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5Dielectricpropertiesofmaterials
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2.6.5Dielectricpropertiesofmaterials
Theabsolutecomplexpermittivityofamaterialisrepresentedbythesymbol ,where = j . Thisisrelatedtothedimensionlessrelative complexpermittivity r,where r = r j r,bytheexpression = 0 r, 0 beingthepermittivityoffreespace,afixedconstantgiven approximatelyby
0 =8.85x10

12

Fm 1 .Ingeneral,

dependsontemperatureand,toalesserextent,pressure.Itisalsofrequencydependent,

although and cannotvaryindependentlywithfrequency,sincetheirfrequencyvariationsareconnectedthroughtheKramers Krnigrelationship: adropin withincreasingfrequencyisnecessarilyassociatedwithapeakin . Exceptforexceedinglyhighappliedfields, isindependentofthe magnitudeoftheappliedelectricfieldforalldielectricmaterialsusedinpractice,excludingferroelectrics. Acapacitorfilledwithadielectricmaterialhasarealcapacitance rtimesgreaterthanwouldhaveacapacitorwiththesameelectrodesinvacuum.

ThedielectricfilledcapacitorwouldalsohaveapowerdissipationWperunitvolumeateachpointwhen,resultingfromanappliedvoltage,asinusoidal electricfieldoffrequencyfandrootmeansquarevalueEexistsatthatpoint.ThispowerdissipationisgivenbyW=2fE 2 .Thus isameasureof theenergydissipationperperiod,andforthisreasonitisknownastheloss factor. Thecomplexpermittivity isoftenrepresentedintheArgandplanewith asabscissaand asordinate,givingacurvewithfrequencyas parameter.Thejoinofanypointonthiscurvetotheoriginthereforerepresentsthecomplexconjugate *ofthecomplexpermittivity where *= +j . Unfortunately,theuseofthesymbol *torepresentcomplexpermittivityiswidespreadandhasbecomeestablishedintheliterature,and careisneededifconfusionoversignsistobeavoided.Thejointotheoriginmakesanangle withtheabscissa,suchthattan = / .ThusW mayberewrittenasW=2fE 2 tan.Henceisknownasthelossangle,andtanisknownasthelosstangent. TheapplicationofasinusoidalvoltageofrootmeansquarevalueVtothedielectricfilledcapacitorresultsinacurrentflowintheexternalcircuitwhich leadsthevoltagebyaphaseangleorpowerfactorangle,whereisthecomplementof.Thus,thepowerdissipationinthecapacitor,givenbyIV cos , mayalsobeexpressedasIVsin. Sinceinmostcasesinengineeringpractice issmall,sin tanandthepowerdissipationisgiventoa goodapproximationbyIVtan.ItshouldbenotedthatnosuchapproximationisinvolvedintheexpressionforWinthepreviousparagraph. Whenthewavelengthofelectromagneticradiationisintheopticalregion,thevelocity vofpropagationthroughalossfreetransmittingmediumof refractiveindexnisgivenby v= c/n,where cisthevelocityinfreespace.Thevelocityisalsogivenby v=c/( r r)1/2 where r,istherelative permeability.Thusforloss freenon magneticmaterials,forwhich r = 1 , characterizedbyacomplexrefractiveindex fromwhichitfollowsthat relationshipsallowsvaluesof givenby
2 2 r = n k and
r

= n2 .However,ingenerallossesdooccur,andthematerialis
r=

=n jk,wherekistheabsorptioncoefficient.Then

,or
r

r j

r,=(njk)

r = 2nk.Nevertheless,whenthelossissmall,sothat k<<n,then

n2 .Theuseofthese

rathighfrequenciestobederivedfromopticalmeasurements.Asthefrequencyisreduced,speciallydesigned

