Compound Sindarin Names in ME

I'd like to than k Didier W illis and Gildor Inglorion fo r their idea s an d su pport. W ithou t their h elp th is work w ould have never reached its final stage.

The spelling of all separate elements of compounds is given in accordance with how we think (or, rather, HFK thinks) they would be written in the TA Sindarin (except for archaic forms, i.e. Dor, Tel, etc). Thus, for example, the form of a monosyllabic word in -nd is preferred to the one in -nn or -n and so on. The meanings of the separate elements are taken from Hiswelke Sindarin dictionary and/or Etymologies. The index is given only if the origin or the meaning of the word is (IMHO) questionable and therefore needed for reference.

Index: E Etymologies, found in LR, Ballantine Books 1996 H Hiswelke Sidarin dictionary F information is taken from Helge Fauskangers articles on Ardalambion Letters the Letters of JRR Tolkien, HarperCollinsPublishes 1995 LotR the Lord of the Rings, Appendix E LR the Lost Road and Other Writings, Ballantine Books 1996 MR M orgoth's Ring, HarperCollinsPublishes 2002 PM The Peoples of Middle Earth, HarperCollinsPublishes 2002 RF Robert Foster, The Complete Guide to M iddle Earth, HarperCollinsPublishes 1993 Sil Silmarillion, HarperCollinsPublishes, 1999 UT Unfinished Tales, HarperCollinsPublishes, 1998 VT Vinyar Tengwar WJ the War of the Jewels, HarperCollinsPublishes 2002 * - my deductions or uncertainties; highly questionable! AS Archaic Sindarin Dor Doriathrin Ilk Ilkorin Nan Nandorin PQ Primitive Quendian Q Quenya S Sindarin TA S Third Age Sindarin (LotR-style Sindarin) Tel - Telerin Abonnen after born; ab (prefix after) + onnen (p.p. of onna- beget) Adanath men; adan (man) + ath (collective plural suffix) Adanedhel (Trin) man-elf ; adan (man) + edhel (elf) Aderthad reunion; ad (again) + erthad (ger. of ertha- unite) Adurant double course; adu (Ilk (AS?) double + rant (load, vein)

Aeglos snowthorn; aeg (S aegas mountain peak, thorn) + gloss (snow-white) or loss (snow) final s in (g)loss is dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F] Aegnor fell fire; aeg (from Q aika fell) + naur (flame) S form of Q Aikanro
sharp flame, fell fire; the name was not true S, as there was no S adjective corresponding to Q "fell, terrible", though "aeg" would have been its form if it had occurred [PM:347]

Aelin-uial lake-twilight; aelin (pl. of ael lake, pool, mere) + uial (twilight) Aeluin - pale, *blue lake; ael (lake, pool, mere) + *luin (Dor. pale, *blue) Aerandir sea-wanderer; aer, aear (sea) + randr (wanderer, pilgrim) Agarwaen (Trin) bloodstained; agar (blood) + gwaen (stained [E WA3-]) *the
formationof the last element is not clear

Aglarond the glittering cavern; aglar (glory, brilliance) + rond (dome-roofed hall [W J:414]) Aglon(d) defile, pass between high walls; ag- (S agor narrow) + lond (pass) Alfirin immortal; al- (negative prefix) + firin (mortal) Amloth high flower; am (prefix up) + loth (flower) Amon Anwar hill of awe; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), anwar (awe) Amon Amarth mount (of) doom; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), amarth (fate, doom) Amon Carab hill of the hat; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), carab (hat) Amon Dn - silent hill; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), dn (silent) Davis Salo: "dh
and mh were liable to revert to d and m when they came to follow a nasal after syncope" TolkLang message 19.31; *the name also could be interpreted as "hill of silence", as adjective "silent" is attested as "dnen"

Amon Ereb lonely hill; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), ereb (isolated, lonely) Amon Ethir hill spy; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), [H] ed (out) + tirn (watcher) Amon Hen hill of the eye; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), hend (eye)
*ending -nd is usually preserved at the end of fully accented monosyllables [LotR], but here might be dropped because "hend" is preceded by another fully accented polysyllable, which made it lose some stress.

Amon Lanc naked hill; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), lanc (naked) Amon Lhaw hill of hearing; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), lhaw (pl. ears) Amon Obel *hill-village; amon (hill, steep-sided mount) + obel (walled house or village) *the second element is found in Obel Halad (possibly "town of chieftain"
[ WJ:148])

Amon Rdh bald hill; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), rdh (bald) Amon Sl hill of the wind; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), sl (wind) Amon Uilos mount of ever-white snow; amon (hill, steep-sided mount), *ui (stem of "uireb" eternal) + loss (snow) final s in loss is dropped at the end of a
polysyllable [F]

Ancalagon jaws-rushing [RF:10]; anc (jaw, row of teeth) + alag (rushing, impetuous) + *on (*male ending); [E:417] translates it as "Biting Storm", the final
element probably "alagos" (storm) with the change of the last consonant

Andram long wall; and (long) + ramb (wall) Andras(t) long cape; and (long) + *rast (*shore) * the second element is probably the
same as in Nevrast and Haerast

Andrath long climb; and (long) + rath (course, passage) Androth long cave; and (long) + groth (underground dwelling) Anduin long river; and (long) + duin (long and large river) Anfalas long strand; and (long) + falas (coast, beach, shore) An(d)fang long beard; and (long) + fang (beard) Anfangrim long bearded dwarves; and (long) + fang (beard) + rim (collective plural suffix) [PM:321] Anfauglir long-thirsty-jaws (Carcharoth); an(d) (long) + faug (thirst) + lr (row, range *of teeth) Anfauglith great-thirsty-ash; and (great) + faug (thirst) + lith (ash, sand, dust) Angband - iron hell, prison; ang (iron) + (m-)band (prison) from angmband,
gmb produces gb

Angerthas long rune-rows; and (long) + certhas (rune rows)> certh(a rune) + as (*abstract colletive suffix) Anglachel flaming iron; ang (iron) + lach (from lacha-flame) + *l (star) Anghabar *iron mine; ang (iron) + sabar (delved mine) *[H] habar as the
regular form might be possible as well

Angmar iron land; ang (iron) + (m-)bar (land, dwelling) the lenition of the
second element is unclear (we would rather expect "Angbar") but edain often made mistakes when giving places Elvish names (VT#42 Rivers and Beacon-hills))

Angrenost iron fortress (Isengard); angren (iron) + ost (fortress, stronghold) Angrist iron cleaver, sword; ang (iron) + rist (from "risto" cleave) the stem of the
last element blended with the stem "kris-" of similar meaning [Sil:440]

Angrod iron-eminent one; ang (iron) + arod (from Tel arto noble < arta noble + masculing anding o[F]) in [E RAUT-] the second element is given as rod
(fromraud metal, earlier changed in from copper); S equivalent of Tel Angarto [PM:347]

Angwedh chain; ang (iron) + gwedh (bond) Annon-in-Gelydh gate of the Noldor; annon (great door or gate) + in (pl. genitive article) + (n-)Gelyth (pl. of (n-)Golodh Noldor) Annminas west tower; annn (west, sunset) + minas (tower) *the assimilation of
nm>mm>m could be "internal nasal mutation"

Anrien sun land; anor (the sun) + iend (-endcommonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries [UT:412])* the long could probably reflect the long
vowel in the primitive root that remains long (in the first element of a compound) when stressed

Aphadon successor, follower; ab (prefix after) + pad- (walk) + on (*traditional ending for male names) Aphadrim followers (men); ab (prefix after) + pad- (walk) + rim (collective plural sufix) Araglas *royal joy; aran (king) + glass (joy) Aradan king-man; ar(a) (prefix high, noble, royal) + adan (man) Arador *royal lord; ara (prefix high, noble, royal) + taur (king, lord) Aragorn royal valor; aran (king) + gorn (valor) *The translation is given in PM , but
it could just as well be more complicated and include or allude to other stems; several names [in the line of Arthedain] though S in form, are not readily interpretable [Letters:426].

