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flick, flash, flip, flop, etc.
) 0 (Ejaculation)
)ho-ho, ha-ha, pish, pshaw, etc. (Jackson and Amvela 51.
.

( ) ( )
( )
.

.

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.
www.Larawbar.com

83


.
( )
.
.

)(hit
(proceeds).

broke .
.dirty

book.

.
round
0
/ .

round (adjective) e.g. a round stone.

round (preposition) e.g. round the corner.
round (adverb) e.g. They all gather round.
round (noun) e.g. You can buy the next round.

round (verb) e.g. when we round the next bend. .

)(Jackson and Amvela 22.
participial phrases 0
Encourage, we ,The speeding jet, The running boy
(Warriner 65).
gerund ing
seeing, swimming, drilling learning
www.Larawbar.com

84

 0

.
.

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. ( - )
-
.

.


.
.

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wrote write written . eft leave left
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read, cut, put, rid .
s "es 0
benches, axes, books
women men a e
.
datum (data ) . data
criterion.
(criteria ) phenomena .
www.Larawbar.com

85

phenomenon .
.
means .
scissors , shoes, trousers 0 .

.
- - - -
. 0 - - -
- - .
0 / (Wher 8 & 140).

/ .

0

.
0
0
.

( )
() ,executive - executrix, gander - goose, fox- vixen 0
mediator- mediatress /mediatrix ( -).

(inflectional morpheme) .
.


(Jackson and Amvela 82).
www.Larawbar.com

86


er est
( tall ) taller tallest
bad
worse worst ( good . )
better best (Warriner 14-16 and Thomson36-37) .

/
.
. .
.

.


( ) (
-) .


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www.Larawbar.com

87



0 / 0 /
. Ulama/Ulema .

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( ) .


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liberticide, liberalizing, liberalizor, liberalize , liberalism, liberal ,
liberalization, liberalist, liberty , liberality, liberate, liberator,
) (liber
.
0
www.Larawbar.com

88

 (free morpheme) )(bound morpheme :

)state (verb
stated, stating
state ( )
stated ed stating ing
inflections .
(state) 0stateable, statement, misstate, restate, understate.
( )
resign
ation depart ure
resignation departure (Jackson and Amvela 82).

0

) (Wehr 462
.

0
Noun:
Base form Stem+plural Stem+possessive Stem+plural+possessive
boy
boys
boys
boys
Adjective:
Base form Stem+comperative
Stem+superlative
cold
colder
coldest
Verb:
Base form
Stem+3rd person singular
Stem+ past
eat
eats
ate
Stem+participle
Stem+present participle
eaten
eating
.
.

www.Larawbar.com

89

0
. )
0 (word class changing)
resign (verb)+ ation (derivational affix)= resignation (noun)
leak (verb)+age (derivational affix)= leakage (noun)
accurate (adjective)+y (derivational affix)= accuracy (noun)
free (adjective)+dom (derivational affix)= freedom (noun)
fright (noun)+en (derivational affix)= frighten (verb)
glory (noun)+fy (derivational affix)= glorify (verb)
(Jackson and Amvela 88-89).
)
0
Nouns:
noun
malaria
scholar
Verbs:
verb
join
agree
judge

+ affix= noun
+ anti = anti-malaria
+ ship = scholarship

+
+
+
+

affix = verb
ad = adjoin
dis = disagree
pre = prejudge

Adjectives:
adjective +
affix = adjective
social
+
anti = anti-social
kind
+
ly
= kindly
possible +
im = impossible
.
(Jackson and Amvela 90-91).

0

.

91

www.Larawbar.com

 0


all & all,leaps & bounds ,bread & butter .

.
.

/ (/
) /
( / ) ( )
( ) .
0 /
() .

(. 0 .
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.
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0
. . . high-ranking high-level .

/

.
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0
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92

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from .

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+ / +
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www.Larawbar.com

93

.


( ) (
) .
( canvas0 ) canvass
( )( born
) ( borne ) . (borne)
bear (born)
.

.
.

.
.
.
)(neologism

.

.
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.
.

.
.

.
.
.

.
.

.
.

.


) (website
. / .

.

.

.
.
www.Larawbar.com

95

 .


.

.

.
0
. .

(Multi- Purpose Vehicle)MPV )(people carrier
)(estate car
. )(service

)(bus
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)
0 .
.
www.Larawbar.com

96

 .




.

/ ) (antenna .


.
.

.
.

( )
- .
.
.
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 .
.

.

. .
.

.

.


.

.


.

.
()



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- .
.

.


(Mc Chrystal)) (Paul (Clinton)(Jackson)
)(Stephen
.
) (Paddy Ashdon(Catherine) (Caroline)
)(Charles .
) (Victoria) (Vicky)(Pretty

.

.
0
.

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!


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99

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() ()
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.

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.

.

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.

.
. .
.
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.

.
.

.