interferometers(infrared),freeradiationmethods(sub millimetricwavelengths),waveguides,coaxiallinesandresonantcavities(centimetric wavelengths),and Qmetersandbridges(radiofrequenciestod.c.)haveallbeenused.Time domainspectroscopy,involvingananalysisofthe responseofthemediumtoastepfunctionfield,iscapableinprinciple,andhashadsomesuccessinpractice,ingivingarapidmeasurementof over averywidefrequencyspectrum. Therelativepermittivityisdirectlyrelatedtotheelectronic,atomicandorientationalpolarizationofthematerial.Thefirsttwooftheseareinducedby theappliedfield,andarecausedbydisplacementoftheelectronswithintheatom,andatomswithinthemolecule,respectively.Thethirdonlyexistsin polarmaterials,i.e.thosewithmoleculeshavingapermanentdipolemoment.Electronicandatomicpolarizationaretemperatureindependent,but orientationalpolarization,dependingontheextenttowhichtheappliedfieldcanorderthepermanentdipolesagainstthedisorderingeffectofthe thermalenergyoftheirenvironment,variesinverselywithabsolutetemperature.Allofthesepolarizationmechanismscanonlyoperateuptoalimiting frequency,afterwhichafurtherfrequencyincreasewillresultintheirdisappearance.Becauseofthespring likenatureoftheforcesinvolved,thisis accompaniedbyanabsorptionoftheresonancetypeforelectronicandatomicpolarization,butfororientationalpolarizationthedisappearance, accompaniedbyabroaderpeakinthelossfactor,ismoregradual,becausethemechanisminvolvedisoftherelaxationtype,andmayinvolveabroad distributionofrelaxationtimes.Indeed,thedeclinein maybesogradualthat mayappearalmostconstant,andbecorrespondinglysmall,overa widefrequencyrange.Thisappliesparticularlytosomepolymerscommonlyusedinengineeringpractice,manyofwhicharepolar.Thosewhicharenon polar,usuallywith r<2.5,shownearlyconstantvaluesof and overtheentireelectricalfrequencyspectrum. Thefrequencyatwhichthesemechanismsdropoutisrelatedtotheinertiaofthemovingentitiesinvolved.Typically,electronicpolarizationpersists untilafrequencyofabout10 16 Hz,atomicpolarizationuntilabout10 13 Hz,whilethedispersionfororientationalpolarizationmaylieanywherewithina widefrequencyrange,say10 2 1010 Hz,dependingonthematerialanditstemperature.Inadditiontothesepolarizationmechanisms,theexistenceof interfacialeffectssuchasmacroscopicdiscontinuitiesinthematerial,orblockingattheelectrodes,causesthetrappingofchargecarriers,andsuch phenomena,aswellastheinclusioninthedielectricofimpuritiesgivingrisetoconductingregions,resultinbehaviourclassifiedunderthegeneral headingofMaxwellWagnereffects.Thesegiverisetoaneffectivepolarizationandassociatedloss,thefrequencybehaviourofwhichissimilartothat oforientationalpolarization,withadispersionregionwhichmaylieintheregionof1Hzorlower. Whenorientationalpolarizationisoperative,itisusuallythedominantpolarizationmechanismpresent.Theclassicaltheoryofthismechanismisdueto Debye.Forasinglerelaxationtime, thevariationof rwithangularfrequencyisgivenbytheDebyeequation,( r )/( s )=(1j)/(l + 2 2 ),where
s and aretherelativepermittivitiesatfrequenciesmuchlowerandmuchhigher(butnothighenoughtoinvolveanyreductionin

atomicorelectronicpolarizations)respectivelythantheanomalousdispersionregion.Equatingrealandimaginarypartsgives ( )/( )=1/(1+ 2 2 )and /( )= /(1+ 2 2 )

r s s

If isplottedagainst , theColeColeplotresults.ThisisasemicircleiftheDebyeequationisobeyed.Frequentlyexperimentalresultsyielda circulararc,ratherthanasemicircle,withitscentrebelowtheabscissa.Suchbehaviourcanbeexpressedasasuitabledistributionofrelaxationtimes,

