Docunenl No. :: IITK-CSDMA-WindO1-V3.

O
IinaI Repoil :: - Wind Codes
IITK-CSDMA Iiojecl on uiIding Codes

RcvIcw nf IndIan WInd Cndc

I5:875 (Part 3) - 1987

Dr. Prcn Krisnna
Dr.Krisncn Kunar
Dr. N.M. 8nandari
Depailnenl of CiviI Lngineeiing
Indian Inslilule of TechnoIogy Rooikee
Rooikee











This docunenl has leen deveIoped undei lhe piojecl on uiIding
Codes sponsoied ly Cujaial Slale Disaslei Managenenl
Aulhoiily, Candhinagai al Indian Inslilule of TechnoIogy
Kanpui.
The vievs and opinions expiessed aie lhose of lhe aulhois and
nol necessaiiIy of lhe CSDMA, lhe WoiId ank, IIT Kanpui, oi
lhe uieau of Indian Slandaids.
Connenls and feedlacks nay pIease le foivaided lo:
Iiof. Sudhii K }ain, Depl. of CiviI Lngineeiing, IIT Kanpui,
Kanpui 2O8O16, enaiI: niceeiilk.ac.in

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RevIew oI IndIan WInd LoadIng Code IS: S?S (Part 3) -19S?

1.0 WInd EngIneerIng ProbIem
Naiural Iazards, wIicI connonly lcad io disasicrs, arc cariIqualcs,
wind siorns, floods, avalancIcs, landslidcs, cic. TIcsc lcad io losscs of lifc,
rocriy, indusirial roduciion and so on. TIcrc Ias lccn an incrcasing ircnd
in iIc occurrcncc of Iazardous cvcnis ovcr iIc lasi fcw dccadcs. WIcrcas
gcncrally iIcrc Ias lccn a rcduciion in iIc nunlcr of livcs losi duc io
inrovcd disasicr nanagcncni and niiigaiivc nciIods, iIc ccononic losscs
coniinuc io incrcasc. As sccn fron Tallc 1, iIougI naiural Iazards sirilc nosi
(or nany} aris of iIc glolc, Asia-Pacific rcgion is iIc worsi suffcrcr fron iIc
rcsuliing disasicrs. Tallc 2 givcs iIc Iazardwisc lrcal-u of losscs for iIc
criod 1900-1976.

TabIe 1: Losses Irom aII dIsasters Ior tbe perIod 19SS - 2000

Worldwidc Asia-Pacific Pcrccniagc
LIves Lost 536,250 443, 480 82.7
EconomIc Losses
(US $ mIIIIon)
895,800 426,270 47.5


TabIe 2: HazardwIse Iosses Irom aII dIsasters Ior tbe perIod 1900 - 19?6


Gross
LandsIIdes,
AvaIancbes,
VoIcanIc
EruptIons
(%)
CycIonIc
and otber
wInd storms
(%)
FIoods
(%)
Eartbquakes
(%)
DcaiIs 4.85 n 2.93 10.83 28.10 58.14
Pcolc
rcndcrcd
Ionclcss
232 n - 12.07 75.48 12.45
Econonic
Losscs
131200
n US$
7.62 36.43 18.37 37.58