Aragost - *royal dread; aran (king) + gost (dread) Arahael *wise king; ara (prefix high, noble, royal) + sael (wise) Aranath kings; aran (king) + ath (collective plural suffix) Aranarth *noble king; aran (king) + arth (lofty, noble) Aran Einior Elder King (Manw) [PM:358]; aran (king) + einior (elder) > an (comparative prefix) + iaur (ancient, old) Aranrth royal anger: aran (king) + rth (anger) the archaic origin of the name can
probably explain why assimilation nr>dhr doesn't take place

Aranuir *eternal king; aran (king) + *uir (eternity) Araphant - *full king, king of all; aran (king) + pant (full) *the assimilation of
n+p>ph could be "internal nasal mutation"

Araphor *royal fist; aran (king) + paur (fist) Arathorn royal eagle; aran (king) + thorn (eagle) Araval *golden king; ara (prefix high, noble, royal) + mall (golden, of gold) Aravir *royal jewel; ara (prefix high, noble, royal) + mr (jewel, treasure) Aravorn *black king; ara (prefix high, noble, royal) + morn (black) Ard-Galen green region, area; ardh (realm, region) + calen (green) Aredhel high, noble elf; ar(a) (prefix high, noble, royal) + edhel (elf) Argeleb *royal silver; ar (prefix high, noble, royal) + *celeb (silver) Argonath royal stones; arn (prefix royal) + gond (great stone, rock) + ath (collective plural suffix). triconsonantal cluster rgn produces rg; in this case
originalnd doesnt produce nn before the collective plural suffix "ath" *might be a dialectal form or a mistake on the part of Gondorians who didn't always use Elvish languages correctly(VT#42 Rivers and Beacon-hills)

Argonui *royal valour; ar (prefix high, noble, royal) + caun (valour) + ui (adjectival suffix) Arnor royal land; ar (prefix high, noble, royal) + (n-)dor (land, dwelling) Arnor
was retained to avoid Ardor and was later explained as the blending of Quenya "Arnanre" with S arn(a)dor>ardor [Letters:428]

Arossiach fords of Aros; Aros (river name) + *iach (ford) Arothir noble lord; arod (noble) + hr (lord) S equivalent of Q Artaher [PM:346] Arthedain noble men; arth (noble, lofty) + edain (pl. of adan man) Arvedui last king; r (king) + medui (last) Arvegil *royal sword; ar (prefix high, noble, royal) + megil (sword) Arveleg *mighty king; ar (prefix high, noble, royal) + beleg (great, mighty) Arwen royal, noble maiden; ar (prefix high, noble, royal) + gwend (maiden, woman) Athrad Angren (pl. Ethraid Engrin) iron ford; athrad (river-crossing, ford, way) + angren (iron) * the first element could be interpreted as: ath (prefix on both sides,
across") + rd (path, track)

Athrad D(h)aer great ford; athrad (river-crossing, ford, way) + daer (great) *the
variation of the second element might reflect Tolkien's reluctance to use the "uncouth" digraph "dh"

Athrad i-Negyth ford of the dwarves; athrad (river-crossing, ford, way) + in (pl.genitive article) + negyth (pl. of nogoth dwarf) * the first element could be
interpreted as: ath (prefix on both sides, across) + rd (path, track)[E RAT-]

Balannor land of Gods; Balan (power, god) + (n-)dor (land, dwelling) Balrog - demon of power; bal- (stem cruel [E GWAL-]) + raug (powerful and hostile creature, demon) Barad-dr dark tower; barad (tower) + dr (dark, somber) *dh could revert to d
assimilated by the preceding d

Barad Nimras white-horn tower; barad (tower), nimp (white) + ras (horn ) the
original form of ras would probably be rassin TA S with the final s dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F]

Barad Eithel tower of [the] well; barad (tower) + eithel (spring, well) Baragund fiery prince; bara (fiery) + cund (prince) Barahir (Barachir) fiery lord; bara (fiery) + hr (lord) Baranduin gold-brown river; baran (gold-brown) + duin (long and large river)
David Salo: "dh and mh were liable to revert to d and m when they came to follow a nasal after syncope" TolkLang message 19.31

Bar-en-Danwedh house of ransom; bar (house) + en (genet.article) + *dan (back) +*gwedh (bond) * we would expect it to be "Bar-e-Ndanwedh", but this could be a
dialectal variant of the name

Bar-i-Ml home of the gulls; (m-)bar (dwell, inhabit) + in (gen. pl. article) + ml (pl. of ml gull) Barthan Earthbuilder (Aule); (m-)bar (dwell, inhabit) + tan (maker, smith) Basgorn a loaf of bread; (m-)bast (bread) + corn (round)) Bauglir (Melkor) tyrant (*forcing-chain); baug (cruel, oppressive) + lr (row, range) Belegaer great sea; beleg (great) + (g)aer (sea) Belegost great fortress; beleg (great, mighty) + ost (fortress) Belegurth great death (Melkor) [PM:358]; beleg (great, mighty) + gurth (death) Beleriand the land of Balar; Balar (the name of the island, from PQ balre) + iand (-andcommonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries [UT:412]) Borlas *lasting, faithful joy (male name); br (faithful, enduring) + glass (joy) Brethiliand beech forest; brethil (beech) + and (commonly used suffix in the names of regions and counries [UT:412]) Brithombar land of river Brithon; Brithon (name of the river pebbly [F]) + (m-)bar (dwell, inhabit) Brilthor glittering torrent; bril (Ilk. glass, cristal) + thr (swooping, leaping down) Brithiach gravel ford; brith (Ilk. broken stones, gravel) + *iach (ford) Bruinen loud water; brui (loud) + nen (water) Cabed-en-Aras the deers leap; cabed (ger. of cab- leap) + en (gen.article) + aras (deer) Cabed Naeramarth leap of dreadful doom; cabed (ger. of cab- leap), naer (sad, lamentable) + amarth (faith, doom) Cair Andros ship of long foam; cair (ship), and (long) + ros (foam, rain) nd
doesnt become nn before r [LotR]; the original form of roswould probably be ross with the final s dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F]

Calben a light person; cal (from PQ "kala-" light) + pen (someone, anyone) is
said to be "formally" related to Q Kalaquend [WJ:362,376]

Calenardhon green province; calen (green) + ardh (realm, region) + ond (commonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries [UT:412]) Calenhad green place; calen (green) + sad (limited area naturally or artificially defined, a place, spot) Camlost (Beren) empty-handed; cam(b) (hand) + lost (empty) Carnen red water; car (from caran red) + nen (water) Carach Angren iron fang; carach (spike, tooth or rock) + angren (iron) Caradhras red horn; caran (red) + ras(horn, mountain peak) dhr is < n-r in
secondary contact; the original form of ras is probably rass with the final s dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F]

Caras Galadhon fortress of the trees; caras (*Nan moated fortress [UT:333]), galadh (tree) + *on (*could be Nan. genitive suffix [F]) Carcharoth red maw; carch (tooth, fang) + car (from caran red) + *(h-)oth (*collective plural suffix) Carchost fang citadel; carch (tooth, fang) + ost (fortress, stronghold) Celduin running river; cell (adj. running, flowing) + duin (big and large river) Celebdil silver tine; celeb (silver) + till (horn, point) Celeborn *high silver [UT:347]; celeb (silver) + orn (from PC "orn" uprising, tall) reinterpreted from earlier cilver tree; celeb (silver) + orn (tree); S equivalent of Tel
Teleporno

