Exercise 4

Results

Power systems - WS 2007/2008

1. Example
1.1
Idr =

Pdr 600MW
=
Udr
160kV

Idr=3,75 kA

1.2
Q SR = Pd tan

= arccos(cos
with

(equation 6.62 script "Energieversorgung I")

ukr Id
)
2 Idr

Id = Idr

r = arccos(cos 15 -

0,196
)
2

r = 29,782

QSR = Pdr tan r = 600 MW tan(29,782)

QSR = 343,37 MVAr

The reactive power QSR amounts 57,2% of the transmitted active power Pdr !

1.3

Filter 1:
ZF1 = R1 + jL1 +

1
j C 1

1
j2 50Hz 4,24F

Z F1 = 1,5 + j2 50Hz 14,2mH +

IF1 =

S F1 = 3UnIF* 1

Un 1
3 Z F1
*

*
1

S F1 = PF1 + jQ F1 = 3U1 I = 3U1

S F1 =

(380kV ) 2
(1,5 + j746,27)

U1
*

Z F1

ZF1 = (1,5 - j 746,27)

S F1 =

Un2
*

Z F1

=3

U1
*

Z F1
SF1 = 0,389 MW j193,495 MVAr

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Exercise 4

Results

Power systems - WS 2007/2008

Filter 2 - computation like for filter 1:

ZF2 = R2 + jL2 +

1
1
= 2,4 + j2 50Hz 25,5mH +
j C 2
j2 50Hz 3,28F

ZF2 = (2,4 - j 962,45)

S F2 = PF2 + jQ F2 =

(380kV ) 2
(2,4 + j962,45)

SF2 = 0,374 MW - j150,03MVAr

QF = QF1 + QF2 = -193,495 - 150,03 = -343,53 MVAr

The filters are dimensioned to deliver the converter with the required inductive reactive power
(f = 50 Hz).
Resonant frequency:
fF1 =

fF 2 =

1
2 L 1 C 1
1
2 L 2 C 2

1
2 14,2mH 4,24F

1
2 25,5mH 3,28F

fF1 = 648,6 Hz 650 Hz

(13 harmonic)

fF2 = 550,32 Hz 550 Hz

(11 harmonic)

1.4
ZF1(f) = R1 + j2fL1 +

1
1
= 1,5 + j(2f14,2mH +
)
j2f 4,24F
j2f C1

ZF2(f) = R2 + j2fL2 +

1
1
= 2,4 + j(2f25,5mH +
)
j2f 3,28F
j2f C 2

Z, Z
Z F1( f )

Z F1 ( f )

Z F2 ( f )
Z F2 ( f )

k =11
1,5 - j 19,18
19,23

k = 13
1,5 + j 0,245
1,52

k = 23
1,5 + j 69,96
96,98

k = 25
1,5 + j 81,5
81,51

2,4 - j 0,1
2,4

2,4 + j 29,49
29,59

2,4 + j 142,06
142,08

2,4 + j 161,46
161,48

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Exercise 4

Results

Power systems - WS 2007/2008

400

ZF1
induktiv

kapazitiv
ZF2
300

200

ZF2(f)
Z(f)

100

ZF1(f)
0
0

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

1.5
i = 2 4 3 I 1 = 4 3 3750 A 68,9 = 1424,496 A
1t
dr
400

2 r
i = i 1
kt
1t
k

k =11
129,5
91,57

kt (A)
Ikt (A)

1.6

Ikt =

i
kt
2
k = 13
109,58
77,48

k = 23
61,93
43,79

k = 25
56,98
40,29

a) Operation without the filter

ZQ =

2
1,1 UnQ
''
S kQ

R/X = 0,1

1,1 (380kV ) 2
=
= 39,71
4000MVA
XQ = 39,511

XQ = 0,995 ZQ

LQ = 125,77 mH

RQ = 0,1 XQ = 3,9513
ZQ(f) = RQ + jLQ = 3,9513 + j 2f 0,12577 H
Uk= Ikt ZQ

ZQ(f)
Uk
Uk / U1

(kV)
(%)