+ 2 2 ),where

s and

aretherelativepermittivitiesatfrequenciesmuchlowerandmuchhigher(butnothighenoughtoinvolveanyreductionin

atomicorelectronicpolarizations)respectivelythantheanomalousdispersionregion.Equatingrealandimaginarypartsgives ( )/( )=1/(1+ 2 2 )and /( )= /(1+ 2 2 )

r s s

If isplottedagainst , theColeColeplotresults.ThisisasemicircleiftheDebyeequationisobeyed.Frequentlyexperimentalresultsyielda circulararc,ratherthanasemicircle,withitscentrebelowtheabscissa.Suchbehaviourcanbeexpressedasasuitabledistributionofrelaxationtimes, thoughnosatisfactoryphysicalreasonfordoingsohasyetbeenestablished.Thereisavarietyofothershapesobtainedinpractice,suchasthe skewedarcinwhichthehighfrequencyendofthearcapproximatestoastraightline.Anythingotherthanaperfectsemi circleisnowtakenas evidenceofcooperativeeffectswithinthedielectric. Thepermittivityofmanysubstanceschangesnotonlywithfrequencyandtemperature,butalsowithspecimenageandhistory.Twospecimensof nominallythesamematerialmayhavesignificantlydifferentpermittivitiesbecauseofdifferentmanufacturingprocesses,differentamountsofoxidation, anddifferentinclusions,someofwhichmighthavebeendeliberatelyintroduced,e.g.antioxidants.Forsuchreasons,tablesofvaluesshouldbeusedas anindicationofthemagnitudestobeexpected,andnotasasourceofprecisedatawhichcanberepeatedbyaccuratemeasurementsonparticular testspecimens,exceptincasesinwhichthephysicalandchemicalstateofboththereferencematerialandthetestspecimenareveryclosely specified.Thepropertiesofferroelectricmaterialsdependonsomanyfactorsthatitisinappropriatetoincludethemintablesofdata.Generally,they havepermittivitiesoftheorderofathousand,stronglydependentonappliedvoltageandtemperature,andexhibitconsiderablepowerloss.

References C.J.F.Btcher(1973)DielectricsandStaticFields,Vol.1,2ndedn,ElsevierScientificPublishingCompany,Amsterdam. C.J.F.BtcherandP.Bordewijk(1978)DielectricsinTimeDependentFields,Vol.2,2ndedn,ElsevierScientificPublishingCompany,Amsterdam. V.V.Daniel(1967)DielectricRelaxation,AcademicPress,London. H.Frhlich(1958)TheoryofDielectrics,2ndedn,ClarendonPress,Oxford. NoraE.Hill,WorthE.Vaughan,A.H.Price,ManselDavies(1969)DielectricPropertiesandMolecularBehaviour,vanNostrandReinholdCompanyLtd., London. A.R.vonHippel(1954)DielectricsandWaves,Chapman&Hall,London.

Tablesofrelativepermittivityandlosstangent Temperature(t)isin C,andfrequency( f)inHz.Temperaturecoefficientof

r isdenotedbya=10

r/

r dtanddensityingcm

by d.For

noncubiccrystals,thesymbols ,||,indicatemeasurementswithfieldrespectivelyperpendiculartoandparalleltothecaxis.Rangesofquantitiesare indicatedbythenumericallimitsoftherange,separatedbyasolidus.Forcommercialmaterials,thevaluesshouldberegardedasexamplesonly,since somevarygreatlywithcompositionandpurity.Thisappliesalsotothelossangleofsomepurematerials,whichmaydependontracesofimpurity.The rangesof r andtan , however,areintendedtoindicatenotthesevariations,butonlythevariationwithinthestatedrangesoftemperatureand/or frequency.However,becausedatarelatingtodifferenttemperaturesandfrequenciesoftenhavetobetakenfrommorethanonesource,evenforwhat isnominallythesamematerial,itiscommonlyimpossibletobecertainofthecauseofthevariations.

