TEXTILE INSTITUTE OF PAKISTAN

ENVIORNMENTAL MANAGEMENT

AIR POLLUTION

MADE BY: HASAN

SHAHAB KHAN

MUHAMMAD ALI TS4

SUBMITTED TO: DR.

SEEMA JILANI

INTRODUCTION:
Air pollution is the mixture of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that can harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. Air pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust, fumes or odor in harmful amounts. That is, amounts which could be harmful to the health or comfort of humans and animals or which could cause damage to plants and materials. The substances that cause air pollution are called pollutants. Pollutants that are pumped into our atmosphere and directly pollute the air are called primary pollutants. Primary pollutant examples include carbon monoxide from car exhausts and sulfur dioxide from the combustion of coal. If these primary pollutants combine together they form compounds which are called secondary pollutants which can further arise the pollution. Photochemical smog is an example.

INDOOR POLLUTION:
We spend our maximum time and do our activities in a close environment. For this reason; some experts feel that more people suffer from the effects of indoor air pollution than outdoor pollution. Tobacco smoke, cooking and heating appliances, and vapors from building materials, paints, furniture, etc. Are the main sources of indoor air pollution. Pollution exposure at home and work is often greater than outdoors. The California Air Resources Board estimates that indoor air pollutant levels are 25-62% greater than outside levels and can pose serious health problems.

OUTDOOR POLLUTION:
Smog is a type of large-scale outdoor pollution. It is caused by chemical reactions between pollutants derived from different sources, primarily automobile exhaust and industrial emissions. Cities are often centers of these types of activities, and many suffer from the effects of smog, especially during the warm months of the year. Geographical location, wind, temperature and other factors affect the dispersion of pollutant differently. However, sometimes this does not happen and the pollution can build up to dangerous levels. A temperature inversion occurs when air close to the earth is cooler than the air above it. Under these conditions the pollution cannot rise and be dispersed. Cities surrounded by mountains also experience trapping of pollution. Inversion can happen in any season. Winter inversions are likely to cause particulate and carbon monoxide pollution. Summer inversions are more likely to create smog. Acid rain is another cause of outdoor pollution. When a pollutant, such as sulfuric acid combines with droplets of water in the air, the water (or snow) can become acidified. The effects of acid rain on the environment can be very serious. It damages plants by destroying their leaves, it poisons the soil, and it changes the chemistry of lakes and streams. Damage due to acid rain kills trees and harms animals, fish, and other wildlife. The Greenhouse Effect, another cause of outdoor pollution also referred to as global warming, is generally believed to come from the buildup of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is produced when fuels are burned. Plants convert carbon dioxide back to oxygen, but the release of carbon dioxide from human activities is higher than the world's plants can process. The situation is made worse since many of the earth's forests are being removed, and plant life is being damaged by acid rain. Thus, the amount of carbon dioxide in the air is continuing to increase. This buildup acts like a blanket and traps heat close to the surface of our earth. Changes of even a few degrees will affect us all through changes in the climate and even the possibility that the polar ice

caps may melt. (One of the consequences of polar ice cap melting would be a rise in global sea level, resulting in widespread coastal flooding Ozone depletion is another result of outdoor pollution. Chemicals released by our activities affect the stratosphere, one of the atmospheric layers surrounding earth. The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) from aerosol cans, cooling systems and refrigerator equipment removes some of the ozone, causing "holes"; to open up in this layer and allowing the radiation to reach the earth. Ultraviolet radiation is known to cause skin cancer and has damaging effects on plants and wildlife.

SOURCES:
CARBON DIOXIDE:
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is the main pollutant that is warming Earth. Carbon dioxide is widely considered to be a pollutant when associated with cars, planes, power plants, and other human activities that involve the burning of fossil fuels such as gasoline and natural gas and deforestation. These increase a huge amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from the last 150 years. CO2 is a good transmitter of sunlight, but partially restricts infrared radiation going back from the earth into space. This produces the so-called greenhouse effect that prevents a drastic cooling of the Earth during the night. Increasing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere reinforces this effect and is expected to result in a warming of the Earth's surface. Currently carbon dioxide is responsible for 57% of the global warming trend.