WIcrcas IigI wind siorns occur in nany aris of India, iIc coasial
siaics of Cujarai, Tanilnadu, AndIra, Orrisa and Wcsi Dcngal arc norc
scriously affccicd lccausc of iIc occurrcncc of cyclonic siorns. EacI sucI
siorn causcs widcsrcad danagc. TIc frcqucncy of iIcsc siorns is grcaicr on
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iIc casi coasi conarcd io iIc wcsi. WIilc iIc rinc rcason for wind induccd
disasicrs is iIc fcrociiy of iIc wind, cqually rcsonsillc for ii is iIc lacl of
rcarcdncss io conlai iIc incnding disasicr. TIcrc arc scvcral asccis
wIicI consiiiuic rcarcdncss, and norc iIan onc discilinc of cnginccring
scicnccs is involvcd, sucI as ncicorology, occanograIy, indusirial
acrodynanics and civil cnginccring. WIilc iIc forncr iwo arc rcquircd io
dcicrninc iIc naiurc of iIc siorn, iIc laiicr iwo arc rcquircd io lc cngagcd
for dcicrnining iIc cffcci of siorns on siruciurcs and for adcquacy of iIcir
dcsign io survivc iIc siorns and scrvc iIcir dcsignaicd funciion. Coniinuing
rcscarcI and dcvcloncni in all iIcsc rclaicd ficlds is ncccssary io crcaic
iIc lasc of infornaiion for usc in niiigaiing wind disasicrs.
TIc currcni rojcci addrcsscs a najor and crIas a vcry significani
ari of iIis ioial aclagc, nancly, a rcvision of iIc rclcvani codc of raciicc
wIicI sccifics iIc infornaiion on wind and iis cffcci on luildings and
siruciurcs so as io incororaic iIc sanc inio iIc roccdurcs for iIcir
dcsign. SucI naicrial, if aroriaicly rcarcd and inlcncnicd, is a lcy
io iIc funciionaliiy and survival of siruciurcs againsi wind siorns. Tyically
iIcsc codcs arc lascd on ncicorological infornaiion, and, io a grcai cicni
on rcscarcI and dcvcloncni in indusirial acrodynanics/wind cnginccring,
and iIcir rcvicw is nccdcd ai rcgular inicrvals of iinc io ialc inio accouni
iIc laicsi dcvcloncnis.
Wind Siorns fall inio various iycs. (a} Fronial dcrcssions, (l}
Cycloncs/Hurricancs/TyIoons, (c} Tornados, (d} TIundcrsiorns, (c}
Squalls, (f} Dusi dcvils, (g} Down sloc winds
Anongsi iIcsc various iycs of siorns, cycloncs consiiiuic iIc worsi
iIrcai of causing disasicrs. Ii is sccn iIai iIc Indian rcgion gcis lcss iIan
10% of iIc cvcnis iIai occur glolally, i.c., aloui 6 cycloncs cr ycar, nosily
on iIc Easi coasi. (Scc also Figs. 1 and 2}. Yci iIc Indian sul-coniincnial
rcgion Ias suffcrcd nosi of iIc cyclonic disasicrs iIai occurrcd, as sccn
fron Tallc 3. TIis is indicaiivc of our lacl of rcarcdncss on a nuliiliciiy
of fronis, including, io an cicni, iIc codcs and siandards availallc io iIc
conccrncd cnginccring connuniiy io crcaic wind-rcsisiani consiruciion.


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FIgure 1: GeneraI Structure oI a CycIone





Notcs.
l. Totu no. o Cconcs/cu (GoIu) SU
2. NotI-Eustcn HcnsIcc tIc uost It, cxccnccs unost 45% o tIc Cconcs
J. Indu cxccnccs uIout b Cconcs/cu, nost on tIc Eust Coust
FIgure 2 : GeneraI DIstrIbutIon oI CycIones over tbe GIobe

2.0 Nature oI WInd and Its EIIect on Structures
Wind is a randonly varying dynanic Icnoncnon. Tyically ii is
rcrcscnicd as a iracc of vclociiy vcrsus iinc. Figurc 3 is iyically
rcrcscniaiivc of iIc variaiion of wind vclociiy. TIc randonly varying vclociiy
can lc lrolcn u inio a 'ncan' lus a 'fluciuaiing' cononcni. WiiIin iIc
cariI's loundary laycr, loiI cononcnis noi only vary wiiI IcigIi, lui also
dccnd uon iIc aroacI icrrain and ioograIy. WIilc dcaling wiiI rigid
siruciurcs, iIc considcraiion of iIc 'cquivalcni siaiic' or ncan wind is
adcquaic. Howcvcr, in dcaling wiiI wind-scnsiiivc flcillc siruciurcs,
considcraiion of iIc fluciuaiing cononcni lcconcs inoriani. SucI
CircumIerential
wind speed variation
Region oI heavy
clouds, rain
and updraIt
Extent
300-600 km
Eye wall
a
b
Centre
a 20-30 km
b 30-50 km
Equator
30
o

30
o

Cyclones occur
Sep. to Dec.