Solids Material Cellulose(seealsopaper) Cellophane...... Paperfibres..... Ceramics Alumina....... Calciumtitanate.. Leadzirconate... Magnesiumtitanate. Porcelain...... Rutile....... Steatite....... (lowloss)..... Strontiumtitanate.. Strontiumzirconate. Crystals(single,inorganic) Alkalihalides LiF....... LiCl....... LiBr....... LiI....... NaF....... NaCl....... NaBr....... NaI....... Remarks unplasticized calculated pure pure,porosity1% a=200 a=+140 h.v.electrical a=80 a=40 a=2 a=+6 a=+13 a=+13 a=300 a=+12 t/C 20 30/70 20 20/100 20 20 20 20/150 20/100 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20/25 20 20 20 20 20/25 20 20 f 50Hz/1MHz 50Hz 50Hz 50Hz/1MHz 1MHz 1MHz 1MHz 50Hz/1MHz 50Hz/1MHz 1MHz/1GHz 1MHz/1GHz 1MHz/100MHz 1MHz/100MHz 1MHz/1GHz 1MHz/1GHz 1MHz 1MHz 1kHz/10GHz 1kHz/1MHz 1kHz/1MHz 1kHz/1MHz 1kHz/1MHz 1kHz/10GHz 1kHz/1MHz 1kHz/1MHz
r

104 tan 100/650 100/150 50 20/5 3 30 1/4 300/80 3/8 15/30 30 1 20 2 5 3 2 5/1

7.6/6.7 7.2/8.0 6.5 8.5 10.8 150 110 14 5.5 80 40 12 15 6 6 200 38 8.9/9.1 11.8/11.0 13.2/12.1 16.8/11.0 5.1/6.0 6.1/5.9 6.5/6.0 7.3/6.6

LiCl....... LiBr....... LiI....... NaF....... NaCl....... NaBr....... NaI....... KF....... KCl....... KBr....... KI....... RbF....... RbCl........ RbBr........ RbI........ Calcite........ Diamond...... Fluorite....... GalliumArsenide... Germanium..... Iodine....... Mica,muscovite(best) Periclase...... Quartz....... Ruby........ Rutile........ Sapphire...... Selenium...... Silicon....... Sulphur....... Urea....... Zircon....... Glasses Borosilicate..... Fusedquartz.... Lead....... Soda....... Minerals Amber....... Asbestos(chrysotile) Bitumen....... Granite....... Gypsum....... Marble....... Sand........ Sandstone...... Soil......... Sulphur....... PaperandPressboard (seealsocellulose) Unimpregnated,dry Kraft(tissue)... Rag(cotton)... Impregnated,mineraloil (r=2.2) Kraft(tissue)... Rag(cotton)... Impregnated (Pentachlordiphenyl) Kraft(tissue) Fibre........

CaCO 3 || C CaF 2 MgO SiO 2 || Al 2 O3 TiO 2 || Al 2 O3 || rhombic(100) (010) (001) CO(NH 2 )2 ZrSiO 4 , || normal lowalkali verylowalkali average purified,50%R.H. board Gilsonite puredry dry 15%water dry moist cast d=0.8 d=1.2 d=0.6 d=0.9 d=1.1 d=0.9 d=1.1 . d=0.9 d=1.1

20 20 20 20 20/25 20 20 20 20 20/25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 17/22 20/100 25 20/25 20/25 17/22 17/22 20 17/22 20 20 17/22 20 25 25 25 17/22 17/22 20 20 20 20/150 20 20 20 25 20 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20/90 20/90 20/90 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

1kHz/1MHz 1kHz/1MHz 1kHz/1MHz 1kHz/1MHz 1kHz/10GHz 1kHz/1MHz 1kHz/1MHz 1kHz/1MHz 1kHz/10GHz 1kHz/10GHz 1kHz/1MHz 1kHz 1kHz 1kHz 1kHz 1kHz/10kHz 1kHz/10kHz 500Hz/100MHz 10kHz/2MHz 1kHz 1kHz 100MHz 50Hz/100MHz 100Hz/100MHz 1kHz/35MHz 1kHz/35MHz 10kHz 10kHz 50Hz/100MHz 100MHz 50Hz/1GHz 50Hz/1GHz 100MHz 1kHz 1kHz 1kHz 1kHz 400MHz 100MHz 1kHz/1MHz 1MHz 50Hz/100MHz 50Hz/100MHz 1kHz/1MHz 1MHz/100MHz 1MHz/3GHz 50Hz/1MHz 1MHz 50Hz/100MHz 1kHz 1MHz 10kHz 1MHz 1MHz 1MHz 1MHz 1MHz 1MHz 3GHz/10GHz 1kHz 1kHz 50Hz/50kHz 50Hz 50Hz 50Hz 50Hz 50Hz 50Hz 1MHz