GREENHOUSE EFFECT:
Other greenhouse gases include methanewhich comes from such sources as swamps and gas emitted by livestock and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were used in refrigerants and aerosol propellants until they were banned because of their deteriorating effect on Earth's ozone layer.

SULPHUR DIOXIDE:
Sulphur Dioxide is an another cause of outdoor pollution. Sulfur dioxide and closely related chemicals are known primarily as a cause of acid rain. But they also reflect light when released in the atmosphere, which keeps sunlight out and causes Earth to cool.

Sulfur dioxide from volcanoes can cool the planet by blocking sunlight, cutting the amount of the compound in the atmosphere lets more sunlight through, warming the Earth. This effect is exaggerated when elevated levels of other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap the additional heat. Sulfur dioxide is produced by combustion of sulfur-containing fuels, such as coal and fuel oils. Also, in the process of producing sulfuric acid and in metallurgical process involving ores that contain sulfur. Sulfur oxides can injure man, plants and materials. At sufficiently high concentrations, sulfur dioxide irritates the upper respiratory tract of human beings because potential effect of sulfur dioxide is to make breathing more difficult by causing the finer air tubes of the lung to constrict. HOW TO PREVENT IT? To make an agreement between countries to reduce the emission of the carbon dioxide. Put taxes on carbon emissions or higher taxes on gasoline.

N0X - nitric oxide (N0) and nitrogen dioxide (N02)

Natural component of the Earth's atmosphere. Important in the formation of both acid precipitation and photochemical smog (ozone), and causes nitrogen loading. Comes from the burning of biomass and fossil fuels. Average residence time in the atmosphere is days. Has a role in reducing stratospheric ozone.

N20 - nitrous oxide

Natural component of the Earth's atmosphere. Important in the greenhouse effect and causes nitrogen loading.

MOTORVEHICLES:
The two main sources of air pollution are motor vehicles & industries. When they burn petrol, cars and trucks release significant quantities of sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, lead, and suspended particulate matter.

INDUSTRY:
Electrical power plants and industries emit particulate matter, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and carbon dioxides. The top three industrial sources of toxic air pollutants are the chemical, metal, and paper industries.

MUNICIPALSOLIDWASTE:
When solid waste is burnt, heavy metals like lead, gases and soot is spread over residential areas. Rubbish, dust and gases found during the decomposition of waste, all contribute to air pollution.

MEDICALWASTE:
Burning medical waste is a serious source of air pollution, particularly in cities. Most incinerators are rudimentary by today's standards. They burn waste incompletely, releasing acidic gases, heavy metals, and dioxins into the air.

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:
As developing countries become more industrialized, they also produce more air pollution.

The leaders of most developing countries believe they must become industrialized rapidly in order to be economically competitive.

MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR IMPACTS:

Air pollution consists of substances present in the atmosphere in high enough levels to harm humans, other animals, plants, or materials. Air pollution can result from human activities such as driving cars. It can also come from natural sources, such as smoke from forest fires caused by lightning or from volcano eruptions. Urbanization causes the pollution to increase rapidly and disturb the balance of the nature of the earth. With the combination of growing industries the air pollution get increases.

SuspendedParticulateMatter This is a mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in the air. Suspended particulates are seen as dust, smoke, and haze which can make breathing difficult, especially for people with chronic respiratory problems.

VolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)
VOCs include gasoline, paint solvents, and organic cleaning solutions. They evaporate and enter the air as vapor, and as molecules resulting from the incomplete burning of fuels and wastes. CarbonMonoxide(CO) One source of carbon monoxide is vehicle emissions. This is an invisible, odorless gas that is highly toxic to air-breathing animals because it interferes with the blood's ability to transport oxygen. Even low levels can start or increase damage to the heart in individuals with artery or heart problems. At medium concentrations, carbon monoxide causes headaches and fatigue. As the concentration increases, reflexes slow down and drowsiness occurs. At high levels carbon monoxide causes death. People at greatest risk from carbon monoxide include pregnant women, infants, and those with heart or respiratory diseases. NitrogenOxides(NOX) Nitrogen Oxides are lung irritants that can lead to acute respiratory diseases in children. They may also cause over-sensitivity to pollen and dust in people suffering from asthma. SulphurOxides(SOX) Sulphur Dioxide is converted to sulphuric acid in the atmosphere. It can be poisonous to both plants and animals. Like particulates, sulphur dioxide irritates the respiratory tract, causing airways to close, and interfering with the lungs. Children and the elderly are especially sensitive to sulphur dioxide, as are people suffering from asthma and emphysema. Some research indicates that the sulphur dioxide is reducing crop yields. The potential for crop losses in Asia has been indicated by a study in Pakistan where a 40 per cent reduction in rice yields was linked to the presence of pollutants in the air. Lead&otherheavymetals Lead is dangerous, even at low concentrations and can lead to reduced intelligence in children, brain damage and death. It accumulates in the body and damages body tissue.

GroundLevelOzone
Ozone in the upper atmosphere shields us from ultraviolet radiation. However on ground level, it is highly toxic to both plants and animals as it can damage lungs. It can bring on coughing; asthma attacks and lowers the immune system.

Fuelwood
Indoor air pollution is caused by the burning of fuel-wood and dung for cooking, and can cause suffocation.

CAUSES:
Air pollution is caused by a wide variety of things. The earth is great at cleaning the air on its own. However, air pollution has grown so much; the earth can no longer clean all of it. This is starting to have adverse effects on the environment such as causing acid rain, smog and a wide variety of health problems.

COMBUSTION ENGINE EXHAUST:

Cars, trucks, jet airplanes and other combustion engine vehicles cause air pollution. The exhaust from these contains carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and gaseous oxide. This type of air pollution creates smog (as seen in Los Angeles) which causes respiratory health problems and holes in the ozone layer, which increases the exposure to the sun's harmful rays.

FACTORIES:
Factories, office buildings, homes and power-generating stations burn fossil fuels, which cause air pollution. The burning of oil and coal (fossil fuels) also contributes to smog. This air pollution destroys plants, damages buildings and creates oxidation on iron.

PETROLEUM:
Petroleum refineries release hydrocarbons and various particulates that pollute the air.

POWER LINES:
Some power lines are not insulated and are high voltage. This creates air pollution.

PESTICIDES:

Pesticides used to kill indoor and outdoor pests, insecticides used to kill insects and herbicides use to kill weeds all cause air pollution.

RADIOACTIVE FALL OUT:

Radioactive fallout causes air pollution from the nuclear energy dispersed, which is a dust.

FERTILIZER DUST:
Dust from fertilizers used to help plants grow causes air pollution.

MINING OPERATIONS
Mining causes air pollution by releasing a variety of particles.

MILLS AND PLANTS:

Mills and plants, include paper mills, chemical plants, iron mills, steel mills, cement plants and asphalt plants, release emissions into the air causing air pollution.

TEXTILE INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTING IN AIR POLLUTION:

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate, or biological material that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment into the atmosphere.

Emissions fromTextile Processing

Oil mist and organic emissions produced when textile materials containing lubricating oils, plasticizers, and other materials that can volatilize or be thermically degraded into volatile substances, are subjected to heat.

Processes that can be sources of oil mist include tentering, calendaring, heat setting, drying, and curing.

Acid mist produced during the carbonization of wool and during some types of spray dyeing.

Solvent vapors released during and after solvent processing operations such as dry cleaning and volatile organic compounds from mineral spirit solvents in print pastes or inks.

Exhaust gases emanating from polycondensation of melt spinning fiber lines

Dust and lint produced by the processing of natural fibres and synthetic staple prior to and during spinning, as well as by napping and carpet shearing.