Celebrant silver lode; celeb (silver) + rant (load, vein) Celebrimbor silver fist; celebrin (silver-like) + paur (a tightly closed hand as in using an implement or a craft-tool) [PM:318] Sindarized form of Tel Telperimpar, Q
Tyelpinquar

Celebrindal silver foot; celebren (<celebrina silver-like) + tl (foot) [F] nd

didnt became nn when n and d come from different elements of a compound

Celebros silver foam, silver rain; celeb (silver) + ros (foam, rain) the original form
of ros is probably ross with the final s dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F]

Certh iMbelain Sickle of the Powers (Q Valakirka); certh (sickle) + in (gen pl article) + Belain (pl. of Balan Power) the lenition of "Balain" to "Mbelain" reflects
Tolkien's earlier view of nasal mutation, where b,d,g>mb,nd,ng [F];or it could possibly be an archaic form

Crdan ship-maker; cr (pl. of cair ship) + tan (maker, smith) Cirith Dath pass of shadow; cirith (pass, cleft), d (nightfall, night, dimness) + gwath (shadow) Cirith Forn en Andrath nothern high-climbing pass; cirith (pass, cleft), forn (north), en (gen. article), and(long) + rath* (climbing passage) Cirith Niniach pass of rainbow; cirith (pass, cleft), niniach (rainbow) > nn (watery) + *iach (ford, bridge) Cirith Thoronath pass of eagles; cirith (pass, cleft), thoron (eagle) + ath (collective plural suffix) Cirith Ungol pass of spider; cirith (pass), ungol (spider) Cormallen golden circle; corn (round) + mal(d) (gold) + en (adjective suffix)

Crissaegrim cleft-peaks; criss (cleft) + aeg (S aegas mountain peak, thorn) + rim (collective plural suffix) [F] ss at the end of monosyllables is retained in
intervocalic position

Cthalion strong bow; c (bow) + thalion (strong, dauntless one) > thala (strong, dauntless) + ion (traditional male ending) Daerachas great dread, fear; daer (great) + achas, gachas? [H] (dread, fear) Dagnir Glaurunga slayer of Glaurung; dag- (slay) + (n-)dr (man, adult male, here: doer) + Glaurung (dragon-name) + a (Doriathrin genitive ending) * the
mutation of dr to nir might be explained by the Doriathrin origin of the name

Dagor Aglareb glorious battle; dagor (battle), aglar (glory) + eb (adjective suffix) Dagor Bragollach battle of sudden flame; dagor (battle), bragol (sudden) + lach(flame) Dagorlad battle plane; dagor (battle) + lad (plain, valley) Dagor-nuin-Giliath battle under the stars; dagor (battle) + nu (prep. under) + in (pl. article) + gl (star) + ath (collective plural suffix) Dambeth response; dan (back) + peth (word) Damrod metal hammer; (n-)dam (hammer, beat) + raud (metal) S form of Q
Nambarauto; the second element was changed from earlier copper [E RAUT-]

Deld(w)ath horror night shadow; del (fear, disgust, horror) + d (nightfall, night, dimness) + gwath (shadow) Dimbar sad land; dimb (Ilk. sad, gloomy [E DEM-]) + (m-)bar (land, dwelling) Dineth young lady, bride (Indis); d (bride, lady) + neth (young) Dol Baran gold-brown hill; (n-)dol (hill), baran (gold-brown) * the lack of lenition
in "baran" could probably be explained by dialectal differences

Dol Guldur hill of dark magic; (n-)dol (hill), (n-)gl (magic) + dr (dark) Dolmed wet head; (n-)dol (hill) + md (Dor. wet) Dor-Carthol land of bow and Helm; (n-)dr (land, dwelling-place), c (bow) + ar (and) + thl (helm) Dor Daedelos land of great/shadow of fear; (n-)dr (land, dwelling-place), dae (shadow) *or daer (great) + delos (abhorrence, loathing, detestation) [E DYEL-]
probably del (fear) + gos, goth (*gost? dread)

Dor Dnen silent land; (n-)dr (land, dwelling-place), dn (silence) + en (adjective suffix) *the lack of lenition might be explained by Tolkien's dislike for "uncouth"
digraph "dh"

Dorgannas Iaur account of the shapes of the lands of old; (n-)dr (land, dwelling place) + cant (shape) + as (*abstract collective suffix) + iaur (old)
*suffix as probably denotes "a complete set of different things of one kind"

Dor Firn-i-Chuinar land of the dead who live; (n-)dr (land, dwelling-place), firn (pl. of fern mortal)+ in (here: plural relative pronoun) + cuinar (3p pl. of cuina - be alive) Doriath land of the fence; (n-)dr (land,dwelling) + ith (fence); genitival
sequences with possessor or qualifier second in the later period became fixed compounds, as Driath [WJ:370]; *probably reinterpreted by Tolkien from earlier " land of the cave"< (n-)dr(land, dwelling-place) + *i(sing or genitive article) + gath(cavern) [E GATH-]

Dor Lmin (Lmen) echoing land; (n-)dr (land, dwelling-place), lmin ([also lmen] Dor. echoing) Dor Lamren echoing land (pure S of Dor Lmin); (n-)dr (land, dwellingplace), glamren (echoing) < glam (S glamor, glambr echo) + en (adjectival suffix) Dornhoth thrawn folk (dwarves); dorn (stiff, tough) + hoth (crowd, hord, here used as collective plural suffix) Dor-nu-Fauglith land under choking ash; (n-)dr (land, dwelling) + nu (prep. under) + faug (thirst) + lith (ash, sand, dust) Dorthonion land of pines; (n-)dr (land, dwelling-place) + thn (pine-tree) + ion ([F]Dor. plural gen. suffix) Drambor *heavy-blow fist; dramb (heavy stroke) + paur (clenched fist) Draugluin pale, *blue wolf; draug (wolf) + luin (Dor. pale, *blue) Dradan one of the dr; dr (S adaptation of their native word "drughu") + adan (man) Drnos a family of dr-men; dr (S adaptation of their native word "drughu") + noss (house, family) the original form of nos is probably noss with the final s
dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F]

Duinhir river lord; duin (river) + hr (lord) Duilwen green river ; duil (river [E DUI-] *Ilk. only?)+ gwn (Ilk. green) Duin D(h)aer great river (Gelion); duin (river) + daer (great); *the variation of the
second element might reflect Tolkien's reluctance to use the "uncouth" digraph "dh"

Dnadan (pl. Dnedain) west(ern) man; (n-)dn (west) + adan (a man from one of the three houses of edain) Dnedhel west(ern) elf; (n-)dn (west) + edhel (elf) Durthang dark duress, oppression; dr (dark) + thang (compulsion, oppression) Echad i Sedryn camp of the faithful; achad (camp) + in (pl. genitive article) + sedryn (pl. of sadron faithful one) Edegil seven stars (Great Bear); odog (seven) + gl (pl. of gl star) Edenedair fathers of men; plural of adanadar < adan (man) + adar (father) Edhellond elf-haven; edhel (elf) + lond (entrance to harbour, land-locked haven) Edhelrim, eledhrim elves; edhel, eledh (elf) + rim (collective plural ending) Edhelharn elf stone; edhel (elf) + sarn (stone) Egladhrim the forsaken (Falathrim); eglan (one forsaken) + rim (collective plural suffix) dhr is < n-r in secondary contact [WJ:363] Eglador land of the Elves (Doriath); eglan (elf, Falathrim) + (n-)dor (land, dwelling place) Eglamar Elf-home; egla- (from PQ hekla elf, Falathrim) + (m-)bar (land, dwelling) it is said to be an old name, which is reflected by its formation, with the genitival
element preceding: ekla-mbar [WJ:365]; *the fact that the first part of the compound is "egla-", not "eglan-" probably explains the mutation of "mb-" to "m", in contrast to Eglador