11.8/11.0 13.2/12.1 16.8/11.0 5.1/6.0 6.1/5.9 6.5/6.0 7.3/6.6 5.3/6.0 4.9/4.8 5.0/4.9 5.1/5.0 6.5 4.9 4.9 4.9 8.5 8.0 5.7/5.5 7.4/6.8 12 16.3 4.0 7.0 9.7 4.43/4.43 4.63/4.63 13.3 11.3 86 170 9.4 11.6 6.6 11.7 3.8 4.0 4.4 3.5 12 5.3 5 4 3.8 6.9 7.5 2.8/2.6 5.8/3.1 3 2.7/2.55 3.5 8 5.7 8 2.5 9 10 3 10 3.4 1.8 3.0 1.7 3.6 4.3 3.5 4.2 5.7 6.0 4.5

5/1 2/7 10/2 3 /0.4 /0.3 100/2 2 2 5 5 5 50/40 30 15/5 10/1 17/13 100/80 2/90 1800/250 2200 60/10 300 400 7/14 10/15 25/35 8/65 22 27 13 18 33 39 500

Rag(cotton)... Impregnated (Pentachlordiphenyl) Kraft(tissue) Fibre........ Pressboard..... Plastics(nonpolar, synthetic) Poly ethylene.... isobutylene... 4methylpentene (TPX).... (dimethyl) phenyloxide(PPO) propylene.... styrene..... tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).... Plastics(polar,synthetic) Poly amides..... carbonates... ethyleneterephthalate imides..... methylmethacrylate vinylcarbazole.. vinylchloride... Plastics(miscellaneous) Anilineresin Celluloseacetate Cellulosetriacetate Ebonite Epoxyresin Melamineresin Phenolicresin Urearesin Vinylacetate(poly) Vinylchloride(poly) (PVC) Rubbers Natural Butadiene/styrene (GRS) Butyl Chloroprene Silicone Silicone Waxes,etc. Chlornaphthalene (triandtetrachlor) Ozokerite Paraffinwax Petroleumjelly Rosin Wood(%water) Balsa0% Beech16% Birch10% Douglasfir11% compressed Scotspine15% Walnut0%

d=0.9 d=1.1 . d=0.9 d=1.1 dryd=0.8 teflon typicalNylon typical typical unplasticized unfilled paperfilled unfilled filled(MgCO 3 ) fabricfilled paperfilled woodfilled paperfilled plasticized plasticized crepe vulcan,soft unfilled compounded unfilled Neoprene filled67%TiO 2 unfilled colophony d=0.62 d=0.63 d=0.45 d=0.64 d=0.61

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 100 20 20 20 20 25 20 20 20 140 20 20 20 20 20/80 20 20/80 20/80 20 20 20 25 20 20 20 20/60 20 20 20 20 15 15 20 20

