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RT = R1 + R2 + R3
RT = 20 + 30 + 50 RT = 100
ii.
Total current is determined by the voltage of the power supply and the equivalent resistance of the circuit. IT = VT/RT = 125 V/100 = 1.25 A
iii.
iv.
The voltage drops can be found using Ohm's law. V1 = I1R1 = (1.25 A)(20 ) = 25.0 V V2 = I2R2 = (1.25 A)(30 ) = 37.5 V V3 = I3R3 = (1.25 A)(50 ) = 62.5 V
v.
Verify your calculations by adding the voltage drops. On a series circuit they should equal the voltage increase of the power supply. VT = V1 + V2 + V3
vi.
vii.
There are three formulas for determining power. Since we have three resistors, let's apply a different formula to each as an exercise. P1 = V1 I1 = (25.0 V)(1.25 A) = 31.250 W
viii.
In a series circuit, the element with the greatest resistance consumes the most power.
b. Follow the rules for parallel circuits. i. Resistances in parallel combine according to the sum-of-inverses rule. 1 = RT R1 1 = RT 20 1 = 100 RT = 8 = 12.5 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 + R2 1 + 100 50 2 = 8 1 + R3 1 1
ii.
Total current is determined by the voltage of the power supply and the equivalent resistance of the circuit. IT = VT/RT = 125 V/12.5 = 10 A
iv.
(Note: we'll answer part iv before part iii.) On a parallel circuit, each branch experiences the same voltage drop. VT = V1 = V2 = V3 = 125 V
iii.
I1 = V1/R1 = (125 V)/(20 ) = 6.25 A I2 = V2/R2 = (125 V)/(100 ) = 1.25 A I3 = V3/R3 = (125 V)/(50 ) = 2.50 A
iv.
Verify your calculations by adding the currents. On a parallel circuit they should add up to the current from the power supply.
IT
= I1
+ I2
+ I3
v. v.
Good, it works. Again as an exercise, use a different formula to determine the electric power of each resistor.
P1 = V1I1
vi.
In a parallel circuit, the element with the least resistance consumes the most power.
practice problem 2 A kitchen in North America has three appliances connected to a 120 V circuit with a 15 A circuit breaker: an 850 W coffee maker, a 1200 W microwave oven, and a 900 W toaster. a. Draw a schematic diagram of this circuit. b. Which of these appliances can be operated simultaneously without tripping the circuit breaker?
solution a. Outlets are wired in parallel so that the appliances on a circuit are independent of one another. Turning the coffee maker off will not result in the toaster turning off (assuming both were on at the same time). Each appliance will also get the same regulated voltage, which simplifies the design of electrical devices. The downside to this scheme is that the parallel currents can add up to dangerously high levels. A circuit breaker in series before the parallel branches can prevent overloads by automatically opening the circuit
P = VI = (120 V)(15 A) = 1800 W c. Total power in a parallel circuit is the sum of the power consumed on the individual branches. coffee maker + microwave oven = 850 W + 1200 W = 2050 W = 1200 W + 900 W = 2100 W = 900 W + 850 W = 1750 W
d. On this circuit, only the coffee maker and toaster can be operated simultaneously. All other combinations exceed the safe capacity.
solution The way to solve a complex problem is to break it down into a series of simpler problems. Be careful not to lose sight of your goal among all the bits and pieces, however. Before beginning plot your course. In this case we'll start by finding the effective resistance of the entire circuit and the total current from the battery. This sets us up to get the current in all the different segments of the circuit. (The current divides and divides again in an effort to follow the path of least resistance.) After that, it's a simple matter to calculate the voltage drops in each resistor using V = IR and the power dissipated using P = VI. No part of this problem is difficult by itself, but since the circuit is so complex we'll be quite busy for a little while. a. Let's begin the process by combining resistors. There are four series pairs in this circuit.
Rs = 3 + 1 Rs = 4
Rs = 4 + 2 Rs = 6
Rs = 2 + 3 Rs = 5
Rs = 1 + 4 Rs = 5
These pairs form two parallel circuits, one on the left and one on the right.
Rs = 2.4 + 0.6 Rs = 3
Rs = 2.5 + 0.5 Rs = 3
The left and right halves of the circuit are parallel to each other and to the battery.
(3/5)(4 A) = 2.4 A (2/5)(4 A) = 1.6 A (8 A)/2 = 4 A (8 A)/2 = 4 A for the 1 and 3 resistors for the 2 and 4 resistors for the 2 and 3 resistors for the 1 and 4 resistors on the left. on the left. on the right. on the right.
b. c.
Use V = IR over and over and over again to determine the voltage drops. Use P = VI (or P = I2R or P = V2/R) over and over again to determine the power dissipated. These last two tasks are so tedious you should use the spreadsheet function on a graphing calculator. Enter the resistance values given and the current values we just calculated into columns and instruct the calculator to multiply the appropriate columns. Something like this resistance () 0.6 1 2 3 4 0.5 1 2 3 4 current (A) 8 2.4 1.6 2.4 1.6 8 4 4 4 4 voltage (V) 4.8 2.4 3.2 7.2 6.4 4 4 8 12 16 power (W) 38.4 5.76 5.12 17.28 10.24 32 16 32 48 64
practice problem 4 Here's a circuit [magnify] a. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit. b. Calculate the current through the battery. c. Graph voltage as a function of location on the circuit assuming that Va = 0 V at the negative terminal of the battery. d. Graph current as a function of location on the circuit.
solution Here are the solutions a. The total resistance in a series circuit is the sum of the individual resistances
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 = 3 + 9 + 6 = 18
b.
c.
The voltage in a circuit rises in a battery and drops in a resistor (when we follow the flow of conventional current). The rise in the battery is given as 12 V and the drops in each resistor can be found through repeated use of Ohm's law
e. f.