Eglath the forsaken (Falathrim); egla (from PQ hekla elf, Falathrim) + ath (collective plural suffix) Egnor *fire thorn; g (thorn) + naur (fire)

Elanor star-sun (flower); l (star) + anor (sun) Elbereth star queen/lady; l (star) + bereth (queen, spouse of a king) no lenition:
original name Elenbarathi yielding Elmbereth where triconsonantal lmb>lb [MR:387]

El(d)rim elves; el(d) (from CE eld- connected or concerned with the stars [WJ:363]) + rim (collective plural suffix) ll-r in secondary contact > ldr, later again
simplified [WJ:364]

Eledhrim Elves; elen (elf) + rim (collective plural suffix) dhr is < n-r in secondary
contact [WJ:363]

Eledhwen elf maid (Morwen); eledh (elf) + gwend (woman, maiden, [E ELED-]) [E WEN-]: since it shows no "-d" even in the archaic spelling, it probably contains
derivative of "WEN-", not "WENED-" stem and the last element is Ilk. "gwen" (girl); in Grey Annals the translation is given "Elfsheen"

Elfaron star-hunter (Moon); l (star) + faron (hunter) Elladan elf-man; ell (from CE eld- connected or concerned with the stars [WJ:363]) + adan (a man from one of the three houses of edain) Elleth elf-woman; ell (from CE eld- connected or concerned with the stars [WJ:363]) + eth (traditional ending for female names) Ellon elf-man; ell (from CE eld- connected or concerned with the stars [WJ:363]) + on (traditional ending for male names) Elrond starry dome; l (star) + rond (domed roof) Elrohir elf-horse lord; el (from CE eld- connected or concerned with the stars [WJ:363]) + roch (horse) + hr (master, lord) Elros star foam, spray; l (star) + ros (foam, spray) in [PM:369] the last element is
said to be "rs" from Borian tongue.

Elthor(o)n eagle of sky; l (star) + Ilk. thorn/ S thoron (eagle) Eluchil heir of Elu; Elu (name) + (k-)hl (heir) Elvellon elf-friend; el (from "elen" elf [WJ:363]) + mellon (friend) Elwing star foam; l (star) + wing (spray, foam) the meaning of "wing" is uncertain
and could have been taken from Nan, but its interpretation is but a guess [PM:349]; later on p.369 this element is said to come from Borian tongue; in [E WIG-] the S, Ilk word for "spindrift, flying spray" is given as "gwing" Emyn Arnen hills beside the water [ see [H], entry arnen]; emyn (pl. of amon

hill), ar (*from Dor ar outside, beside) + nen (water) Emyn Beraid hills-towers; emyn (pl. of amon hill), beraid (pl. of barad tower) * another possibile interpretation of the name is "hills of towers" Emyn Duir dark mountains; emyn (pl. of amon hill), duir (pl. of dr dark)
David Salo: "dh and mh were liable to revert to d and m when they came to follow a nasal after syncope" TolkLang message 19.31

Emyn Eglain mountains of forsaken elves; emyn (pl. of amon hill) + eglain (pl. of "eglan" a forsaken) Emyn Muil drear hills; emyn (pl. of amon hill), muil (Dor. twilight, shadow, vagueness) Emyn-nu-Fuin mountains under night; emyn (pl. of amon hill) + nu (under) + fuin (dead of night, gloom, darkness) Enedwaith middle folk/region; enedh (middle, center) + gwaith (people, folk, region)

Ennorath central lands, Middle Earth; en(ed) (center) + (n-)dor (region, dwelling) + ath (class plural suffix) Ephel Dath fence of shadow; ephel (outer fence, encircling fence) < ed (outer) + pel (fenced field), d (nightfall, dimness) + gwath (shade) Erchamion one handed; er (from ereb one, alone) + cam(b) (hand) + ion (*ending for a male name) Erebor lonely mountain; ereb (isolated, lonely) + or (from orod mountain) Ered Gorgoroth mountains of terror; ered (pl. of orod mountain), gor (extreme horror duplicated first syllable of goroth) + (n-)goroth (horror) Ered Lemrin echoing mountains (pure S of Ered Lmin); ered (pl. of orod mountain) + glemrin (pl. of glamren echoing) Ered Lithui ash mountains; ered (pl. of orod mountain), lith (ash, sand, dust) + ui (adjective suffix)) Ered Lmin echoing mountains; ered (pl. of orod mountain), lmin (pl. of Dor. lmen echoing); Ered Luin blue mountains; ered (pl. of orod mountain), luin (pl. of ln, lhn blue) Ered M ithrin grey mountains; ered (pl. of orod mountain), mithrin (pl. of mithren grey) * "m" sometimes resists lenition when otherwise may cause confusion Ered Nimrais whitehorn mountains; ered (pl. of orod mountain), nimp (white) + rais (pl. of ras horn) the original form of ras is probably rass with the
final s dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F]

Ered Wethrin shadowy mountains; ered (pl. of orod mountain), gwethrin (pl. of gwathren shadowy, dim) Ereinion scion of kings (Gil-galad); erein (AS pl. of "aran" king) + in (son) Eregion land of holly trees; ereg (holly tree) + ion (*(-ond commonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries [UT:412]) *the suffix could be
reinterpreted or might have blended with Dor."-ion" plural genitive suffix, as in Dor. Region

Eruchn - *children of Eru; Eru (God) + hn (pl. of hn child) Eryn Galen green forest; eryn (wood), calen (green) Eryn Lasgalen wood of greenleaf; eryn (wood), lass (leaf) + calen (green) Eryn Vorn dark wood; eryn (wood), morn (black, dark) Esgalduin - veiled river; esgal (veil, screen, cover) + duin (river) Esgaliant bridge over veiled river; esgal (veil, screen, cover) + iant (bridge) Esgaroth reed lake; esgar (reed-bed) + *(h)oth (*collective plural suffix) Ethir Anduin mouths of great river (Anduin); [H] ed (out) + sr (flow, river), and (long) + duin (long and large river) David Salo: "dh and mh were liable to revert to
d and m when they came to follow a nasal after syncope" TolkLang message 19.31

Faenor spirit of fire (pure S of half S half Q Fanor); faer (spirirt) + naur (fire)
S form of Q Fanro [PM:343]

Falathrim shore folk; falas (beach, shore) + rim (collective plural suffix) Fangorn treebeard; fang (beard) + orn (tree) Fanuidhol cloudy head; fn (cloud)+ ui (adjective suffix) + (n-)dl (head, peak)
*the leniton of the final element seems to be very strange, but the stem could have been reinterpreted to be "DOL-"

Faradrim hunters; farad (ger. of fara- hunt) + rim (collective plural suffix)

Felagund lord of the caves; fela (cave) + cund (prince)[E KUND-, PHLEG-]
in PM:352 said to be of Dwarvish origin, deriving from felakgundu, felaggundu (cave-hewer), Eldarized into Felagon; this explanation entered Sil Index

Fen Hollen closed door; fen (door), [H] hollen, sollen? (p.p. from hol- or sol- close) Finarfin the name probably has no meaning in S and is constructed in the way similar to Fingonfin; fin (reduced Finw his father's name) + ar (prefix noble, royal) + fin (reduced Arafinw his Quenya name) Finglas hair-leaf; fnd (tress) + lass (leaf) *the medial "g" is not clear, might be left
from Gnomish lexicon, where "fingl" meant "tress", or "fing" is a variant of "find"