50Hz 50Hz 50Hz 50Hz 1MHz 50Hz 50Hz/1GHz 50Hz/3GHz 100Hz/10kHz 100Hz/1MHz 50Hz/1MHz 50Hz/1GHz 50Hz/3GHz 50Hz/100MHz 50Hz/1MHz 50Hz/100MHz 1MHz 50Hz/100MHz 50Hz/100MHz 50Hz/100MHz 3GHz 1MHz/1GHz 1MHz 1MHz/1GHz 50Hz/100MHz 1kHz/1GHz 50kHz/1GHz 1kHz/100MHz 3GHz 1MHz 1MHz/1GHz 1MHz/10MHz 1MHz 1MHz 1MHz/10MHz 1MHz/10MHz 1MHz/10MHz 1MHz/10MHz 50Hz/100MHz 50Hz/100MHz 50Hz/100MHz 1kHz/1MHz 50Hz/100MHz 1kHz/100MHz 50Hz/100MHz 50Hz/100MHz 1MHz/1GHz 50Hz 3GHz 50Hz/3GHz 1MHz/100MHz 1MHz/100MHz 1MHz/10MHz 1MHz/10MHz 1MHz/100MHz 10MHz

3.5 4.2 5.7 6.0 4.5 3.2 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.6 2.2 2.6 2.1 4/3 3.2/3.0 3.2/2.9 3.4 3.4/2.6 2.8 3.2/2.8 3.5 5/4 6 3.5 3.8/3.2 3/2.7 4.1/3.8 3.6/3.5 4.7 5.5 5 6 5 6 4 4 2.4 3.2 2.5 2.5 2.4 6.5/5.7 8.6/8.5 3.2/3.1 5.4/4.2 2.3 2.2 2.1/1.9 2.4 1.4/1.2 9.4/8.5 3.1 3.2 4.3 8.2/7.3 2

13 18 33 39 500 80 2/3 2/5 2/1 4/7 5 2/5 2 200 10/100 20/150 600/60 5/10 200/100 500 600/300 800 300/400 100/300 90/30 100/180 200 400 500 300/800 800/400 400 300 500 600 15/100 280/200 5/70 10/200 35/10 300/900 50/10 7/2700 5/10 2 1/5 6 40/140 580/830 400/800 520/810 570/950 590/940 350

Balsa0% Beech16% Birch10% Douglasfir11% compressed Scotspine15% Walnut0% Walnut17% Whitewood10%

d=0.62 d=0.63 d=0.45 d=0.64 d=0.61 American

20 20 20 15 15 20 20 20 20

50Hz/3GHz 1MHz/100MHz 1MHz/100MHz 1MHz/10MHz 1MHz/10MHz 1MHz/100MHz 10MHz 10MHz 1MHz/100MHz

1.4/1.2 9.4/8.5 3.1 3.2 4.3 8.2/7.3 2 5 3

40/140 580/830 400/800 520/810 570/950 590/940 350 1400 400/750

References CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics(1983),CRCPressInc.,Florida. HandbookoftheAmericanInstituteofPhysics(1963)2ndedn,McGrawHillBookCo,NewYork. A.R.vonHippel(1954)DielectricMaterialsandApplications,Chapman&Hall,London. TheInternationalCriticalTables. K.F.YoungandH.P.R.Frederikse(1973)CompilationoftheStaticDielectricConstantofInorganicSolids,J.Phys.Chem.Ref.Data,2(2),313410. R.G.Jones(1976)J.Phys.D:Appl.Phys.,9,81927.

Liquids Thepermittivitiesinthistable,exceptwhenafrequencyisstated,arestatic values,relatingtofrequencieshighenoughtoexcludeionicconductivity, butbelowanyregionofdispersion.Fornonpolarliquids( r 2)thelowerlimitdependsonlyuponionicimpurities,whilethehigherisusuallyabove 10GHz.Withintheselimits,thepermittivityisconstant,andthelossunlikelytoexceedafewtimes10 4 .Forpolarliquids,denotedbyP, thelower frequencylimitdependsbothuponpurityandtheintrinsicdissociationoftheliquid,whiletheupperlimitvariessharplywithtemperature.Thetwolimits mayoverlap,andthepermittivityisthennowhereconstant,northelosstangentsmall.Forthesereasons,frequencyandlosstangentarequotedonly forafewliquidsofcontrolledpuritywhichareusedforelectricalpurposes.Moreextensivedata,andonmanymoreliquids,aregiveninthereferences below.Thepermittivityofliquidsiseasiertodetermineaccuratelythanthatofsolids,andprobableaccuracyisindicatedbythenumberofplaces quotedintheTable.Temperaturecoefficients(a=10 5 d r/ rdt)aregiven,buttheiraccuracyissometimeslow.