k =11
434,66
39,802
18,142

k = 13
513,68
39,801
18,142

k = 23
908,806
39,801
18,141

k = 25
987,83
39,801
18,141

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Exercise 4

Results

Power systems - WS 2007/2008

b) Operation with the filter

ZQ(f) = RQ + jLQ = 3,9513 + j 2f 0,12577 H (like in 1.6a)
1
ZF1(f) = 1,5 + j(2f14,2mH +
) (task 1.4)
j2f 4,24F
1
ZF2(f) = 2,4 + j(2f25,5mH +
) (task 1.4)
j2f 3,28F
Z(f) = ZQ(f) ZF1(f) ZF2(f)
Uk = Ikt Z(f)

Z(f)
Z(f)
Uk
Uk / U1

k =11
k = 13
k = 23
k = 25
() 2,3216 - j 0,3712 1,464 + j 0,3184 0,8548 + j 44,58 0,849 + j 51,345
()
2,351
1,499
44,59
51,35
(kV)
0,2153
0,116
1,953
2,069
(%)
0,0981
0,0529
0,89
0,943

Usual defaults for a filtering are Uk/U1 1%. Therefore, the filters 1 and 2 fulfil their task for
k 25.

1.7
When examining the relationship Uk/U1 for k 49 (harmonics including the orders higher than
25), the values higher than 1% are obtained. The filters are not sufficient for the characteristic
harmonics of the higher orders.
Remedy:

- filters of first order for k = 23, 25, ...

(expensively => unusual)
- high-pass filters: these are low impedance for high frequencies.

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Exercise 4

Results

Power systems - WS 2007/2008

2. Example
System representation according to script "Power systems", Chapter 6.
reduced acc. to task 2.1

full acc. to task 2.2

3
5

1
N1 / N2

V4

V4

N1 / N2
7
2

6
4

6
4

2.1 The lines L1 and L2 are not needed for the computation of the unavailability QV4, since
the line L7 is still not installed in observed network and, therefore, by failure of one line there is
no possible feeding path from equivalent networks N1 and N2 to consumer V4 across the lines
L1 and L2.
Method A:

Summary of elements

First, the elements 3 with 5 and 4 with 6 are switched into series.
connections make among themselves one parallel connection.
P35 = P3 * P5 = 0,962 = 0,9216

These two series

P46 = P4 * P6 = 0,962 = 0,9216

Q35 = Q46 = 1- P35 = 0,0784 28 d/a

The parallel connection of the 3/5 and 4/6 is:
QV4 = Q35 Q46 = 0,07842 = 0,00614656 53,8 h/a
(PV4 = 1 - QV4 = 0,993853 )
Methode B: Minimal cut set method
cut set
A
B
C
D

outage (failure) of components

3, 4
3,6
5,4
5,6

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Exercise 4

Results

Power systems - WS 2007/2008

cut sets:
QA = QB = QC= QD = (1 - 0,96)2 = 0,0016
0,9984

PA = PB = PC = PD = (1 - QA) =

Overall system:
PV4 = PA PB PC PD = 0,99844 = 0,99361

QV4 = 1 - PV4 = 0,00638 = 55,9 h/a

From the different results of these two methods, we can conclude that the minimal cut set
method gives only the approximate results. This results from the fact that in the last step series
connected cut sets are not independent.

Since it concerns a meshed network, the procedure of the minimal cut set method must
be used.

2.2

cut set
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

outage (failure) of components

1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 6
1, 2, 5, 4
1, 2, 5, 6
7, 3, 4
7, 3, 6
7, 5, 4
7, 5, 6

Cut sets A to D:
QA = QB = QC = QD = 0,044 = 2,56 10-6
Cut sets E to H:
QE = QF = QG = QH = 0,043 = 6,4 10-5
Overall system:
PV4 = (1-QA)4 (1-QE)4 = 0,99973
QV4 = 1 - PV4 = 0,000266 = 2,3 h/a
As expected the unavailability became smaller by the building of line L7!

Page 6/6