Fingolfin the name is stated to have had no meaning in S [PM:344]; fin (reduced Finw his father's name) + goll (wise) + fin (reduced Finw Nolofinw his Quenya name) Fingon hair shout (if interpretable at all); find (hair, a tress) + caun (outcry, clamour [PM :362]) S name of Findekno[PM:345] Finrod hair-eminent one; find (hair) + arod (from Tel arto - arta noble + masculing anding o) in [E RAUT-] the second element is given as rod (fromraud
metal. S equivalent of Tel Findarto

Fimbrethil slim birch; fim (slim, slender) + brethil (birch) David Salo supposed
that v was probably liable to revert to b after a nasal, just like "dh" and "mh", Tolklang message 19.31

Firiath mortal men; fair (mortal) + ath (collective plural suffix) Friel a mortal maid; fair (mortal) + iell(daughter, child [E SEL-D] traditional ending for womens names) Firieth a mortal woman; fair (mortal) + eth (traditional ending for female names) Firion a mortal man; fair (mortal) + on (traditional ending for male names) Forlindon North(ern) musical land; forn (right, north) + lindon (Ilk. musical land) Ilk probably explains the intervocalic nd instead of nn, for E also gives another form
lhinnon *closer to TA S? Later was probably reconsidered to be derived from lindn [F] ([the land] of the lindar)

Fornost Erain North(ern) fortress of the kings; forn (right, north) + ost (fortress, stronghold), erain (pl. of aran king) Forodwaith northmen; forod (northern) + gwaith (people, folk) Galadriel lady, crowned with a radiant garland; galad (light, radiance) + r (crown) + iell (daughter[E SEL-D] traditional ending for womens names) Sindarin
equivalent of Tel Alatriel(l) [PM:347]

Galadhrim wood elves of Lrien; galadh (tree) + rim (collective plural suffix) Galvorn shining black; gal (shine) + morn (dark, black) Gaurwaith wolf-men; (n-)gaur (werewolves) + gwaith (people, folk) Garthurian (= Doriath) Dor. fenced realm; garth, gardh- (Dor. realm) + thurian ([F] Dor. p.p. of THUR- - surround, fence, ward, secrete) Gildor noble star; gl (star, bright spark) + taur (noble, king, lord) the secind
element is only used poetically, as dor often found in names [E T-]

Gil-Estel (Erendil) star of hope; gl (star, bright spark) + estel (hope)

Gil-galad star of radiance; gl (star, bright spark) + galad (light, radiance) [PM:347] reinterpreted from "gil + calad" (star light) [E KAL-] Gilthoniel star-kindler; gl (pl. of gl star, bright spark) + thniel (perf. act. part. of than- kindle, set light to) * [F] it is possible that iel is just iell
(daughter[E SEL-D] traditional ending for womens names)

Gladhwen laughing maiden (pure S of Lalwen); gladh- (v laugh) [PM:359] + gwend (girl, maiden) S form of Quenya Lalwend [PM:343] Glamdring foe hammer; glam(b) (shouting, confused noise, an orc) + dring (from dringa- beat) Glamhoth din-hord, the orcs; glam(b) (shouting, confused noise, an orc) + hoth (crowd, hord, here used as collective plural suffix) Glanduin border river; gland (boundary) + duin (long and large river) David
Salo: "dh and mh were liable to revert to d and m when they came to follow a nasal after syncope" TolkLang message 19.31

Glanhr border river; gland (boundary) + sr (river) Gloredhel *golden elf; glaur (golden light) + edhel (elf) Glorfindel *golden hair; glaur (golgen light) + fndel((braided)hair) perhaps AS,
that would explain nd- not changed to nn-; the name stated by Tolkien to have "escaped reconsiderationand now difficult to fit into S" [PM:379]

Gobennas history; go (prefix together, with) + pent (story) + as (*abstract collective suffix) *this suffix probably denotes a complete set of different items of one kind (G)dhellim deep, wise elves (gnomes); g (probably taken fromGolodh Noldor [WJ:364]) + dhel (deep elf) + rim (collective plural suffix) Goldamr Noldo-jewel (Silmaril); golda (Dor. gen of gold Noldo) + mr (Dor. jewel, precious thing) Golodhrim Noldor elves; Golodh (Noldor) + rim (collective plural suffix) Golodhvir Noldo-jewel (Silmaril); Golodh (Noldo) + mr (jewel, precious thing) Gondolin hidden rock; gond (great stone, rock) + dollen (p.p. of doltha- conceal); [E DUL-] heart of hidden rock; gond (great stone, rock) + dol (from dollen p.p.
of Doltha conceal) + ind (inner thought, heart); S name for Q Ondolind (the Rock of the Music of Water) [Sil:143]

Gondolindrim people of Gondolin; Gondolin + d (part of the original -ind ending) + rim (collective plural suffix) Gondor stone land; gond (great stone, rock) + (-n)dor (land, dwelling) Gonnhirrim lords of stone (S for dwarves); gond (stone) + hr (lord) + rim (collective plural suffix) Gorthaur abominable fear; gor (fear, dread) + thaur (abominable, abhorrent) in
[E THUS-] the last element is given "th" (stench), as the proper name - the chief servant of Morgoth

Gorthol terror-helm [RF:172]; gor (from gorgor extreme terror) + thl (helm) Gothmog - *tyrannous, oppressive fear; goth (dread) + (m-)baug (tyrannous, cruel, oppressive) [E MBAW-] gives the original form as *GothombaukGurthang death sword; gurth (death) + ang (iron)

Gwachaedir all seeing stone (palantr); gwa (=go prefix together) + hae (far, remote) + tirn (watcher) in PM appears as gwahaedir Gwaihir wind lord; gwaew (wind) + hr (lord) Gwaith-i-Mrdain people of jewel-smiths; gwaith (people, folk) + in (pl. genitive article) + mr (jewel) + tain (pl. of tan maker, smith) Gwathl grey flood; gwath (shade, shadow, dim light) + l (shallow lake, fenland) Gwathuirim shadowy people (Dunlendings); gwath (shade, shadow, dim light) + ui (adjectival suffix) + rim (collective plural) Gwingloth foam-flower; gwing (spindrift, flying spray) + loth (flower) S form of
Q Wingelot, Wingelte; in [PM:370] the first element is said to come from Borian "wing"

Gyrth i Chuinar dead who live; gyrth (*pl. of? dead) + in (here: plural relative pronoun) + cuinar (3p pl of "cuina-" be alive") * in Sil given as Gyrth i Guinar, which is
probably a mistake

Hadhodrond S. for Khazad-dm; Hadhod (rendering of Khazad into S. sounds) + rond (dome-roofed hall [WJ:414]) Haerast far shore; hae (far, remote) + *rast (*shore) Haldir hidden hero; hal (from haltha- screen) + dr (man, adult male) Handir intelligent one; hand (intelligent) + dr (man, adult male) Haradrim South(ern) people; harad (south) + rim (collective plural suffix) Harathrad south(ern) ford; har (from harad south) + athrad (river-crossing, ford, way) * the second element could be interpreted as: ath (prefix on both sides, across) +
rd (path, track)

Harlindon South(ern) Lindon; har (from harad south) + lindon (Ilk. musical land) Ilk. probably explains the intervocalic nd instead of nn, for E also gives another form
lhinnon *closer to TA S? Later was probably reconsidered to be derived from lindn [F] ([the land] of the lindar)

