Paper 14

International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 3, No.5, 2011

Impedance Characteristics of Rectangular
Waveguide Coupled through Non-Resonant Slot in
Common Narrow Wall

G. Karunakar
1
and Dr. G.S.N. Raju
2

1
Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
karunakargodi@yahoo.co.in

2
Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, and
Principal, College of Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
profrajugsn@gmail.com

Abstract:

Slot couplers are popular in different applications. The rectangular slot in one of the wall of the rectangular
waveguide couples power in another waveguide, which can be used as a radiator. Most of the works are
focused on the resonant slots. The analysis of such slots is reported by several researches. However the data
on the impedance characteristics of the waveguide coupled with non-resonant slots are not available. As this
data is useful, the radiating in coupling structure analysis, in the work is carried out to consolidated
variations of normalized impedance as a function of frequency as well as slot parameters.

Keywords: Rectangular Waveguide, admittance, coupling, VSWR

1. Introduction:

It is well known that slot radiators in one of the walls of the waveguide, is very popular due to compactness and
space saving considerations. A good amount of papers on such radiators is available. However, most of the
papers are centered around infinitesimally thin slots [1-11]. This is with an aim to achieve closed form
expressions assuming the width of the slots to be negligible. However, such thin slots cannot withstand in high
power applications as there will be electrical breakdown.

Oliner [1] has carried out analysis to obtain equivalent impedance parameter as seen from the primary guide.
The analysis involves variational approach and stored power in the waveguides is also considered. Marcutviz [2]
reported transverse analysis on circular and rectangular transverse irises in waveguides. Bethes [3] has done an
excellent work on apertures of different shapes. In an infinite conducting wall with two regions small apertures
were compared and comfortably analysed by him.

Watson [4] has carried out very useful investigations on slot coupled waveguide junctions as well as slot
radiators. The coupled slots are either in the narrow wall or broad wall of a rectangular waveguide. In most of
the cases, the coupled slots are resonant. Watson explained the laws of guide coupling in terms of the manner in
which impedance is transferred and the position of the slot center in coupled guide into feed guide at the same
position.

An excellent report containing basic theory of slots in rectangular waveguides is made by Stevenson [5]. The
transmission line analogy is developed and the expressions for reflection and transmission coefficients are
provided. The formulations for the real part of impedance of series and shunt slots in both narrow and broad
walls are made. He has brought out rigorous equations for the fields in the waveguides. He established theory of
slots in rectangular waveguides assuming the wall of the waveguides perfectly conducting and negligible
thickness. The slots considered are assumed to be narrow. Closed form expressions of the conductance of the
slots are presented. Slot coupling from guide to guide and slot arrays are considered [6]

November Issue Page 89 of 121 ISSN 2229 5216
Vol. 3, No.5, 2011
It is found that based on a circular and rectangular aperture the resonant frequency should not be less than 3f to
obtain good accuracy. Apertures, antennas, filters are used normally at resonance and hence Bethes [7]
coupling formulas are not applicable. Cohn [8] has reported a frequency correction factor to validate to Bethes
formula for an aperture in a transverse diaphragm in a rectangular waveguide. Infinitely, thin diaphragm has an
effect on the fundamental mode of a waveguide, and it is obtained from an equivalent circuit. The equivalent
circuit consists of two terminals impedance, shunted across a transmission line [9]. A transmission line is a two
conduction type and supports fundamental mode. The impedance is loss less and therefore must be of the form
specified by Fosters reactance theorem.

The coupling between two rectangular waveguides through apertures in the common broad wall has been
analyzed by quasi-static antenna method. variational method and from the equivalent circuit approach. A
shortcoming of quasi-static antenna method [10], its inability to obtain from analysis, the accurate slot wave
impedance to be used. The results are of limited application owing to a simplification which is made to permit
the use of a well-known result of antenna theory.

