battle,
role in, a, cc, c; ofceholding by,
a; Passmore case, insurers attorney
in, ca; removals policy, support of equi-
librium in, a; Society of Constitu-
tional Republicans, .c, ...a; on the
tyranny of printers, c, ..
Dallas, George Mifin, .
Dana, Samuel W., 6c
Danbury/Norwalk/New Haven Sun of Liber-
ty, .6
Danbury Republican Farmer, a6,, ac
Daniels, Josephus, ., n. 6
Darlington, William, aa, a, a, a,, a
Davis, Matthew Livingston, 6, a.6.,
Dawson, John, a6, a,, 6 n. .c
Dawson, Moses, ,, ., a
Day, Matthias, a
Dayton, Jonathan, ..., .
debtor relief, ,,, ,
Declaration of Independence, .,, ., .a,
aa, aa, n.
DeLancey, James, .
Delaware, a.., a., 6, 66
democracy, 6, c, , .c, .6, .,, ..,
.,, ac,, a., a, a6, aa, a, 6, 6,,
,., n. ; electoral politics integral to
editors vision of, a6,, aa, 6; gentry
resistance to, ., .c.; participatory,
6
Democratic-Republican societies, .a
Democratic Society of Pennsylvania, c, ..a,
a.; factional split over Whiskey Rebel-
lion, c.
Democratic Young Men, a
democratization, .., aa, ..c, .6, .,6, .,
aa, a, ac, a, c., , ,6, ,,
,, , ,, ; historiography of,
.., ., nn. ,, ; newspaper politics,
role in, .6, aa; partisan editors, role in,
.., aca., .,, a, ., a, a, ,
Dennie, Joseph, a, a.a, a6, a6, a
Denniston, David, .6a
Dering, Henry, aa
Detroit Democratic Free Press, .
Dickerson, Mahlon, a
Dickinson, John,
Dickman, Thomas, a
Dickson, William, .6, .6,,
Dictionary of the English Language (Samuel
Johnson),
Didot, Franois, c, a
Directory, the (French), ,
Discourses on Davila ( John Adams), 6.
Dixon, John, Jr., .6c
doctors, as occupational group, .6, a,
Douglass, Frederick, .c
drinking. See jefng; printers: alcohol abuse
by; toasts
Driscol, Denis, a6
Duane, James, .,,
Duane, William, , .ca, .a, .c, .,, .,6.,
.a, ., z,,, aca, aa, a, a, a,a,
ac, ac, aa, c, ., .,., .,
, ., , 6, ,, , , a n. ,;
asked to remain in Philadelphia after Jef-
fersons win, a,; betrayal of by Republi-
can gentleman leaders, a, a, ac;
Binns, John, assistance to, .; defeat in
run for ofce, .; deant personality of,
.,, .c, .., ., .c, c; editorial con-
trol over Aurora, a,; election of .cc,
role in, ., .., ., c, .c; England,
forced to ee, ..; Federalist harassment
of, .,,, .c, a,, a,, a, a, a; -
nancial assistance to, .; historiography
on, n. .; imprisonment of, .,,, a,
a, ac, a; independence of, a,, a,
ca Index
c; in India, .,c; Irish background of,
.,,,, .c; and Jeffersons removals poli-
cy, aa, c; launches campaign to re-
vise state constitution, c.c; as leader
of Republican editors, .., a6; and legal
reform, ccc., ca, c.c; as London
Corresponding Society (LCS) activist,
.c.; military activities of, .,,
a, .,, c; national importance of,
., .; Native Americans, supports
representation in Congress for, . n. a;
personal life of, .,,,, .c, .; political
decline of, ..,; political organizing in
Philadelphia, .,, a, a, c; post-
election of .cc travails of, a; private li-
bel lawsuits, defendant in, a,, a,, a,
.6; reaction to Republican leaders press
crackdown, a6,6; as a Republican party
leader, ., a, .a; seeks remuneration
for political work, .; social status of,
.c, .; as surrogate campaigner, a,;
views political professionalism as virtuous
calling, ., a6,; violence against,
.c; Washington, criticisms of, ..a;
Washington City, printing establishment
in, ., a,, a, .6
Duane, William J., ., .c, .,, ., ,
n. .c
dueling, ., .c, aa, a, a6c, a6, a66, a.,
aa
Dutton, Warren, ac, a
Dwight, Theodore, .c, a, ac
East India Company, .,, .,, .c
Easton (Md.) Republican Star, a,
Easton (Pa.) American Eagle,
Easton (Pa.) Centinel, a,
Easton (Pa.) Delaware Democrat, ., , 6
n.