Harnen South(ern) river; har (from harad south) + nen (water, lesser river) Haudh-en-Arwen the Lady barrow; haudh (mound, grave, tomb) + en (genitive article) + ar(a)(high, noble, royal) + gwend (maiden, woman) Haudh-en-Elleth rest of the Elf maiden ; haudh (mound, grave, tomb) + en (genitive article) + el (S eledh elf) + eth (traditional ending for womens names) Haudh-en-Ndengin mound of the slaying; haudh (mound, grave, tomb) + en (genitive article) + (n-)dengin (pl. of dangen slain, slaying) *we would rather
expect it to be "Hauth-e-Ndengin", so perhaps it's a dialectal variation of the name; E gives it as Haudh i Ndengin which looks more like LotR-style S with the second element "Ndengin" in plural

Haudh-en-Nirnaeth mound of (bitter) tears; haudh (mound, grave, tomb) + en (genitive article) + nr (tear) + naeth (woe) Haudh in Gwanur mound of the brothers; haudh (mound, grave, tomb), in (pl. genitive article), gwanur (pl. brothers, kinsmen) Helevorn black glass; hele (glass) + morn (black, dark) Helluin pale, *blue ice; hel (from heleg ice) + luin (Dor. pale) Henneth Annn window of sunset; henneth (window) + annn (west, sunset) Himlad cool plain; him (cool) + lad (plain, valley) Hrilorn lady-tree; hril (lady) + orn (tree)

Hithaeglir Misty mountains; hth (mist, fog) + aeg (S aegas mountain peak) + lr (range, row) Hithlain mist-thread; hth (mist, fog) + lain (thread) Hithliniath misty pools; hth (mist, fog) + ln (pool) + ath (collective plural suffix) Hithlum misty shade; hth (mist, fog) + lum (shade) Hrin strong heart; hr (vigour, fiery spirit) + ind (inner thought, mind, heart) Huor heart-vigour, courage [E GOR-, KH-N]; hr (vigour, fiery spirit) + gor (from primitive gore violence, impetus, haste) the name was adapted to S from the
language of edain [PM:364]

Iant Iaur old bridge; iant (bridge), iaur (old) Iarwain the oldest; iaur (old) + wain (adj. superlative suffix) *the meaning of the
last element is not entirely clear

Id(h)ril *inner brilliance; ind (inner thought, mind, heart)+ rill (brilliance) S
form of Q Itarill (Itarild), but neither of the Q stems that the word contains were found in S [PM:346]

Imlad Morgul valley of black magic; im (between, within) + lad (plain, valley), morn (dark, black) + (n-)gl (magic, necromancy) in Letters:427, Tolkien explains that
the triconsonantal group (rng) then being reduced to rg

Imladris deep-dale cleft; im (between, within) + lad (plain, valley) + ris (a ravine) the original form of ris is probably riss with the final s dropped at the end of a
polysyllable [F]

Imloth Melui sweet flower valley; im (between, within) + loth (a head of small flowers), mel (dear) + ui (adjective suffix) *"m" sometimes resists lenition when
otherwise may cause confusion

Inglor golden heart; in(d) (heart, meaning, inner thought) + glaur (golden) [E ID-] Inglorion son of Inglor; in(d) (heart, meaning, inner thought) + glaur (golden) [E ID-] + in (son) nias annals; n (year) + as (*abstract collective suffix) *this suffix probably denotes
a complete set of different items of one kind

Iorhael old-wise (Frodo); iaur (ancient, old) + sael (wise) Ithilien moon land; Ithil (moon) + end (commonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries [UT:412]) Ithildin star-moon (metal); Ithil (moon) + tinu, tint (spark, little star) Ithryn Luin the blue wizards, istari; ithryn (pl. of ithron wizard), luin (pl. of ln blue) Labadal hopafoot; laba (from laba- hop) + tl (foot) Lachen(n) flame-eyed (Noldo); lach (flame) + hend (eye) Laegel green elf; laeg (fresh and green) + el (from stem led- starfolk, elves) Legolas green leaves; leg (Nan form of "laeg" green) + golas (collection of leaves, foliage) < gwa (together) + lass (leaf) [Letters:282] Laegrim (Laegel(d)rim) green elves; laeg (fresh and green) + rim (collective plural suffix)

Laer C Beleg song of the great bow; laer (song), c (bow), beleg (great, mighty) * the lack of lenition in "beleg" could be explained by dialectal differences or by the
play of words "Great Bow" "Bow of Beleg"

Lamthanc forked tonue; lam(b) (tongue) + thanc (split, forked) Landroval wide wing; land (wide, broad) + roval (great wing) L(h)athleg sharp ears; l(h)ath (stem listen) + laeg (sharp, acute) the TA S form
would probably be "Lathleg" [F]

Lebennin five rivers; leben (five) + nn (pl. of nen lesser river) Lembas way bread; lend (journey) + (m-)bass (bread) Levain tad-dail two-legged animals; levain (pl. of "lavan" animal, four-footed beast), tad (two) + tail (pl. of "tal" foot) Linaewen mere of birds; lin (pool, mere) + aew (bird) + en (adjective suffix) Lithlad ash plain; lith (ash, sand, dust) + lad (plain, valley) Loeg Ningloron pools of golden water-flowers (Gladden Fields); loeg (pool), nn (pl. of nen water) + glaur (golden) + on (*Nan. suffix, like in Galathon) Lomndor echoing land; lomn (Dor. echoing) + (-n)dor (land, dwelling) Lminorthin - echoing mountains (pure Dor. of Ered Lmin); lmin (pl. of Dor. lmenechoing) + orthin (pl. of Dor. orth mountain) Lond Daer great haven; lond (entrance to harbour, land-locked haven), daer (great) *dh could revert to d, assimilated by the preceding d Lonnath Ernin royal havens; lond (haven) + ath (collective plural suffix), ernin (pl. of arnen royal) for possible interpretations see [H] entry arnen Lrindol (Hador) golden head; (g-)lor (from glaur, reduced in polysyllables [E GLAW(-R-)] gold) + in (*Dor. genitive suffix) + (n-)dl (head) Lossoth snowmen; loss (snow) + *(h)oth (collective plural suffix) ss was preserved in the intervocalic position [F] Mablost empty hand (Beren); mab (Dor. hand) + lost (Dor. empty) Mablung heavy hand; mab (Dor. hand) + lung (Dor. heavy) Maed(h)ros Sindarized combination of Q Maitimo(well-saped) and Russandol (copper-top); maed (shaply) + ross (copper-coloured) [PM:366]; [E MAD-, RUS-]
gives translation "pale glitter"; maedh (pale, fellow, fawn) + ross (flash, glitter of metal)

Maeglin maeg (sharp, piercing, penetrating) + gln (gleam, glint [of eyes]) Malduin golden river; mall ([E SMAL-] malt gold) + duin (long and large river) David Salo: "dh and mh were liable to revert to d and m when they came to follow a
nasal after syncope" TolkLang message 19.31

Mallorn golden tree; mall (golden, of gold) + orn (tree) Mallos golden-white (flower, plant); mall ([E SMAL-] malt gold) + loss (snow) final s in loss is dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F] Menegroth thousand caves; meneg (*probably thousand) + groth (large underground dwelling) Menelrond heaven-dome; menel (sky, high heaven) + rond (domed roof) [PM:376] Men-i-naugrim way of dwarves; men (way, road) + in (pl. gen. article) + naug (a dwarf) + rim (class plural suffix) Merethrond great hall of feasts; [F] mereth (feast) + rond (dome-roofed hall) nd
doesnt become nn>n at the end of fully accented monosyllables, such as thond[LotR]

Methed-en-Glad end of wood; methed (end) + en (sing. gen. article) + glad (wood) Methedras last peak; methed (last) + ras (horn, mountain peak) the original form
of ras is probably rass with the final s dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F]