A quasi-static transmission line method, as used in antenna theory, and modified to take into account effects of
radiation damping, is applied to the problem of waveguide coupling through slots which may be large enough to
exhibit resonance effects. It is shown that the waveguide environment significantly alters the value to be used
for the slot characteristic impedance. The method is applied on detail to the case of axially-coupled waveguides
and to guides coupled, via a common broad wall, through crossed slots.Waveguide couplers are fundamental
circuit elements in many microwave communication or measurement systems.

In the present paper, for the long axial shunt slot in the common narrow wall of the waveguides, the self-
reaction and discontinuity in modal current are determined. Impedance, Coupling and VSWR are determined
from the even and odd mode analysis. Variation of coupling, input VSWR and impedance loading on the
primary guide as a function of frequency are presented.

2. Analysis:

Consider the waveguide slot coupler of fig.1. In this structure power is coupled to one waveguide to another
through a longitudinal slot of length L and width w. The slot is located at a distance d from the bottom of
the broad wall of waveguides.

In order to obtain an expression for self reaction of magnetic current on its own sources it is essential to have the
knowledge of electric and magnetic fields. As the slot considered is of a resonant length, the electric field in the
slot can be considered to be sinusoidal.

The magnetic field H can be obtained from the knowledge of vector magnetic potential. The standard relation
between magnetic field and vector magnetic potential is given by Marcuvitz [2].

B= Vx A (1)

Here, A is vector magnetic potential. The magnetic current density produced due to vector magnetic potential is
related to electric fields in the following form [12]

n
a E M = (2)

As the slot is longitudinal in the direction of z, the magnetic current is z-directional, therefore

n
a E M =
s
m
z

(3)

Here,
n
a is unit vector normal to the aperture plane, The magnetic current distribution is given by

z
z z z
z
A k
z
A
y
A
x
A
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= M (4)

Vol. 3, No.5, 2011

Fig.1. Rectangular waveguides coupled through longitudinal slot in the common narrow wall.

The boundary conditions are given by

a x x at
dx
dA
z
= = = , 0 0 and

b y y at
dy
dA
z
= = = , 0 0
By using the variable separation method the solution for
z
A is given by

( ) ( )
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
x
a
n
x a z y x A
n m
x
mn z
t
cos , ,
0 1
. dx e y
b
m
ixz
. sin

|
.
|
\
| t
(5)

By calculating the unknown coefficient ( ) x a
mn
is given by

( ) ( ) . cos , ,
' ' ' '
|
.
|
\
|
=
}
x
a
n
z y x M
ab
x a
V
m
z
n
mn
t
t
c

dv
k
b
m
a
n
x
e
y
b
m
ixz
. sin
2
2 2
2
'
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
t t
t

(6)
Here , k = 2/, and d, b, 0 are the coordinates of the center of the slot,
' ' '
, , n m x are prescribed values of
m , x and n. Now the expression for the vector potential is

( ) . sin , , |
.
|
\
|
=

y
b
m
ab
z y x A
n m
n m
z
t
c
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
}
' '
sin cos cos y
b
m
x
a
n
x
a
n
V
t t t
( ) ( )
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
. , , , ,
'
'
'
'
'
dy dx dz e z y x M e dz e z y x M e
z z
z
z
z
z z
m
z
z zi m
z
z
(
(
+
} }
=
=
=
=

(7)

Simplifying this equation it will reduce to

b
a
d
L
w
1
2
3
4
x
z
Z = 0
b
v
b

Y
Vol. 3, No.5, 2011
Here,

2
2 2
k
b
m
a
n
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
t t

Using the equations (3) and (7) the final expression for the magnetic vector potential reduces to the following
form
.
2
2
sin
cos cos cos cos .
0 0
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

=
a
w n
a
w n
a
d n
m
a
x n
b
y m
V
ab
A
m
m n mn
n m
z
t
t
t
t
t t
c c

(
(
)
2
( sin cosh
2
cos
2
2 2
z
L
k
k
z e
L
K e
k
k
L
z

(8)

