H84ARM Advanced Rheology and Materials

Dr Davide De Focatiis

Autumn semester 2011

Note: Experimental rheological data for a range of materials is provided in a separate handout. You can download the individual measurements from the course website on WebCT.

Problem sheet 2

1) Two flat, rectangular plates with lateral dimensions w and l lie parallel, one above the other, a distance h apart. The gap between them is filled with a fluid. One plate is fixed; the other moves parallel to it in the direction of dimension l at velocity v0, causing the fluid to be sheared. (a) Show that the fluid is displaced past the stationary plate with a volume flow rate Q given by vhw Q= 2 (b) Find the equal and opposite shear forces which must be applied to the plates in order to sustain the deformation, assuming the polymer to be (i) Newtonian with viscosity ; (ii) (homework) non-Newtonian, obeying a power law with consistency index m and with power-law exponent n.

2) (homework) This question is concerned with rheometry using a cone and plate rheometer with a small cone angle of and a radius of R. (a) By considering a small annulus (ring) of liquid, as shown in Figure 1 below, show that the shear rate at any point of the fluid can be approximated by

(b) Consider a small wedge element of fluid within the annulus, located at radius r, of width dr, spanning an angle d in the tangential direction and of height h, as shown in Figure 1 below. Write an expression for the shear stress on the wedge

in terms of the small equal and opposite elements of force dF acting on the wedge on the top and bottom surface in the tangential directions.

h
d

dr
Figure 1 (c) By rewriting the expression above in terms of the contribution to the total torque that each element makes, and by integrating over the whole fluid, show that the total torque T is related to the shear stress through

2 R 3 T= 3

3) A company that produces tomato ketchup (density 1.4 g ml-1) uses a pump capable of providing a pressure difference of 0.2 MPa to convey the ketchup from a tank to a unit that fills the containers. Both the tank and the unit are on a level horizontal floor the pressure head provided by the tank can be neglected. The distance between the tank and the filler unit is approximately 18m. The circular pipe is 20mm in diameter. In this question you may neglect wall slip and entry and exit losses. (a) Use the information above to estimate the shear stress in the fluid at the wall of the pipe. (b) By using the wall shear stress, and the experimental data for ketchup, dataset (e), read off the shear rate at this shear stress. By assuming that the fluid is Newtonian, calculate a (Newtonian) viscosity for this shear stress and shear rate. (c) Use the equations derived in the lectures for pipe (capillary) flow of Newtonian fluids to calculate

(i) The mass flow rate, in kg m-3 (ii) The time taken to fill a 500g bottle of ketchup (d) (homework) Now repeat your calculations, but treat the ketchup as a power-law fluid with consistency index 16.61 and power-law parameter 0.307, as obtained in the lectures. Use the equations for pipe flow for power-law fluids. Comment on the difference in results between (c) and (d). 4) (homework) A capillary rheometer is being used to characterise a grade of honey. (a) Two sets of measurements have been made in order to establish approximately at which wall shear stress slip occurs. A circular die of varying length L and radius R was used; the pressure drop pmeas across the capillary was set and the mass m extruded through the capillary in 10 minutes were measured. Use the data to determine whether there is wall slip in each set of measurements, and calculate the slip velocity. You may assume that the density of honey is 1.36 g mL-1. R (m)
0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.008 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.008

set 1

set 2

L (m) 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050

pmeas (Pa) 163000 83000 43000 23000 13000 830000 430000 230000 130000 80000

m (kg / 10 mins) 0.0032 0.0256 0.205 1.64 13.1 0.0372 0.277 2.13 16.7 132

(b) Show that the experiments in part (a) suggest that slip does not occur when the wall shear rate is 400-500 Pa, and that is does occur when the wall shear rate is >4000Pa. (c) A correction to the measured pressure is necessary to account for pressure losses occurring on entry and exit to the capillary. Use the data to establish the magnitude of the pressure losses due to entry and exit in the two experiments. (d) Show that the two experiments were performed at approximately constant 4Q/R3. Explain why this is necessary in order to perform a Bagley correction. (e) Determine the shear stress, shear rate and viscosity of the honey after the two corrections, and compare this to the range of values of viscosity that would have been obtained without performing the corrections.

5) Consider a thin coating of thickness h applied to a flat surface inclined at an angle to the horizontal. (a) Obtain a general expression for the shear stress in the fluid at a distance y from the flat surface. (b) If the coating consists of a yield stress fluid, a Bingham plastic, show that flow will not occur in the coating if

y gh sin
(c) (homework) Now consider the case of a viscous coating with apparent viscosity ( ) . Using your expression from part (a), and considering appropriate boundary conditions, show that the fluid velocity v at a distance y from the flat surface in a direction parallel to the surface is given by

v=

g sin y ( h y / 2) ( )

Where does the maximum velocity occur? (d) (homework) Explain using the equations derived above why when painting we try to avoid runs by applying only a thin layer of paint, and conversely why the paint runs if the layer is too thick. (e) (homework) A decorator is applying a coat of paint 0.5mm thick to a vertical wall. The paint has a density of 1200 kg m-3. Calculate a lowerbound on the yield stress if the paint is not to run when applied.