.
Chambers 21st Century Dictionary
www.Larawbar.com

111

 .
(Portmanteau/Portmantean)

0

breakfast+lunch: brunch
channel+tunnel: chunnel
dove+hawk: dawk
motor+hotel: motel
sheep+goat: shoat
slang+language: slanguage (Jackson and Amvela 101).
.

.

.
.
.
.
.


.
- )(Homonyms

( ) ( )(
)( ) ( )
( ) .
(homonymy) .

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 0
)(Homophones)
(
) () (
) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) / /
( / ) / ( /
) 0
( heir/air /)
( bare/bear / )
( bank/bank / )
( to/two/too / / )
( no/know /)
( write/right/rite / / )
(Jackson and Amvela 72.).
) (Homographs)
(
) ( ) () ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) /
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(/ ) / (/ ) /
(/ ) / (/ ) /
(/ ) / (/
) / ( /
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) / (/ ) / ( /
) ( 0 )
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/ (/ ) / (/
.)
(bark) (Bark ) (fair
)(fair
)(fair )
.

.
0
( ) ( ) ( ) (
) (bank ) (bank )
(bark) (bark /)( peace ) ( piece
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www.Larawbar.com

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 . 0. ).

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. . 0 ( ) / .
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).
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The route was very long.
The root was very long.

. 0
Helen didnt see the bat ) animal).
Helen didnt see the bat (wooden implement).
bat ( / / )
/ .

)(word class .
www.Larawbar.com

115


)(Jackson and Amvela 72-73.

.
) (COD9 ) (sound
.

mite
) mite (Old English
.
mite .

)(graze (.. ). .
grasian . /
graze .

.

.
) (LDEL 1991 skin
.

) (buffet
www.Larawbar.com

116

 ) (buffet
. (
)
.

(.)Chambers 21st Century Dictionary0.

(homonymous) .
-
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 ) ()
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www.Larawbar.com

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.
.
.

)(Jackson and Amvela 22

-
0
Regular Polysemy, Semantic Polysemy, Semantic Transfer, Regular Meaning Shift,
Semi-Productive Polysemy and Lexical Implication rules.
0
]can [Put the can in the recycling bin.
]can [ ? Did he eat the whole can
]glass [

He dropped the glass and broke it.

]glass [ She drank six glasses that evening.

)(Atkins and Rundell 139

.
(Hyponyms) (Hypernyms)

.
)(hyponymy
(hyponyms) (hypernyms)
)(superordinates .

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 . .
.
.


vehicle airplane, chariot,train ,automobile
dogsled .
( .
).

( ) -
(

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.
(Co-hyponyms)
( )
.
.
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.
() 0
strange: 1unusual, peculiar, surprising, eccentric, novel, unfamiliar, alien, foreign,
unaccustomed(Atkins and Rundell 135).
.
)(Hyponymy and Meronymy
)(hierarchy
.
/
www.Larawbar.com

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 /
. /

(Jackson and Amvela 117-118).
( ) .
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.

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) /(bag)
) )(tin
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0
) /(sack)
) )(detachable pocket
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www.Larawbar.com

111

 ) (briefcase)
) (suitcase)
/ 0
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.
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.

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)(nave
(Atkins and Rundell 135.( .
)(Quasi-meronymy
.

0 .

www.Larawbar.com

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 .
(Collocation)
.
()
(kettle)
) (boil .
0
)subject + verb = (kettle+boil
)verb + object = (boil+kettle
)adjective + noun = (red+wine). (Jackson and Amvela 131
)(pairs
( + +( ) +)( +)( + )( +
)( +)( +) ( +)( +)
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.
0
refer to, fond of, fear of, rely on, etc.

.

.

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) (litotes
.

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.
)(rhetoric devices
.

.

0 / / . . .

)(metonymy
(metonyms) ) (crown ) (sowrd
.
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(
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( ) (
) (
) . /
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.
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/ .

0

0
(Jackson and Amvela114) .
www.Larawbar.com

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.


.

.
wicked

. howling

.
(. . .)
)(antonymy


0

Lighten our darkness, we pray.

She remembered to shut the door, but left the window open.
)(Jackson and Amvela 114
.

0
)(Graded Antonyms 0
beautiful hot ugly cheap cold expensive .
0
My arm is longer /shorter than you.
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I love a good book more than a meal.

(Contradictory or Complement Antonyms) 0
asleep alive awake on dead true off false .

. .
. .
(Converse Antonyms) 0
below after above sell before buy .
0
Lydin bought the car from Kristen.
)Kristen sold the car to Lydin. (Jackson and Amvela 116
0
) )(Complementary Antonymy
( )
.
)(slightly alive )(rather dead . 0
. . . . . (Atkins and Rundell 142).) ))Polar Antonymy

0
.www.Larawbar.com

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 . . . . . . . . .) )(Directional Antonymy


.

(Atkins and Rundell 143).

.

.
.

.

.
-
.
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 .

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..0.
A Dictionary of the Pakkhtoo Idiom
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.

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.
0

0
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- . .
.


0 ( . . .
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www.Larawbar.com

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)(Idiom () .