Here, w . E V
0 m
=

The magnetic field H in z-direction is obtained from the vector potential using Maxwells equation as

z z
A
z
k
j
H
(
c
c
+
=
2
2
2
0
e
(9)

Using the concept of self-reaction and discontinuity in modal current is has been possible to obtain impedance
loading. Self-reaction is evaluated from the knowledge of magnetic field and magnetic current as defined by
V.H. Rumsey [13], which is given by

. ,
.
dv a a
v
z z
}
= M H (10)
Using the above expression the expression for self-reaction is simplified to the following form [10]

( )
=
+
=
0 0
2 2
2 2 2
cos 4
,
n m
m m n
k ab
m k V j
a a
e
t c c
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
2
2
2
2
sin
cos
a
w n
a
w n
a
d n
t
t
t

(
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+

2
sin
2
cos 2
2
cos 1 5 . 0
2 2
2 L
k
k
L
k e
L
k e
L L

(11)
The structure considered in the present work has an equivalent network parameter which is a shunt element. The
element is represented by its a suseptance or reactance, x
z
given by

I I
a a
x
z
.
,
= (12)
Discontinuity in Modal Current:

For the determination of network parameter as expressed in the equation (12) it is required to evaluate the
discontinuity in modal current for dominant mode in primary guide. The expression for discontinuity in modal
current is given by Marcuvitz and Schwinger [14]

Vol. 3, No.5, 2011

( )ds z j z jY I
slot
01 Z01 01 01 s
cos sin | | h h E + =
}
.
n 01
a

(13)

Here, h
01
and h
Z01
are transverse and longitudinal modal vector functions respectively.
Y
01
is Characteristic wave admittance and |
01
is propagation constant. These are given by

h
01
=
x
a
b
y
ab
t
sin
2
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
,
h
Z01 =
z
b
m
b ab
j a
t
|
t
cos
2
01
2
1
|
.
|
\
|

For a slot on the narrow wall the expression h
z01
is turns to

h
Z01
=
z
b ab
j
01
2
1
2
|
t
|
.
|
\
|
,

01
01
01
e
|
= Y

and

2
2
01
|
.
|
\
|
=
b
k
t
|

Here, a and b are narrow and broad wall dimensions of the waveguide. The integral appearing in (12) is
evaluated over the sot aperture and using the equation (10) and (11), the normalized reactance
z
X is obtained in
the form of
( )
2
0 0
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
cos
cos
cos
(
(
(
(
t
t
+
t
(
(
|
.
|
\
| t
c c
=

=
a
d
a
d n
k ab
m
b
k
X
n m
m n
z

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+

2
1
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
cos
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos 2
2
cos 1 5 . 0
2
2
sin
L
k
L
b
k
L
k
k
L
k e
L
k e
a
w n
a
w n
L L
t
t
t

(14)

The lumped parameter equivalent network for the coupled waveguides looking from port 1 of fig.1, in the
equivalent transmission-line representation assumes the corresponding even-odd mode [11] equivalent circuits.
Analyzing the network using even and odd mode equivalent circuit is found that the magnitude of reflection
coefficient
11
at port 1 and coupling coefficient
12
and
13
at port 2 and 3 are respectively [15]

11
=
12
=
13
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
z
z
X
j
X
j
1
1 2
1

(15)

The variational expression for the equivalent network parameter obtained above is based on assumption that the
slot walls are of zero thickness. Hence, coupling in decibels is

Vol. 3, No.5, 2011
Coupling
2
1
1 2
1
log 20
z
z
X
X
C
+
= . dB (16)
The normalized shunt admittance is related to normalized shunt impedance by the relation

jx r z
jb g Y
n n
+
= = + =
1 1

The expression for the normalized admittance to guide 1 in terms of equivalent network parameter as follows
[11]

2 2
1 1
1
1
z
z
z
x
x j
x
Y
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
(17)

The reflection coefficient seen by primary guide of fig.1 at the reference plane is given by the equation

LN
LN
Y
Y
+
=
1
1

Here, Y
LN
= 1+Y

The VSWR in terms of reflection coefficient is given by
VSWR=
+
1
1
(18)
Results:
Using the expression (16) for equivalent network parameter the variation of coupling as a function of frequency
for slot of a resonant length is computed. These variations are obtained for different slot widths and different
slot displacements.