Minas Anor the tower of the sun; minas (tower, fort), Anor (the sun) Minas Ithil the tower of the moon; minas (tower, fort), Ithil (the moon) Minas Morgul tower of black magic; minas (tower, fort), morn (dark, black) + (n-)gl (magic, necromancy) as for the lenition inside the second word, in Letters:427,
Tolkien explains that the triconsonantal group (rng) then being reduced to rg

Minas Tirith tower watch; minas (tower, fort), tirith (watch, guard, vigilance) Mindolluin pale, *blue hill; mindon (isolated hill) + luin (*Dor. pale, *blue) Minhiriath between the rivers; min (prefix between) + sr (river) + ath (class plural suffix) Mr in Geleidh jewel of Noldor; mr (jewel, precious thing) + in (pl. genitive article) + Geleidh (pl. of (n-)Golodh Noldor) * in TA S would probably be Mr in Gelydh Mirion great jewel (Silmaril); mr (jewel, precious thing) + on (*augmentative suffix) Mitheithel hoarwell; mith (grey) + eithel (spring, well) Mithlond Grey Havens; mith (grey) + lond (entrance to harbour, land-locked haven) Mithrandir grey wanderer; mith (grey) + ran (wander, stray) + dr (man, adult male) Mithril silver-like metal; mith (grey) + rill (brilliance) Mithrim grey elves; mith (grey) + rim (collective plural suffix) Mithrim *grey cold lake; mith (grey) + rimb (cold pool or lake) Morannon black gate; mor (from stem "mor" dark, black) + annon (great door or gate) Morben a dark person; morn (dark) + pen (someone anyone) is said to be
"formally" related to Q Moriquendi; the first element could be "mora-", after "kala-" in Kalaquendi [WJ:362] Morchant shadow; morn (dark) + cant (shape) * the second element seems to be liquid mutated (internal spirant mutation)

Mordor black land; morn (dark, black) + (n-)dor (land, dwelling place) Morgai black fence; morn (dark, black) + cai (=cail fence) Morgoth dark enemy; morn (dark, black) + coth (enemy) Morgulduin - black magic river; morn (dark, black) + (n-)gl (magic, necromancy) + duin (long and large river) Moria black chasm; mor (from stem "mor" dark, black) + i (abyss, void) Mormegil black sword; morn (dark, black) + megil (sword) Mornedhel dark elf; morn (black, dark) + edhel (elf) Morthond black root; morn (dark, black) + thond (root) nd doesnt become nn>n at
the end of fully accented monosyllables, such as thond[LotR]

Morwen dark lady; mor (stem dark, black) + gwend (woman, maiden); [E WEN-]
since it shows no "-d" even in the archaic spelling, it probably contains derivative of "WEN-", not "WENED-" stem and the last element is Ilk. "gwen" (girl)

Nan Dongoroth valley of dreadful death; nan (vally, grassland), don (swart, swarthy) + goroth (death); Dor. Dungorthin dunn (Dor. black) + (n-)gorthin (Dor. horrible); Dor. Dungortheb - dunn (Dor. black) + ngorth (Dor. horror) + eb (adjective suffix); suffix "-in" in Dungorthin Ardalambion interprets as Dor plural
ending

Nanduhirion valley of dim streams; nan (vally, grassland) + d (nightfall, dimness) + sr (river) + ion (pl. genitive suffix) Nan Tathren willow-vale; nan (vally, grassland), tathar (willow) + en (adjective suffix) * the lack of lenition could probably be explained by dialectal differences Nardol fiery head; naur (fire) + (n-)dl (head) *the first element "naur" usually comes
out as "nor" in compounds; the same vowel change is seen in Iarwain<iaur+wain

Nargothrond fortress of Narog; Narog (river-name) + ost (fortress) + rond (dome-roofed hall) Narn-i-Chn Hrin tale of the children of Hrin; narn (tale) + in (pl. gen. article) + hn (pl. of hn child), hr (vigour, fiery spirit) + ind (inner thought, heart) this name is said by Ch.Tolkien to be have been "improperly changed" by him in UT to
"Narn-i-Hn Hrin" [LR:355]

Nauglamr the necklace of the dwarves; naugla ([F] Dor. gen. of naugol dwarf) + mr (jewel, precious thing) Nen Girith shaddering water (water of horror); nen (water), girith (shuddering, horror) Nen Hithoel mist-cool water; nen (water), hth (grey) + oel (cool) [F] oel was
reinterpreted by Tolkien from earlier "lake" when he decided that primitive ai yielded ae, not oe; *[H] [hithoel] seems to show that words beginning with an h may resist the lenition

Nen Lalaith water of laughter; nen (water), lalaith (laughter) Nenuial lake (water) of twilight; nen (water) + uial (twilight) Nevrast hither shore; *nev (*hither,close) + *rast (*shore) the later form of
Nivrost[Sil:414]

Nimloth white flower; nimp (pale, white) + loth (a head of small flowers) Nindalf wet land; nn (wet) + talf (flat field, land) Nniel tearful; nn (tear) + iell (daughter[E] SEL-D traditional ending for womens names) Nn-in-Eilph waters of swans; nn (pl. of nen water) + in (pl. gen. article) + eilph (pl. of alph swan) Nrnaeth Arnoediad unnumbered tears; nrnaeth (lamentation) < nr (tear) + naeth (woe), ar- (pref. without) + noediad (ger. of noedia-, nedia- count) Nivrim West-march; niv (from Dor. nivon west) + rim (Dor. edge, hem, border) Nivrost West dales; niv (from Dor. nivon west) + rost (Dor. plain, wide land between mountains); the earlier form of Nevrast (hither shore)[Sil:414] Nogrod dwarf dwelling; naug (dwarf) + grod (delving, underground dwelling)
late substitution for Novrod (hollow underground dwelling)< nov (AS hollow) + grod (excavation, underground dwelling), which "retains the older Eldarin order with the adjectival element first" [WJ:389, 414]

Nos Finrod house of Finrod; noss (house, family) + Finrod (see Finrod above) double consonant in noss might be shortened because of the construct state of the
word [F]

Nrnen sad water; *nr (sad) + nen (water) *[H] the meaning of the first element is
highly hypothetical

Onodl entwash; onod (ent) + l (shallow lake, fenland) Orodruin mountain of blazing fire; orod (mountain) + ruin (fiery red) Orc(h)rist orc cleaver; orch (orc) + rist (from risto cleave) the stem of the last
element blended with the stem "kris-" of similar meaning [Sil:440]

Orfalch Echor *encircling, up-going valley; or (prefix above, over) + falch (deep cleft, ravine), echor (encircling) Orthanc forked hight; or (from stem oro- up, rise, high) + thanc (split, forked) Osgiliath city, fortress of stars; ost (fortress) + gl (star, bright spark) + ath (collective plural suffix) Ossiriand land of seven rivers; od (from odog, Q otso seven) + sr (river) + and (commonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries [UT:412]) Ost-in-Edhil city, fortress of elves; ost (fortress, city with wall around) + in (pl. gen. article) + edhil (pl. of edhel elf) Panthael fullwise; pant (full) + sael (wise) Parth Galen green sward; parth (field or enclosed grassland [UT:337]), calen (green) Pelargir harbour of royal ships; pel (from stem pel- go round, revolve) + ar(a) (royal, noble) + cr (pl. of cair ship) Pelennor fenced inner land; pel (from stem pel- go round, revolve) + end (from "enedh" middle)+ (n-)dor (land, dwelling) Pen-adar fatherless; pen (without, lacking) + adar (father) Peredhel half-elf; per (stem of perin halve) + edhel (elf) Pinnath Gelin green ridges; pinnath (collective plural of ? [H]), celin (pl. of calen- green) Radhrim east march; [F] radh (Dor. radhon east) + rim (Dor. edge, hem, border) Ramdal wall end; ram(b) + tl (foot, here: end) Rammas Echor great wall circle; ram(b) (wall) + as (*abstract collective suffix), echor (outer circle, outer ring) < ed (prefix forth, out) + cr>caur (round, globed) *this suffix probably denotes a complete set of different items of one kind rather
that mere plurality