Emission in processes
Easy care finishing

Formaldehyde carcinogenic agent

Flame retardant finish

Hydrogen cyanide, halogen compounds or oxides of nitrogen, highly conc. Carbon monoxide

Drying, curing

HCl and cyanide produced when drying of incompletely removed excess antistatic, flame retardant or softening compounds occurs

GENERATION OF WASTE DURING PROCESSES

Process Source Pollutants Energy Emissions from boiler Particulates, nitrous oxides Production (Nox) sulphur dioxide (SO2) Coating, drying Emission from high temperature ovens Volatile organic components and curing (VOCs) Cotton handling Emissions from preparation, carding, Particulates activities combing, and fabrics manufacturing Sizing Emission from using sizing compound Nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxide, (gums, PVA) carbon monoxide. Bleaching Emission from using chlorine compound Chlorine, chlorine dioxide Dyeing Disperse dyeing using carriers Sulphur Carriers dyeing H2S Aniline dyeing Aniline vapors

Printing Finishing

Emission Hydrocarbons, ammonia Resin finishing Heat setting of synthetic Formaldehyde fabrics Carriers - low molecular weight

Polymers - lubricating oils Chemical storage Emissions from storage tanks for Volatile organic components commodity and chemicals (VOCs) Waste water Emissions from treatment tanks and Volatile organic components, treatment vessels toxic emissions Effect of Dust - Health Hazards

Cotton dust biossinosis (lung disease) Asbestos dust lung cancer Wool dust allergic, sneezing attacks, asthma and related diseases

Pollutants Sulpher di oxide aldehydes chlorine Carbon di oxide

Effects On Human Being Sources Irritates respiratory system Boiler flue gas, rayon plant and causes bronchitis etc. Irritates all parts of Polyester plant respiratory system Causes lung irritation and Processing house also irritation in eyes Deprives body cells of Boiler house oxygen and cause unconsciousness by CO combining with hemoglobin

PREVENTION:
How you can we help to prevent Air Pollution:

Encourage people to leave their car at home and walk or ride a bicycle to travel short distances. Develop efficient public transport systems to help reduce dependence on private cars. Save energy - Try to use minimum amounts of natural gas and even electricity. Provide Government subsidies to encourage the introduction of petrol with low sulphur and no lead. Always buy recycled products.

Reuse things such as paper and plastic bags, paper etc. This will contribute a lot towards reducing the effects of air pollution and global warming. Avoid the use of firecrackers. You don't really need it to express your feeling of happiness. Promote energy efficiency and conservation. Energy efficiency means using technology to accomplish tasks with less energy. Modify furnaces and engines to provide more complete combustion. This helps control the production of both carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Replace incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs

TEXTILE PREVENTION:
Pollution Control
spinning mill

maintaining m/c parts Maintaining hardness of rubber cots Maintaining RH% Using overhead pneumatic cleaners Cyclone filters, Cloth filter

Wet processing unit

Electrostatic precipitator scrubber oxidizer

GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES:

HEIGHT OF CHIMNEYS: Chimneys height should not be less than 30 meters and release the pollutants not in the vicinity of living organism

GRAVITATIONAL AND INERTIAL SEPERATOR: These are working on gravitational and inertial concepts of collecting, filtering etc of the particulate matter. Eg. Settling chambers, dynamic separator and wet cyclones & multiple cyclones.

FILTERS: Woven or sintered metal beds of fibres, metal turning, fibrous mats & aggregate bed filter, paper filters and fabric filters are used for the filtration of particulate matter like dust, lint and fumes.

CONCLUSION:
From all the above and the research we get to know that air pollution is badly effecting the environment. The amount of air pollution is increase very rapidly that its now become difficult to control it. Government is making policies to control it but the result was not according to the need. Urbanization, industrialization, burning of fossil fuels and other process make the air pollution possible in the environment. The best way to control the air pollution by making those products which contain less pollutant, or prevent it at the early stage, or at the source. Textile contribution in air pollution is increasing day by day. Especially in Pakistan where the economy is running by the textile sector. Land contamination, fumes generating by the dyeing process, chemical inhaling and dispersing of the fumes make environment hazardous and unhealthy. Thats the reason why the labor of textile sector is mostly effected by the disease of asthma, cancer, respiratory illness and etc.