Here,

2 2
1 1
1
1
z
z
z
X
X j
X
Y
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =

Using the above equation admittance is also computed as the function of frequency. Using the expression (18)
variation of VSWR as the function of frequency is also computed. The results are shown in figs. (2-13).
Vol. 3, No.5, 2011
8 9 10 11
-20
-16
-12
-8
Frequency (GHz)
C
o
u
p
l
i
n
g

i
n

d
B
d=1mm
d=2mm
d=3mm

Fig.2. Variation of Coupling versus frequency for different displacements from center.
Slot width (w) = 1mm, Slot length(L) =1.3cm

8 9 10 11
1
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
3
Frequency (GHz)
V
S
W
R
d=1mm
d=2mm
d=3mm

Fig.3. Variation of VSWR versus frequency for different displacements from center.

Vol. 3, No.5, 2011
8 9 10 11
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Frequency (GHz)
R
e
a
l

p
a
r
t

o
f

A
d
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e
d=1mm
d=2mm
d=3mm

Fig.4. Variation of real part of admittance versus frequency for different displacements from center.

8 9 10 11
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0
0.1
0.3
0.5
Frequency (GHz)
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

p
a
r
t

o
f

A
d
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e
d=1mm
d=2mm
d=3mm

Fig.5. Variation of imaginary part of admittance versus frequency for different displacements from center.
Vol. 3, No.5, 2011
8 9 10 11
x 10
9
-22
-18
-14
-10
-6
frequency (GHz)
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
d=1 mm
d=2 mm
d=3 mm

Fig.6. Variation coupling versus frequency for different displacements from center.

8 9 10 11 11.5
x 10
9
1
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
3
frequency (GHz)
v
s
w
r
d=1 mm
d=2 mm
d=3 mm

Vol. 3, No.5, 2011
8 9 10 11 11.5
x 10
9
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
frequency (GHz)
r
e
a
l

p
a
r
t

o
f

a
d
m
i
t
a
n
c
e
d=1 mm
d=2 mm
d=3 mm


8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5
x 10
9
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
frequency (GHz)
i
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

p
a
r
t

o
f

a
d
m
i
t
a
n
c
e
d=1 mm
d=2 mm
d=3 mm

Vol. 3, No.5, 2011
8 9 10 11
x 10
9
-22
-18
-14
-10
-6
frequency (GHz)
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
d=1 mm
d=2 mm
d=3 mm

Fig.10. Variation of coupling versus frequency for different displacements from center.

8 9 10 11
x 10
9
1
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
3
frequency (GHz)
v
s
w
r
d=1 mm
d=2 mm
d=3 mm

Vol. 3, No.5, 2011
8 9 10 11
x 10
9
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
frequency (GHz)
r
e
a
l

p
a
r
t

o
f

a
d
m
i
t
a
n
c
e
d=1 mm
d=2 mm
d=3 mm


8 9 10 11
x 10
9
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
frequency (GHz)
i
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

p
a
r
t

o
f

a
d
m
i
t
a
n
c
e
d=1 mm
d=2 mm
d=3 mm

Vol. 3, No.5, 2011
Conclusions:

It is evident from the data presented in figs. (2-13).The normalized admittance is found to depend on the slot
displacement from the axis. Smaller the displacement smaller theconductance at resonance. On the other hand
coupling is maximum at resonant frequency for all displacements. Same is the case with VSWR. Real part of the
impedance is the lowest at resonant frequency. In the case of reactance, there is a crossover at a frequency close
to resonance at which the real part of the impedance is minimum.It is also concluded the resonant length of slot
is found to depend on both width and displacement of the slot. The data presented in this work is useful for the
design of array of slot couplers.