Cyclones occur
Jan. to March
5
o

5
o

Clockwise
Counter Clockwise
Almost all Cyclones Iorm in this region
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arancicrs as wind-cncrgy sccirun, inicgral lcngiI scalc, avcraging iinc and
iIc frcqucncics of iIc siruciurc lcconc inoriani.

TabIe 3 : Deatbs assocIated wItb notewortby TropIcaI CycIones
IndIa BangIadesb Otber CountrIes
Year Deatbs Year Deatbs Year Otber
CountrIes
Deatbs
1737 3,00,000 1822 40,000 1780 Aniillcs 22,000
1833 50,000 1876 2,50,000 1881 CIina 3,00,000
1864 1,75,000 1897 1,75,000 1990 USA 6,000
1942 75,000 1960 5,149 1923 Jaan 2,500
1971 10,000 1961 11,468 1960 Jaan 5,000
1973 5,000 1963 11,520 1963 Cula Haiii 7,196
1977 10,000 1965 19,279
1999 10,000 1970 3,00,000
* J Eucnts 1988 5,708
1991 1,32,000






(a)
V
Time
V
Wind
velocity
) ' V V (V + =
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FIgure 3 : VarIatIon oI WInd VeIocIty wItb (a) TIme, (b) HeIgbt


Ncw advanccs in alicaiion of acrodynanics io civil cnginccring
siruciurcs Iavc occurrcd in iIc lasi 3 dccadcs. TIcsc Iavc involvcd, anongsi
oiIcr asccis, a siudy of iIc influcncc of (i} Turlulcncc in iIc naiural wind, (ii}
Turlulcncc rovolcd/gcncraicd in iIc wind ly iIc siruciurc iisclf.
TIc luildings and oiIcr civil cnginccring siruciurcs arc iIrcc-
dincnsional lodics wiiI a largc variciy of sIacs and Iavc conlc flow
aiicrns and iIcrcforc varicd rcssurc disiriluiions. As a rcsuli, nosi 3-D
siudics rcly ariially or wIolly uon ccrincnis. Dcsidcs, iIc luildings arc
ncvcr scalcd and wind rcssurcs dcvclo insidc cvcn in a closcd luilding, wiiI
nainun valucs occurring in ocn luildings. TIcsc gcncrally add io iIc
rcssurcs ouisidc, crcaiing worsi ossillc cffcci on roofs, as wcll as walls.
Siudics on low-risc luildings Iavc lccn nadc cicnsivcly, and wIilc iIcsc
coniinuc io udaic cisiing wind loading infornaiion, ncw arcas arc also
iIrown u for cnquiry. SucI low luildings arc raiIcr rigid and Iavc no
significani dynanic rcsonsc io wind, iIus in a scnsc sinlifying iIc rollcn.
Tall and slcndcr siruciurcs arc flcillc and cIilii a dynanic rcsonsc
io wind. Tall siruciurcs vilraic in wind duc io iIc iurlulcncc inIcrcni in iIc
wind as wcll as iIai gcncraicd ly iIc siruciurc iisclf duc io scaraiion of iIc
Fluctuating
Mean
(b)
H
e
i
g
h
t