Material Castoroil........ Chlordiphenyl(tri).... (penta ).. Parafinoil........ Siliconefluid...... Transformeroil..... Material Alcohols(primary) Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol Pentanol Hexanol Hydrocarbons nPentane nHexane nHeptane nOctane nNonane nDecane nUndecane nDodecane Benzene Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Toulene (Chloro/Fluoro) hydrocarbons CCl 4 CCl 3 F

Remarks medicinal 0.65cS 1000cS BS138

t/C 20 10/100 0/100 20 20 20 20 20 t/C 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 29

f 1kHz 50Hz/20kHz 50Hz 1kHz 50Hz/3GHz 50Hz/3GHz 50MHz/100GHz 100MHz/10GHz

r

104 tan 2000/2 700/3 1 2/19 1/100 1/42 42/8 a

4.5 7/5 5.2/4.3 2.2 2.2 2.78/2.74 2.2 2.2

32.65P 24.51P 20.51P 17.59P 15.09P 13.3P 1.84 1.89 1.92 1.95 1.97 1.99 2.00 2.01 2.284 1.96 2.025 2.39 2.24 2.28

588 612 683 733 775 806 87 82 73 67 68 65 62 60 88 79 102 89

Cyclohexane Toulene (Chloro/Fluoro) hydrocarbons CCl 4 CCl 3 F CCl 2 F 2 CClF 3 CHCl3 CHCl2 F CHClF 2 (CCl 2 F) 2 (CClF 2 )2 (CH2 Cl) 2 ( CCl 2 )2 CCl 2 CHCl Fpentane Fbenzene Clbenzene Miscellaneous Aniline Acetone Diethylketone Diethylether Cyclohexanone Nitrobenzene CS 2 Liquidgases Argon Helium ,, Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen

20 20 20 29 29 30 20 28 24 25 25 20 25 20 20 25 20 20 25 20 20 20 25 20 T/K 82 4.19 2.06 20.4 70 80

2.025 2.39 2.24 2.28 2.13 2.3 4.80P 5.34P 6.11P 2.52 2.26 10.66P 2.30 3.4P 4.24P 5.42P 5.70P 6.89 20.7P 17.0P 4.34P 18.3P 34.8P 2.64 1.53 1.048 1.055 1.22 1.45 1.50

79 102 89 368 550 85 229 341 472 520 500 518 101 220 280 200 160

Manyoftheseliquidsarehazardous,flammableortoxic.Chemicalsafetymanualsshouldbeconsultedbeforeusingthem. References DielectricConstantsofPureLiquids(1951)NationalBureauofStandardsCircularNo.514. DielectricDispersionDataforPureLiquidsandDiluteSolutions(1958)NationalBureauofStandardsCircularNo.589. S.Jenkins,R.N.Clarke,Measuredvaluesanduncertaintiesforthecomplexpermittivityofselectedorganicreferenceliquidsat20to30Cand frequenciesupto3GHz,(NPLReportDES109). H.KienitzandK.N.Marsh(1981)RecommendationReferenceMaterialsforRealizationofPhysicochemicalProperties,Pure&Appl.Chem.53,18471862.

Water Waterisstronglypolar,witharegionofdispersion,at20C,centredaround17GHz.Itisalsointrinsicallydissociated,sothatevende ionizedwater cannotbetreatedasadielectricatfrequenciesmuchbelow1MHz.Measurementsatthehighfrequenciesofthedispersionrangecontain,beforeabout 1953,manyerrorsshownbyvaluesof and mutuallyinconsistentwiththesimpleDebyeequations.Itisestablishedthatwaterobeysthesewith someaccuracy,thevalueofthedispersioncoefficientintheColeColeequationnotexceeding0.05. Atfrequencieshigherthanabout1MHz(wherethelosstangentpassesthroughaminimumofabout5 103 )valuesof and canbecalculated fromtheDebyeequationsgivenintheintroductiontothissection,withaccuracybetterthanisobtainablebyinterpolationinatable.Thenecessary valuesof s , andfollow,chosentogivethebestfitwithinternallyconsistentdata. Thestaticrelativepermittivityasafunctionoftemperature,withintherange060C,isgivenwithanaccuracyof0.1unitby
s =88.1541.4+13.1

4.63

where=Celsiustemperature/100C.