References:

[1] Arthur. A. Oliner , The impedance Properties of Narrow Radiating slots in the Broad face of rectangular
Waveguide, IRE transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Jan- 1957
[2] N. Marcuvitz, Waveguide Handbook McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., Radiation Laboratory Series,
vol.10,pp. 218-257, 404-412; 1951.
[3] H.A. Bethe, Lumped constants for small irises, MIT Radiation Laboratory Rep. 43-22; March 24,
1943.
[4] W.H. Watson Resonant Slots, procInstElecEng, April., 1946
[5] A.F. Stevenson, Theory of Slots in Rectangular Waveguides, Journal of Appl. Physics, Vol.19, pp.24-
35, January, 1948.
[6] G.S.N Raju Ajay Chakraborty and BN Das, Studies on Wide Inclined Slots in the Narrow Wall of
Rectangular Waveguide, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation., Jan-1990
[7] H.A. Bethe, Theory of diffraction by small holes Phy. Rev., vol. 66, pp. 163-182; October 1 and 15,
1944.
[8] S.B. Cohn, Microwave Coupling by Large Apertures, Proc. Vol.40, pp.696-699, June 1952.
[9] Yang H. Kim, Radiation from Longitudinal slots on the Narrow wall of a Rectangular Waveguide,
IEEE Antennas and wireless Propagation Letters, Vol-7, 2008.
[10] Yang H. Kim and Eom, Radiation from longitudinal slots on the narrow wall of a rectangular
waveguide, IEEE Antennas and wave propagation, Vol-7, 2008
[11] V.M Pandhripande and B.N Das, Equivalent circuit of a Narrow wall waveguide slot coupler, IEEE
Transactions on MTT, Sept. 1979
[12] R.F. Harrington, Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961.
[13] V.H. Rumsey, The reaction concept in electromagnetic theory Phy. Rev., Vol. 94, No. 6, pp. 1483-
1491, June 1954.
[14] N. Marcuvitz and J. Schwinger, On the representation of the electric and magnetic fields produced by
Currents and discontinuities inwaveguides, J. Appl. Phys., Vol.22, pp. 806-819, June 1951.
[15] R. Levy, Analysis and synthesis of waveguide multi aperture directional couplers, IEEE Trans.
Microwave Theory Tech., p. 995, Dec.1968.

Vol. 3, No.5, 2011
AUTHORS BIO-DATA

G. Karunakar did his B.E. and M.E. in ECE in Andhra University. He has been working in the
faculty of ECE in GITAM University for the last 10 years. He is pursuing his Ph.D. in the field of
Applied Electromagnetics in the Department of ECE, AU. He has presented 12 papers in
National/International Conferences.

Dr. G.S.N. Raju received his B.E., M.E.with distinction and first rank from Andhra University and
Ph.D. from IIT, Kharagpur. He is Professor of Electronics and Communication Engineering in
Andhra University, College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, India. He is in teaching and research
for the last 30 years in Andhra University. He guided 22 Ph.D.s in the fields of Antennas, Electro
Magnetics, EMI/EMC and Microwave, Radar Communications, Electronic circuits. Published about
160 technical papers in National/International Journals/Conference Journals and transactions. He is
the recipient of The State Best Teacher Award from the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1999,
The Best Researcher Award in 1994, Prof. Aiya Memorial National IETE Award for his best
Research guidance in 2008 and Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Award for the Best Academician of
the year 2007, He was a visiting Professor in the University of Paderborn and also in the University
Karlsruhe, Germany in 1994. At present he holds the positions of Principal, Andhra University College of Engineering
(A),Visakhapatnam, Chief Editor of National Journal of Electromagnetic Compatibility. Prof. Raju has published five
textbooks Antennas and Wave Propagation, Electromagnetic Field Theory and Transmission Lines, Electronics Devices and
Circuits, Microwave Engineering, Radar Engineering and Navigational Aids. Prof. Raju has been the best faculty performer
in Andhra University with the performance index of 99.37


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