a
b
o
v
e

g
r
o
u
n
d

Wind Velocity
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flow. In casc of iall siruciurcs, iIc dynanic forccs aciing in iIc dircciion of
wind flow givc iIc Along-wind rcsonsc of iIc siruciurc. Howcvcr, iIc forccs
can also aci in a dircciion ncarly crcndicular io iIc flow, cIiliiing an
Across-wind rcsonsc.
A lody or a siruciurc, sucI as a luilding, a iowcr or a cIinncy, wIcn
laccd in a flow of air will ccricncc rcssurcs and forccs. SucI rcssurcs
and forccs can lc csiinaicd ccrincnially, or, in sonc cascs analyiically, io
varying dcgrccs of accuracy. Howcvcr, siruciurcs Iardly cvcr occur in isolaiion.
FaiIcr, iIcsc arc surroundcd ly oiIcr sinilar or dissinilar siruciurcs.
'Inicrfcrcncc' fron iIcsc lcads io alicraiion of rcssurcs or forccs csiinaicd for
a 'siand alonc' siruciurc. TIis is icrncd as 'inicrfcrcncc' cffcci and iis
csiinaiion is largcly dccndcni on ccrincnial ncasurcncnis.

3.0 EvaIuatIon oI DesIgn WInd Loads
TIc nainsiay of infornaiion for iIc dcsigncrs of civil Enginccring
siruciurcs arc iIc rclcvani codcs of raciicc/siandards/guidclincs. In iIc casc
of unusual siiuaiions iIc siaic-of-iIc-ari liicraiurc can also lc Iclful. TIc
najor sourccs on wIicI wind loading codcs arc lascd conrisc of iIc daia on
wind sccds collccicd nainly ly iIc ncicorological dcarincni, and rcsulis of
rcscarcI carricd oui io dcicrninc wind cffccis on siruciurcs. TIc laiicr ialcs
rccoursc io wind iunncl icsis on scalcd nodcls, conuiaiional nciIods, ficld
icsis and danagc survcys. Oui of iIcsc, iIc nain lody of infornaiion Ias lccn
dcrivcd fron wind iunncl icsis. TIis Ias lccn an arca of considcrallc rcscarcI
ovcr iIc lasi fcw dccadcs, and coniinucs io cvolc inicrcsi.

