SMA3013

LINEAR ALGEBRA


ASSIGNMENT
APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT


GROUP : A
LECTURERS NAME : EN. ABDUL HALIM BIN AMAT@KAMARUDDIN
GROUP MEMBERS :
NAME MATRIC NUMBER
KHAIRUNNISA MOHD LAZIM D20091035091
NUR IBTISAM MOHAMAD D20091035117



WHAT IS LINEAR ALGEBRA?
Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics that studies vector spaces, also called linear spaces,
along with linear functions that input one vector and output another. Such functions are
called linear maps and can be represented by matrices if a basis is given. Thus, matrix theory is
often considered as a part of linear algebra. Linear algebra is central to modern mathematics and
its applications. An elementary application of linear algebra is to find the solution of a system of
linear equations in several unknowns. More advanced applications are available in areas as
diverse as abstract algebra and functional analysis. Linear algebra has a concrete representation
in analytic geometry and is generalized in operator theory and in module theory. It has extensive
applications in engineering, physics, natural sciences, computer science, and the social sciences.

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR ALGEBRA IN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
Linear Equations and Electrical Networks
Current flow in a simple electrical network can be described by a system of linear equations. A
voltage source such as a battery forces a current of electrons to flow through the network. When
the current passes through a resistor such as a light bulb or motor, some of the voltage is used up;
by Ohms law, this voltage drop across a resistor is given by
V RI =
where the voltage V I measured in volts, the resistance R in ohms (denoted by ), and the
current flow I in amperes.

Kirchhoffs Current Law
The algebraic sum of all currents at any branch point is zero.
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
The algebraic sum of all voltage changes around a loop is zero.
A typical application of these laws is when we are given the voltage of the electromotive force
(usually a battery or a generator) and the resistance of the resistors and we are asked to compute
the currents. Note that for each element of a circuit, we have to choose a positive direction for
measuring the current through that element. The choice is indicated by arrows. For the voltage
source we choose as positive direction from the negative sign to the positive sign. The voltage
source adds voltage; hence, the voltage change is positive, whereas the voltage through the
resistors is negative due to voltage dropping.

Kirchhoff's Current Law
Kirchhoff's Current Law, also known as Kirchhoff's Junction Law and Kirchhoff's First Law,
defines the way that electrical current is distributed when it crosses through a junction in a point
where three or more conductors meet. Specifically, the law states that:

- The algebraic sum of current into any junction is zero.
- Since current is the flow of electrons through a conductor, it cannot build up at a
junction, meaning that current is conserved. When performing calculations, current
flowing into and out of the junction typically has opposite signs. This allows
Kirchhoff's Current Law to be restated as; the sum of current into a junction equals
the sum of current out of the junction.





Kirchhoff's Current Law in action

In the picture, a junction of four conductors is shown. The currents i
2
and i
3
are flowing into the
junction, while i
1
and i
4
flow out of it. In this example, Kirchhoff's Junction Rule yields the
following equation:
i
2
+ i
3
= i
1
+ i
4

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law describes the distribution of voltage within a loop, or closed conducting
path, of an electrical circuit. Specifically, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states that:

- The algebraic sum of the voltage (potential) differences in any loop must equal zero.
- The voltage differences include those associated with electromagnetic fields (emfs)
and resistive elements, such as resistors, power sources (i.e. batteries) or devices (i.e.
lamps, televisions, blenders, etc.) plugged into the circuit.
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law comes about because the electrostatic field within an electric circuit is a
conservative force field. As you go around a loop, when you arrive at the starting point has the
same potential as it did when you began, so any increases and decreases along the loop have to
cancel out for a total change of 0. If it didn't, then the potential at the start/end point would have
two different values.
Positive and Negative Signs in Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
Using the Voltage Rule requires some sign conventions, which aren't necessarily as clear as
those in the Current Rule. You choose a direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise) to go along
the loop.
When travelling from positive to negative (+ to -) in an emf (power source) the voltage drops, so
the value is negative. When going from negative to positive (- to +) the voltage goes up, so the
value is positive.
When crossing a resistor, the voltage change is determined by the formula I*R, where I is the
value of the current and R is the resistance of the resistor. Crossing in the same direction as the
current means the voltage goes down, so its value is negative. When crossing a resistor in the
direction opposite the current, the voltage value is positive (the voltage is increasing).
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law in action

Loop abcd
If you begin at a and advance clockwise along the interior loop, the Voltage Law yields the
equation:

v
1
+ v
2
+ v
3
+ v
4
= 0
In this case, the current will also be clockwise. Crossing the resistors will result in v
1
, v
2
,
and v
3
all being negative. Since you're crossing from negative to positive, v
4
will be positive. If
you consider the dotted line that has the R
5
resistor, you get a total of three loops in the circuit.
The first one has already been described. One loop is the largest loop and another is the smallest
loop at the bottom, to yield the equations:

v
1
+ v
2
+ v
5
+ v
4
= 0
(abcd taking the new path instead of R
5
)

v
3
+ v
5
= 0
(the small loop cd)
The second equation is of special interest, since it indicates that v
3
= -v
5
. This makes sense,
because both currents will be travelling from c to d, so on the small loop you'll cross one resistor
with the current and the other resistor against the current. If the resistors are of equal value, then
the current in both paths will be equal.
Bringing It All Together
In the voltage loop diagram, we see that at junction c there are three conductors. Current enters
from the top, and then goes out in the other two directions and, from the Current Law; we know
the algebraic sum of these must be zero. If we knew the resistance values of the resistors, and the
current coming into the junction, we could use the Voltage Law equations to determine the
currents in each of the lower paths, if the resistors were unequal.
This is why Kirchhoff's Laws are such powerful tools.