Ras Arphain high snow peak; ras (horn, mountain peak), ar(a) (here: high) + phain (white) * the second element is an alternative spelling of "fain" Rath Dnen silent street; rath (climbing passage, street), dnen (silent) in WJ the
form found is Rath Dhnen, with regular lenition

Rath Celerdain street of lampwrights; rath (street), celerdain (pl. of calardan lampwtights < calar (lamp) + tan (maker, smith) Rauros roaring foam; rau (lion) + ros (foam, rain) the original form of ros is
probably ross with the final s dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F]

Region holly-tree area; [F] reg (Dor.regorn holly tree) + ion (Dor. gen. pl. suffix) = Dor. Regornion [E ERK-] Rhudaur east(ern) forest; rhu (from rhn east(ern)) + taur (forest) Ran crown-gift; r (crown) + an (from anna- give) Ringl cold water; ring (cold) + l (shallow lake, fenland) Rohan (AS Rochand [UT:412]) horse country; roh (from roch horse) + and (commonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries [UT:412]) Rohr horse lords; roh (from roch horse) + hr (pl. of hr lord) Sammath Naur chambers of fire; sam(b) (chamber, room) + ath (collective plural suffix), naur (fire) Sarch nia Hn Hrin grave of the children of Hrin; sarch (grave), nia (preLotR period plural genitive article, later changed to "in" WJ:160) hn (pl. of hn child), hr (vigour, fiery spirit) + ind (inner thought, heart) Sarn Athrad stone ford; sarn (stone as a material), athrad (ger. of athra- river-crossing, ford, way); * the second element could be interpreted as: ath (prefix on
both sides, across) + rd (path, track)

Sarn Gebir stone spikes; sarn (stone as a material) cebir (pl. of ceber stake, spike) Seregon blood of stone; sereg (blood) + gond (great stone, rock) Sirannon gate-stream; sr (river) + annon (great door or gate) Sirion the great river; sr (river) + on (augmentative suffix) * another possible
interpretation - the land of the waters where ion is archaic pl. genitive suffix

Sirannon gate river; sr (river) + annon (great door, gate) Sr Ninglor gladden (water-gold) river; sr (river), nn (pl. of nen water) + glaur (gold); not clear why the second element of Ninglor is not lenited, David Salo states that
gh before a nasal could probably revert back to g , before it became zero, TolkLang message 19.31

Talath Dirnen guarded plain; talath (flat surface, plain), tirnen (p.p. of tir- watch, guard, gaze, look at) Talath Rhnen eastern plain; talath (flat surface, plain), rhnen (eastern) lack of
lenition probably shows that "rh" could sometimes resist lenition, functioning as "r", cf "Amrn" [F]

Taur-e-Ndaedelos forest of the great (shadow of) fear (Mirkwood); taur (great wood, forest) + en (sing. gen. article) + *daer (great) or *dae (shadow) + delos (abhorrence, loathing, detestation) [E DYEL-] probably del (fear) + gos, goth (*gost?
dread); *"dae" is not found in E, but the stem is probably NDAY

Taur-en-Faroth forest of a hunter, hunters; taur (great wood, forest) + en (pl. gen. article) + faroth (hunter, hunters ? [H]) *the last element in "Faroth" could be suffix
"(-h)oth" also found in Lossoth, Esgaroth and Lammoth

Taur-im-Duinath forest between rivers; taur (great wood, forest) + im (prefix between) + duin (long and large river) + ath (collective plural suffix) Taur-nu-Fuin forest under night (Mirkwood); taur (great wood, forest) + nu (under) + fuin (night, gloom, darkness) Tauros forest dread (Orom) [E TWAR-]; taur (great wood, forest) + goss (dread, fear); in [PM:358] the S name of Orom is given as (Aran) Tauron the

(king) forester < aran (king), taur (great wood, forest) + on (traditional ending for male names) Tawar-in-Dredain forest of wild men; tawar (great wood, forest) + in (pl. gen. article) + dr (S adaptation of their native word "drughu") + edain (pl. of adan man) Tawarwaith forest people; tawar (great wood, forest) + gwaith (people, folk) Tegilbor pen-hand; tegil (Sindarized Q "tekil" pen) + paur (a tightly closed hand as in using an implement or a craft-tool) [PM:318] Thangorodrim mountains of tyranny; thang (compulsion, opression) + orod (mountain) + rim (class plural suffix) Tharbad crossroads; thar (prefix across) + pad (way) Thargelion crossing of Gelion; thar (prefix across) + Gelion (river name) Thingol grey cloak; thind (Dor, S grey, pale) + coll (cloak, mantle); S form of Q
"Sindikollo"; the second element was reinterpreted from earlier "gl" (wise)[E THIN-]

Thorondor eagle lord; thoron (eagle) + taur (king) Thorongil eagle of star; thoron (eagle) + gl (star, bright spark) Tinnviel daughter of twilight; [E TIN-] tindumh (AS twilight) + iell (daughter, child [E SEL-D] traditional ending for womens names) [E] AS Tindmiselde, Q
Tindmerel

Tindobel starlit village, city; tindu (AS twilight) + gobel (village, town) * nd
doesnt become nn within one morpheme as its an archaic name

Tol Brandir *high island; toll (island), brand (lofty, noble, fine) + dr (traditional suffix for proper names [E DER- ]) double consonant in toll might be
shortened because of the construct state of the word [F] * the second element seems to be a noun (high, noble man?) in an adjectival position, and that could explain the lack of mutation

Tol-ereb lonely island (Tol-eressea); toll (island) + ereb (isolated, lonely) Tol Galen green isle; toll (island) + calen (green) Tol-in-Gaurhoth isle of werewolves; toll (island) + in (pl. gen. article) + gaur (werewolf) + hoth (class plural suffix) *[F]with collective plurals ending in"-hoth" the
article can be optionally singular, cf "Naur dan i ngaurhoth"

Tolfalas coast isle; toll (island) + falas (coast, beach, shore) Tol(l)ondren stone isle; toll (island) + gond (stone) + ren (adjectival suffix) Torath kings; taur (legitimate king of a tribe) + ath (collective plural suffix) Tumladen *open valley; tum (deep valley) + laden (clear, open, wide) Tramarth master of doom; tr (mastery, victory) + amarth (fate, doom) Turgon master-shout (if interpretable at all [PM:344]); tr (mastery, victory) + caun (outcry, clamour [PM:362]) S name of Turukno Trin *victorious heart; tr (mastery,victory) + ind (inner thought, heart, mind) Tyrn Gorthad - Barrow Downs; tyrn (n. pl. downs [H]) + gorth (dead) + sad (place) Uilos ever-white snow; *ui (stem of "uireb" eternal) + loss (snow) final s in
loss is dropped at the end of a polysyllable [F]

Uldor *hideous king; ul (stem hideous, horrible) + *taur (king) Ulfang *hideous beard; ul (stem hideous, horrible) + fang (beard) Ulfast *hideous hair; ul (stem hideous, horrible) + *fast (shaggy hair) Ulwarth *hideous betrayer; ul (stem hideous, horrible) + gwarth (betrayer)

Umboth M uilin veiled pool; umboth (Dor. large pool) + muilin (Dor. secret, veiled)