Easton (Pa.) Expositor, , 6
Easton (Pa.) Mountaineer, 6
Easton (Pa.) Northampton Correspondent,
Easton (Pa.) Northampton Farmer, , ,
, ,, .
Easton (Pa.) Pennsylvania Herald and Easton
Intelligencer,
Easton (Pa.) Spirit of Pennsylvania, .a
Edes, Benjamin, ,, a
editing, political, emergence as an occupa-
tion, a.,, aaca., aaa. See also editors, par-
tisan newspaper
editors, Federalist: Augustan inuences and
approach, a, a; confusion as to audi-
ence, a; court convictions of, low num-
ber of, aa; educated gentlemen as,
ac.; genteel tastes of, ill-suited to po-
litical tasks, a.a; printer-editors subor-
dinate to party leaders, .6; prominent
and rising Federalist politicians as, ac;
violence against, a.., a6, a,
editors, partisan newspaper, c, , .a., .,;
campaigning by, a., c, , 6, ,, .c, ..,
..., .., .6c, .6, .,, ., .6, ac, a.,
a.a, a, a., a,, a,, a,,, a., a6, c,
.c.., , , , c, a, , ,
,., ,a, ,,, ,,, ., c, ., a, ;
as central gures in nineteenth-century
politics, .., .,, ., a6, , .6 n. ;
and Compensation Act backlash, 6.; and
democratization, .., aca., .,, a,
., a; as designated campaigners and
party spokesmen, ., a; educated gentle-
men as, a.,., a6c6, c6; in Europe,
.,, .6 n. ; nancial difculties of, .c,
.a, a, a; hired, low pay of, a., aac;
Jacksonian-era efforts to promote profes-
sional standards among, .6.,; as link be-
tween ofceholders and citizens, .,
.a; marriage of business and political
fortunes, seen by, , .c.a, .., .a,
.6, a., .6; mass party system, role in
development of, ; nomination conven-
tions afford larger role to, a, , a;
and party loyalty, a., a6, , , ; oc-
cupational backgrounds of, .ac, .,
aa,a, , 6 n. ., n. , 6
n. 6; ofceholding by, patterns of,
.66, aa,a, n. , 6 n. 6
(see also ofceholding: by editors; Con-
gress, U.S.: editors in); as political strate-
gists, ., .6c, a; as portable experts in
political campaigning, .6, ., a.., aaa,
aa; power of, ., ., a, .a, ., a., a6,
a,, a, , ; as public gures, .c,
aa, aa; seen as unqualied to direct
public opinion, .a, ., a, a, a6,
a,, c,, ., 6; social status of, .ac,
., ..c, .,, .6, .,., .,6, .,, ., ., aa.,
aaa, aa, ac, a, a, a6., c,, .., a.,
aa, 6a, 6, 6, ; as surrogates for
gentlemen, a, .., .6, a.,, a.; suspicion
of among trade-oriented printers, .;
tools, accused of being, , ,, a, .cc,
.a, .a, .c., .,, .,, a., a6, ; as
tramps of the political trade, aa. See
also editors, Federalist; editors, Republi-
can; newspaper politics; press: partisan
editors, Republican, .c, .6, .,, ., .6a, .6,
6; betrayal of by Republican gentleman
leaders, a,c,,; celebrate the role of com-
petitive elections in preserving liberty,
.66, a6,; and class consciousness,
ac, aa, a6, , , .., .6,, ..a,
acc, a.,, aa,, aa, ac, a,., ac, a, a6,
aa, a, a, a, ; court convictions,
high rates of, a; defend right to partic-