4.0 Current Status oI DeveIopment - InternatIonaIIy
Codcs in gcncral rcflcci iIc siaic of lnowlcdgc and raciicc in iIc
rclcvani ficld. Wind loading codcs arc no ccciion, and iIcsc arc lascd on
ncicorological daia on wind and rcsulis of rcscarcI aloui iIc cffccis of wind
on siruciurcs.
TIcrc Ias lccn a sulsianiial cffori on dcvcloing codcs of raciicc
dcaling wiiI wind loading ovcr iIc lasi 50 ycars. TIis is consisicni wiiI iIc
siaius of wind cnginccring rcscarcI, wIicI Ias incrcascd considcrally during
iIis criod. TIc lasi 2-3 dccadcs Iavc lccn wiincss io sulsianiial rogrcss in
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iIc undcrsianding of iIc roccdurcs io dcicrninc iIc dcsign wind sccds fron
ncasurcd wind daia, as wcll as of iIc rcsonsc io wind of various linds of
siruciurcs, ariicularly luildings. Mosi lcading codcs Iavc iricd io lcc acc
wiiI iIis cIanging sccnario. Howcvcr, iIc rclcvani Indian Codc, Iaving lccn
draficd in iIc carly cigIiics, Ias rcnaincd as sucI and iIcrc arc aarcnily no
novcs afooi io rcvisc iIc sanc in iIc ncar fuiurc. In lroad IilosoIical icrns
nany of iIcsc codcs Iavc connonaliiy, yci iIcy diffcr in dciail. A novc Ias
iIus lccn nadc during iIc lasi fcw ycars io siudy various codcs io ossilly
crcaic a grcaicr dcgrcc of uniforniiy. Si Inicrnaiional grous sci u ly iIc
Inicrnaiional Associaiion for Wind Enginccring (IAWE} arc currcnily siudying
iIc rollcn.
Sonc of iIc najor, wcll-rcarcd codcs on wind loading arc iIosc wriiicn
in Canada, U.K., U.S.A., and Ausiralia, aari fron iIc Euro Codc. Ii is rclcvani
io conarc iIcsc lricfly in lroad icrns, as follows.
1. Aari fron conicni, iIcsc various codcs also diffcr in siylc. Sonc, lilc
iIc Canadian Codc, arc wriiicn vcry conciscly and arc laclcd u ly a
dciailcd conncniary, wIicI givcs sulsianiial infornaiion. OiIcrs, lilc
iIc Ausiralian vcrsion, includc sulsianiial infornaiion in iIc lody of iIc
Codc iisclf. TIc Indian Codc on wind loading follows iIc laiicr siylc.
2. All iIc codcs draw uon a siaiisiical analysis of iIc ncasurcd wind daia
io dcicrninc lasic wind sccds ai a siandard IcigIi, and, carry oui
zoning of iIc rcscciivc couniry. Ii is connon io dcal wiiI cosurc or
icrrain caicgorics, ioograIical cffccis, sizc of iIc siruciurc and risl
faciors lascd on iIc lifc of iIc siruciurc, io arrivc ai iIc dcsign wind
sccd. TIcrc is, Iowcvcr, diffcrcncc in adoiing iIc avcraging criod,
wIicI varics fron 2-3 scconds io 10 ninuics io an Iour. Qualiiy and
cicni of daia nay, of coursc, vary fron couniry io couniry.
An issuc of inoriancc fron iIc Indian oini of vicw is iIc cyclonic wind
sccds. AliIougI inliciily iIcsc Iavc lccn ialcn inio accouni, siudics
Iavc sIown iIai iIc sccificd wind sccds for iIc coasial zoncs arc
ccccdcd in scvcrc siorns on iIc casi coasi. Lilcwisc iIc Cujarai coasi
on iIc Wcsi Ias suffcrcd considcrallc danagc as a rcsuli of cyclonic
siorns in rcccni ycars. TIis is an issuc, wIicI nccds io lc addrcsscd.
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TIc Ausiralian Codc dcals wiiI iIc rollcn cliciily, ly sccifying
IigIcr wind sccds in iIc affccicd coasial lcli.
3. A failurc of iIc sIccicd roofs and oiIcr claddings, wIicI arc oiIcrwisc
sirong cnougI io rcsisi iIc wind rcssurc, nay occur in sirong winds.
TIis Iacns on accouni of scvcrc fluciuaiing rcssurcs susiaincd ai
and ncar iIc fasicncrs. TIc laicsi vcrsion of iIc Ausiralian codc dcals
wiiI iIc issuc of local rcssurcs in clcar icrns.
4. Ii Ias lccn clcarly rccognizcd ly sonc of iIc laicsi codcs iIai wind
iunncl rcsulis arc lascd on an idcalizcd nodclling of wind. In aciual
raciicc iIcrc is fluciuaiion in iIc dircciionaliiy of wind. FuriIcr,
rcssurcs ovcr largcr arcas arc lcss co-rclaicd iIan iIosc on snallcr
arcas. Lilcwisc loads on diffcrcni aris of iIc siruciurc arc noi fully
corrclaicd. Esiinaicd wind load cffccis can iIus lc nodificd io accouni
for iIcsc corrclaiions.
5. Tyical cascs of luildings covcrcd for roviding infornaiion on rcssurc
and forcc cocfficicnis will indccd vary fron codc io codc. Valucs givcn for
iIc sanc cascs also diffcr. A conarison of codcs for rcssurc
cocfficicnis for a gallc franc luilding sIowcd considcrallc disariiy in
valucs. TIis nay lc cccicd fron oiIcr sucI conarisons ioo. Scvcral
codcs sucI as iIc Ausiralian and ASCE 7 covcr iIc infornaiion on
luilding rcssurcs in grcai dciail, including canoics and cffcci of
aracis. TIc covcragc in IS. 875 (Pari 3} is noi as dciailcd. An inoriani
casc nissing in iIc IS. 875 (Pari 3} is iIai of Iicd roofs, wIicI Iavc
sucrior crfornancc in wind and arc cnloycd frcqucnily.
6. TIc acrodynanic analysis of iall luildings, is dcali wiiI in iIc najor
Inicrnaiional Codcs. TIc IS. 875 (Pari 3} wIilc dcaling wiiI iIc along-
wind casc docs noi covcr iIc across-wind cffccis.
7. Inicrfcrcncc anongsi luildings and siruciurcs alicrs iIcir rcsonsc io
wind. As Ias lccn ncniioncd in carlicr ari of iIis noic, ii is difficuli io
givc gcncralizcd alsoluic valucs rclaicd io iIis issuc of grcai inoriancc,
lccausc of iIc varialiliiy of siiuaiions involvcd. Howcvcr, iIcrc Ias lccn
a good dcal of rcscarcI cffori iIai Ias lccn nadc on iIis suljcci ovcr iIc
lasi fcw dccadcs and ii sIould lc ossillc io cvolvc guidclincs for iIc
dcsigncr io givc iIc ordcr of valucs arising duc io inicrfcrcncc cffccis,
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and, also dcnarcaiion of arcas around a siruciurc wIicI sIould lc
avoidcd, if ossillc, for lacing onc or norc ncw siruciurcs fron iIc
siand-oini of inicrfcrcncc.