Therelaxationtimeasafunctionoftemperatureisasfollows,withanaccuracyofabout2% :

t/C /ps

0 17.7

10 12.6

20 9.2

30 7.1

40 5.7

50 4.8

60 3.9

The infinitefrequency dielectricconstant, usewiththeforegoingdata.

, occursintheinfrared,andcannotbedirectlymeasuredelectrically.Avalueof5.0isappropriatefor

rdecreasescontinuouslyfromthisvaluethroughouttheinfra redtoavalueof1.8intheopticalregion.TheDebye

equationsthereforebecomeincreasinglyinaccuratefor>>1.

t/C /ps

0 17.7

10 12.6

20 9.2

30 7.1

40 5.7

50 4.8

60 3.9

The infinitefrequency dielectricconstant, usewiththeforegoingdata.

, occursintheinfrared,andcannotbedirectlymeasuredelectrically.Avalueof5.0isappropriatefor

rdecreasescontinuouslyfromthisvaluethroughouttheinfra redtoavalueof1.8intheopticalregion.TheDebye

equationsthereforebecomeincreasinglyinaccuratefor>>1.

References DielectricDispersionDataforPureLiquids(1958)NationalBureauofStandardsCircularNo.589,Table3. E.H.GrantandR.Shack(1967)Br.J.Appl.Phys.18,1807. J.B.Hasted(1975)AqueousDielectrics,Chapman&Hall,London. U.KaatzeandV.Uhlendorf(1981)TheDielectricPropertiesofWateratMicrowaveFrequencies,Z.Phys.Neue,Folge,126,151165.

Gasesandvapours Thevaluesrelate,exceptingthefinalentry,toapressureofonestandardatmosphere,andholdforallfrequenciesbelowthestartoftheinfrared spectrum.Othervaluesmaybecalculatedoveralimitedrangeoftemperatureandpressure,fornonpolarpermanentgases,byassumingthat( r1) isproportionaltodensity.Thisdoesnotholdforpolargases,butifthepolarityisstrong(e.g.watervapour)acloseapproximationis (

r1)

pressure/(absolutetemperature) 2

providedthatthevapourisnotnearitscondensationpoint,undertheconditionseitherofthedataused,orofthedesiredresult.Thisrelationcan safelybeused,forexample,toobtainvaluesfordampair,thedensitiesandpressuresinvolvedbeingthenthepartialvalues,andthecontributionsfrom thetwocomponentsadditive.Therelationshouldnotbeappliedtomixturesoftwopolarvapours. Valuesofrelativepermittivitymayalsobeobtainedfromthedataonrefractiveindicesatradiofrequenciesbyusingtherelation r tononabsorbinggases. r=1forallgasesexceptO 2 where r=1+1.910

6
r=n

whichapplies

Relativepermittivityofgasesandvapours Material Airdry....... Nitrogen...... Oxygen....... Argon........ Hydrogen...... Deuterium...... Helium....... Neon........ Carbondioxide... Carbonmonoxide.. t/C 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0 20 25 104 (
r1)

Material Nitrousoxide...... Ethylene........ Carbondisulphide.... Benzene........ Methanol........ Ethanol......... Ammonia........ Sulphurdioxide..... Water......... Water(10mmHg)...

t/C 25 25 29 100 100 100 1 22 100 20

104 (

r1)

5.36 1 5.47 4 4.94 3 5.17 7 2.72 2.69 6 0.7 1.3 9.21 6 6.4

10.3 13.2 29.0 32.7 57 78 71 82 60 1.24 4

R.N.Clarke
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