Index .c
editors, Republican (continued)
ipate in public life, a., .,, ., a,., a.;
duty of to scrutinize ofceholders con-
duct, .6, , , 6, ,a; editorial dic-
tation, accused of, c,, ..; Federalist ha-
rassment of, , ., a., ; nancial
assistance to, limits of, ., a., a,; gentry
resistance to rise of, ..6, aa, ., , ;
group consciousness of, .,; independ-
ence of, .,, .6; lawyers, hostility toward,
a,, a,, ccc., .c, a, ; legal pro-
fession, grievances against, a,a,; leg-
islative caucuses, opposition to, 6, ,,
6, , ; military ofces of, a6, a.,
a, .,, a, , , c; neglected by
Jefferson administration, a; party build-
ing by, 6, ., ., ,6; as party func-
tionaries and managers, .6,, .6, a, a,
6, c; party politics, devotion to, a; as
a power in local politics, a, a, , c;
prefer market forces to legal restraints in
curbing Federalist press, a6,; reaction to
party leaders crackdown on Federalist
press, a6,6; rejection of traditional
neutrality, .6., .6a, .6, .6, ; resistance
to Federalist harassment, .6, .,., .c; re-
sist efforts to end party competition, ,
6, 6,, 6, ,, ; slavery, opposition
to, .a, a, ., ,c; southern gentlemen
as, a6c6; violence against, , ..c, .,
., .a, .,a, ., .c, a6, a,, ac, a.,
. See also editors, partisan newspaper;
press, partisan; Republican party; Repub-
licans
Edwards, Pierpont, .a
elections (in general), .c, , 6, ..a., .a,
.6, ., ., ac; decisive role of press in,
a, .c, ..., ., accac., a.., a., a., aa,
c, ; opposition to frequent, 6, .,
.; results of printed, ,., 6, ,, ..a, ..,
.a, .., .6, .6,, a., a.; support for fre-
quent, a6,, aa
elections, presidential, ,.,
of .,6, ,
of .cc, a, ., a.6, aa, aa, c n. ; as
critical election, acc, c n. ,; lessons
of, for political leaders, accac.; trans-
formation of political culture by, acc;
triumph of newspaper politics in, a,
accac.
of .c, aca, a.., a.., a., a,,
of ..6, 6
of .a, c
of .a, ., a, , , 6 n.
of .ac, .
Electoral College, a.6
elites. See gentlemen
Elizabeth Town New-Jersey Journal, .c, a.
Elkins, Stanley, ,6
Ellicott, Andrew, c
Ellis, Richard E., n.
Ellsworth, Oliver, .c
embargo, a, a6, ., .6, ,, c, , 6;
creation of Federalist newspapers in re-
sponse to, a6
Entman, Robert, .
Episcopalians, ,,,, .,
equality, ., .ac, ., aa, a,., a, a, a,
a, , ,
Era of Good Feelings, 6,6; editors op-
position to, a., a., 6,6,
Erie Canal, ,
Essex Junto, a.c, a..
exchange papers, , , , .., .,, c,
c, aa6 n. c; and dissemination of
national news, , ,,; as enablers of uni-
ed national action, 6; impediment to
selling national political journalism, .,;
role in fostering partisan newspaper net-
works, .,
excise tax, ., ..
Family party (The Family), ., a, ,,
,, c. See also Republican party: in
Philadelphia, divisions in
Farkas, Alexander Blni,
Farmer in Pennsylvania ( John Dickinson),