S.0 Tbe IndIan ScenarIo
As would lc clcar fron carlicr scciions of iIis noic, iIc nain docuncni
dcaling wiiI wind loading in India is iIc IS. 875 (Pari 3}-1987 wIicI was
draficd in iIc carly 80s and oiIcr Indian dcsign codcs rcfcr io iIis for
dcicrnining wind loading. In lroad icrns iIis codc inlilcs iIc IilosoIy of
iIc najor wind loading codcs availallc inicrnaiionally. Howcvcr, as ncniioncd
carlicr, nany of iIcsc codcs Iavc lccn undcrgoing frcqucni rcvisions in
rccogniiion of iIc ncw and inrovcd infornaiion lcconing availallc iIrougI
rcscarcI cfforis. TIc IS. 875 (Pari 3}-1987 iIus nccds io lc rcvicwcd and
udaicd lilcwisc.

6.0 RevIsIon Recommended
Kccing in vicw iIc infornaiion in iIc rccccding scciions of iIis noic, a
rcviscd vcrsion of iIc I.S. 875 (Pari 3} -1987 Ias lccn rcarcd. WIilc carrying
oui iIc rcvision ii Ias lccn rccognizcd iIai iIc vcrsion currcnily in forcc was
rcarcd on conicnorary lincs and Iad incororcd naicrial gcncrally
availallc iill iIc cnd of iIc dccadc of 70s. TIcrcforc cIangcs Iavc lccn lrougIi
aloui only wIcrc iIcsc would rovidc addiiional infornaiion or sinlify and
inrovc iIc usaliliiy of iIc codc. TIc codc consisis nainly of four aris (i}
dcicrninaiion of dcsign wind vclociiy, (ii} rovision for rcssurc cocfficicnis, (iii}
rovisions for forcc cocfficicnis and (iv} dcicrninaiion of dynanic cffccis. A
largc lody of iIc naicrial Ias lccn rciaincd. CIangcs wIcrc lrougIi aloui arc
in varying dcgrccs and can lc caicgorizcd inio iIrcc iycs.
1. Mno CIungcs. TIcsc arc ciiIcr iyograIical, or ninor cIangcs in siylc
of wriiing, cIangcs in figurcs for grcaicr clariiy, ninor rclocaiion of
scciions.
2. Modcutc CIungcs. Consisi of nainly rcarranging or rcadjusiing of
alrcady givcn naicrial
3. Muo CIungcs. TIcsc arc nuncrous and consisi of ciiIcr rcvision of
cisiing naicrial or addiiion of ncw naicrial.
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TIcsc cIangcs arc lrougIi oui as canlcs in iIc noic lclow, wiiI
grcaicr cnIasis on najor cIangcs.