QUESTION
One important linear algebra application is the resolution of electrical circuits. We can describe
this type of circuits with linear equations, and then we can solve the linear system using Mat lab.

For example, let's examine the following electrical circuit (resistors are in ohms, currents in
amperes, and voltages are in volts):
Example 1

Find the currents i
1
,i
2
,i
3
in the electrical circuit of Figure above if the voltage of the battery is
E=6V and the resistance R
1
=2, R
2
=2 and R
3
=1 each.
By the first law we have I
1
-I
2
-I
3
=0 from the branch point A. Applying the second law to look L
1

yields 6 - I
1
R
1
- I
2
R
2
=0 hands 2I
1
+2I
2
=6. Likewise, looks L
2
yields I
3
R
3
- I
2
R
2
=0, or -2I
2
+I
3
=0.
Hence,
I
1
- I
2
- I
3
= 0
2I
1
+ 2I
2
= 6
-2I
2
+ I
3
= 0


Solution
There are four ways to solve this equation using matrices:
1) Inverse method ( Ax = D )
2) Gaussian Elimination
3) Gauss Jordan Elimination
4) Cramers Rule

1) Inverse Method

1 2 3
1 2
2 3
0
2 2 6
2 0
i i i
i i
i i
=
+ =
+ =

1 1 1
2 2 0
0 2 1
A
| |
|
=
|
|

\ .
,
x
X y
z
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
,
0
6
0
d
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .


1 1
1
1
A d
Ix d
x d
Ax d
A A
A
A

=
=
=
=




1) Find inverse of A:
1
1
A adjA
A

=
1 1 1
2 2 0
0 2 1
2 2 4 2 3 2
3 1 2 , 2 1 2
2 2 0 4 2 0
T
A
C C
| |
|
|
|
\ .
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

=

= =

( )
11 11 21 21 31 31
. . .
1(2) 2(3) 0(2)
8
A a c a c a c = + +
= + +
=

1
1
8
2 3 2
2 1 2
4 2 0
A

| |
|
|
|
|
\ .
=

2) Solve for unknown:
1
,
2 3 2 0
1
2 1 2 6
8
4 2 0 0
2.25
0.75 2.25, 0.75, 1.5
1.5
x A d
x y z

| || |
| |
| |
| |
\ .\ .
| |
|
|
|
\ .
=
=

= = = =


2) Gaussian Elimination

Augmented Matrix
1 1 1 0
2 2 0 6
0 2 1 0
| |
|
=
|
|

\ .


2
2 3 2 3
3 1
3
1
4
2
2
1
4
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1
2 2 0 6 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
2 2
0 2 1 0 2 2 0 6 6 6
0 4 2 0 0 4
1 1 1
0
1
0 1 0
2
6
0 0 1
4
R
R R R R
R R
R

| | | |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
| |
|
|

|
|
\ .

Solutions:
1.5
0
1
0
2
z
x y z
y z
=
=
=

1
(1.5)
2
0.75
y
y
=
=
, 0.75 1.5
2.25
x y z = +
= +
=





3) Gauss-Jordan Elimination
2
2 3 2 3
3 1
3
1 2
1
4
2
2
1
4
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1
2 2 0 6 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
2 2
0 2 1 0 2 2 0 6 6 6
0 4 2 0 0 4
3
1 0
1 1 1
2 0
1
0 1 0 0 1
2
6
0 0 1
4
R
R R R R
R R
R
R R

+
| | | |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
| |
|
|

|
|
\ .

1 3
2 3
3
2
1
2
9
4 0 1 0 0
3 1
0 0 1 0
2 4
6 0 0 1
0 0 1 6
4
4
R R
R R
+
+
| |
| |
|
|
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

Solutions:
2.25
0.75
1.5
x
y
z
=
=
=



4) Cramers Rule
i
i
A
x
A
=
8 A =
0(2 0) 6( 1 2) 0(0 2)
8
6( 3)
2.25
8
0 1 1
6 2 0
0 2 1
2.25
x
x
+ +

=

=

=
=
=

1(6 0) 2(0) 0(0 6)
8
6
0.75
8
1 0 1
2 6 0
0 0 1
0.75
y
y
+ +
=

=
=
=
=

1(0 12) 2(0) 0( 6)
8
12
1.5
8
1 1 0
2 2 6
0 2 0
0.75
z
z
+ +
=

=
=
=

(2.25, 0.75,1.5)

REFERENCES
Linear algebra: Theory and Applications. Elliott Ward Cheney, David Ronald Kincaid. Jones &
Bartlett Learning, 2009.
http://www.ask.com/questions-about/Linear-Algebra
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_10/2.html