().

.
) (Idioms ( a wet blanket 0
) ( Pyrrhic victory )
( under wire ) (to eat a humble pie
)(Crocodile tears ) .

0 .
.
.
)(LDEL, 1991, xiv .
.
.
.
( ) .

(Jackson and Amvela 209) .

(phrasal verb)
0
(give away . ).
(give in .)
(give off. .)
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(give on /give into.. .)

(give out ... .)
(give over . ).
(give up .
)(Thomson & Martinet 315; Robinson 566-67).
(Phrasal Verbs)

)(headword
(Jackson and Amvela 209).

.
.


.
.
/
( . . -).

.
.



Pyrrhic victory
Pyrrhic Crocodile tears Crocodile .

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Actions speak louder than word speak , louder , actions word
)Simpson 1, 140, 209, 250.(.

-

.

.

.
.
0
) (base)
) 0 (complex word( + )( + ) ( +)
(+) ( +) ( + ) ( +)
( +) ),impossibility(im-, possibil,-ity
) Unlikely(Un-,like, -ly(, vitality(vit-,-al,-ity (
) ) (derivational elements
.

)
( + ) ( +) ( +) ( +)
( + ) ( +) ( +)
) blackboard (black+board), blackbird (black+bird), teapot (tea+pot
.

www.Larawbar.com

124

 /
.
eMERgency plan, RePUBlican Party, TEApot, BLACKbird 0 .
)(white house)(WHITE house .
. 0
blackboard, teapot, blackbird )(Solid Compounds
() ,bridge-builder, mud-walled 0
body-blow ( (Hyphenated Compounds
,coffee cup, blue sky 0
Army depot ) . (Open Compounds
.
.
businessman, business-man, business man;wine bottle, wine- bottle
( 0
)(encyclopedia.com/complex and compound words

hot-bloodedness 0 hot blood
ed ness . lexicography biographical
.
Compound-Complex Word
( ) - .

()
()
. ( +
) +
.
.
0

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 = + ) (
.
0
text-book, arm-chair, ash-tray 0 +
pick-pocket, dare-devil 0 +
hard-cover, blue-collar, black-bird 0 +
down-grade, back-talk, after-thought 0 +

= + ) (

0
house-keep, brain-wash, baby-sit 0 +
drop-kick, dive-bomb 0 +
white-wash, sweet-talk, dry-clean 0 +
over-do, down-grade 0 +

= + ) (
sea-sick, ox-eyed, earth-bound 0 +
south-west, metallic-green, blue-green 0 +
off-white, near-sighted 0 +

= +
through-out, in-to 0 +

0 +
drive-in, blast-off 0 )( +

126

www.Larawbar.com

.
)(corpus
) (Idiomatic Compounds )(Non-Idiomatic Compounds
.

0
- 0 black board
. black-board

. hard cover
hardcover .
.

- 0
) (intruptibility
) (word order ) (modification )(inflectibility
. dare-devil
dare the devil .

+
sea-sick . +
( ) verb + preposition
splashdown .

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127


. .
air-sick
hot air-sick air-very sick )(hot
. John was seriously air-sick 0
seriously . (air)
- 0(inflectibility)

bottle-neck bottles- necks .
bottle-necks
finger-prints , ash-trays, dish-washers .
(Jackson and Amvela 93-94).

- 0
)(Idioms .


dustbin . (blackboard)

.
.
)(Jackson and Amvela 94

.
0 + + ( ) ( + ) + ( + ) + (
+ )
.

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0
.
.



() ( )
.
.
.

.

.
.
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)
sign, signature, autograph .
.

(
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( +) ( +)
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( + +) .

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.
0 / / /
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( ) ( ) (
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 0)
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-
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..0 .
((The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval India

..0 .
)Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan edited by Ludwig W, Adamec, 6
Vol.(Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck-u.Verlagsanstalt, 1972-1985).


.
.

.
)?(Whos Who

. ..
( )
. .0 .
Historical and Political Whos Who of Afghanistan and its First Supplement to the
Whos Who of Afghanistan: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan by Ludwig W.
Adamec.(Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck-u.Verlagsanstalt, 1979.





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/ .
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I.M.F., E.U., B.B.C., A.M., P.M. .

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NATO, SEATO, UNESCO, ECO, UNO0 .

( ) .
0 ( ) ( )
( ) .
www.Larawbar.com

146

) )0(Contraction
0
dont, wouldnt, cant )Atkins and Rundell 165).

0
) :(Clipping)

laboratory lab
aeroplane telephone plane phone
influenza flu . bus bra
car mob motorcar omnibus brassiremobile vulgus
(Jackson and Amvela 102).
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peddle televise
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(Jackson and Amvela 102).
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veep (Jackson and Amvela 103).
) )0(Aphetic Form
0
scuse me excuse me cause because
.
(Jackson and Amvela 102-103).

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0 () () ()( )( ) ( )
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) .(A picture is worth a thousand words

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.
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(Atkins and Rundell 192).

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