6.1 MInor Cbanges
(i} TIc scciion 1 Ias lccn ugradcd and noiaiion as ncccssary Iavc
lccn addcd in scciion 2.
(ii} Ediiorial cIangcs in Tallcs 18 (13

}, 22 (18}.
(iii} Scciion 6.2.2.10 dividcd inio iwo scciions. 6.2.3.10 & 6.2.3.11, and
accordingly Tallc 20 Ias lccn dividcd as Tallc 15 and 16.
(iv} Scciion 6.2.3 giving inicrnal rcssurc cocfficicnis rclocaicd as 6.2.2,
lilcwisc scciion 6.2.2 giving cicrnal rcssurc cocfficicnis Ias lccn
rclocaicd as 6.2.3.
(v} Acndi D Ias lccn dclcicd.

6.2 Moderate Cbanges:
(i} Scciions 6.2.2.9 and 6.2.2.12 conlincd inio scciion 6.2.3.8

wiiI
ncccssary rcallocaiion of iallcs & figurcs.
(ii} Tallc 23(20} Ias lccn consolidaicd.

6.3 Major Cbanges
() Dcsgn Vnd Vcoct.
TIc na of India in wIicI diffcrcni zoncs of iIc couniry arc
dcnarcaicd io sIow iIc lasic wind sccd was lascd on a
siaiisiical analysis of ncicorological daia. A siudy of wind sccd
daia carricd oui ai SEFC CIcnnai, and olscrvaiions ly Indian
Mcicorological Dcarincni Iavc sIown iIai iIc sccds sccificd in
iIc na arc ccccdcd in cyclonic siorns. TIcrc also Ias lccn an
cvidcncc of iIc occurrcncc of scvcrc cycloncs (sucI as iIc Orrisa
sucr cyclonc} on iIc casi coasi, wIicI causcd cnornous danagc.
TIc Cujarai coasi also ccricnccd iwo cycloncs in wIicI nucI
danagc was causcd. Kccing iIis in vicw and considcring iIc
inoriani of iIc siruciurcs involvcd, a cyclonic rcgional facior l

number in the recommended draft

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11
(5.3.4} Ias lccn iniroduccd as a nuliilicr io iIc lasic wind
sccd V. TIis is siiulaicd io lc alicallc in a 60 ln siri on iIc
casi coasi and iIc Cujarai coasi wIicI is cccicd io lc norc
scriously affccicd in cycloncs.
() Vnd Dcctonut Fucto .
Considcring iIc randonncss in iIc dircciionaliiy of wind
and rccognizing iIc faci iIai rcssurc or forcc cocfficicnis arc
dcicrnincd for sccific wind dircciions, ii is sccificd iIai for
luildings, solid signs, ocn signs, laiiicc francworls, irusscd
iowcrs (iriangular, squarc, rcciangular} a facior of 0.90 nay lc
uscd on conuicd forccs. (Scciion 5.4.1}
() Ecct o Acu Uscd n Aucugng Pcssucs.
Prcssurc cocfficicnis arc oliaincd ly avcraging rcssurcs ovcr
a sccificd iriluiary arca. TIc corrclaiion dccrcascs wiiI
incrcasing arca. Aroriaic faciors K wIicI is a rcduciion facior
(scciion 5.4.2

} Ias lccn iniroduccd accordingly.

(u) ConInuton Fucto Kc.
WIcn ialing wind loads on francs, of clad luildings, ii is
rcasonallc io assunc iIai iIc rcssurcs or suciions ovcr iIc
cniirc siruciurc will noi lc fully corrclaicd. TIcrcforc wIcn ialing
iIc conlincd cffcci of wind loads on iIc franc, iIc forccs oliaincd
in iIc franc nay lc rcduccd suiially. Facior K (scciion 6.2.3.13}
Ias lccn iniroduccd accordingly.
(u) Extcnu Pcssuc Cocccnts Cc.
Scvcral cIangcs Iavc lccn lrougIi aloui in rcscci of cicrnal
rcssurc cocfficicnis. (Scciion 6.2.3}
(u) Intcccncc Eccts.
CIangcs arc roduccd in iIc wind cIaracicrisiics as ii flows asi
any consiruciion. In casc ii is a luilding or sonc oiIcr siruciurcs,
iIc cIangcs in iIc wind cIaracicrisiics arc icrncd as wind
inicrfcrcncc cffccis. TIc nodificd wind on siriling a siruciurc
gcncrally roduccs IigIcr rcssurcs duc io incrcascd iurlulcncc,
iIougI a sIiclding cffcci occurs if iIc inicrfcring and iIc inicrfcrcd
siruciurcs arc vcry closc io cacI oiIcr. TIc nodificaiion in iIc
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wind cIaracicrisiics and Icncc iis cffcci on iIc siruciurc undcr
considcraiion dccnds on a largc nunlcr of variallcs and is iIus
quiic conlc. For iIc urosc of oliaining iIc dcsign wind
rcssurcs, iIc inicrfcrcncc cffcci of wind is crcsscd ly iIc raiio
of iIc nodificd rcssurc / forcc io iIc rcssurc / forcc in casc
iIcrc is no inicrfcrcncc, iIai is, for iIc siruciurc in isolaiion.

Provisions io accouni for iIc inicrfcrcncc cffcci in a luilding do noi
cisi in any Wind Loading Codc ai rcscni. TIcsc arc lcing
iniroduccd for iIc firsi iinc in iIis codc so as io rovidc guidancc
io iIc dcsigncr for rclininary dcsign urosc. For inoriani
rojccis, ii is cnvisagcd iIai rccoursc will lc ialcn io wind iunncl
icsiing.
(u) Dnunc Eccts o Vnd .
WIilc a rigid siruciurc (f > 1Hz} Iardly rcsonds io iIc iurlulcncc
or gusiincss in iIc wind, a flcillc siruciurc (f < 1 Hz} or a flcillc
clcncni in a siruciurc would lc sci inio vilraiions, wIicI nay lc
quiic conlc dccnding uon iIc iyc of siruciurc/clcncni. TIc
dynanic cffcci of wind, for iIc urosc of dcsign, can lc dcscrilcd
ly a gusi cffcci facior, C also icrncd as dynanic rcsonsc facior or
sinly as gusi facior. Iis valuc for rclaiivcly rigid siruciurcs (f > 1
Hz} nay lc ialcn as 0.90.
A iall luilding would rcsond noi only alongwind lui nay also
Iavc significani crosswind dynanic rcsonsc. TIc laiicr is
difficuli io csiinaic and nccds wind iunncl siudics for cvaluaiion,
iIougI for a fcw cascs rcsonsc sccira for iIc crosswind
rcsonsc arc availallc and iIcsc arc lcing includcd for iIc firsi
iinc.

TIc csiinaiion of iIc alongwind rcsonsc, is rcconncndcd io lc
lascd on iIc Jscc dcsgn gust und sccd us ugunst tIc Iou
ncun und ucoct in iIc rcscni IS Codc, wIicI is consisicni wiiI
iIc raciicc in sonc of iIc rcccni codcs.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TIis worl Ias lccn suoricd iIrougI a rojcci cniiilcd Fcvicw of Duilding
Codcs and Prcaraiion of Conncniary and Handlools awardcd io IIT Kanur
ly iIc Cujarai Siaic Disasicr Managcncni AuiIoriiy (CSDMA}, CandIinagar
iIrougI World Danl financcs. TIc vicws and oinions crcsscd Icrcin arc
iIosc of iIc auiIors and noi ncccssarily iIosc of iIc CSDMA or iIc World
Danl.