ACNOWLEDGEMENT I express my heartiest gratitude to my subject teacher KOUSTOV CHOUDHURY for his untiring guidance and enthusiastic support

during the period of my project work. Finally I wish to thank my classmates for their befitting helps & cooperation.

COMPUTER
Computer is a electronic device, in which we ca n calculate data and solve arithmetic and logical operation. Those device which are helps us to compute mathematical calculation in a fastest way, are called computer.

HARDWARE Hardware is a term use to describe physically components of the computer any computer parts that you con see and touch and fill, search as the monitor, keyboard, mouse etc SOFTAWRE Software is a collection of some programmed, which is helps us to manage our activate in a machine. FIRMWARE Combination of hardware and software is called firmware kit. It has both physical and logical interface for a user to perform into it.

HUMANWARE The main medium to control a pc by the help of a authorized person. This person who is used the remote pc, is called human ware.

Teacher signature 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 Byte - 1 K.B K.B -1 M.B M.B - 1 G.B G.B - 1 T.B T.B - 1 P.B P.B - 1 E.B

MS-DOS : The original IBM P.C Regis in 1981.Shipped with and operating system cold DOS (Disk Operating System). DOS BOOT SEQUENCE MS-DOS included 3 core programs that are required to make a device or floppy disk bootable and lode the OS into memory. 1. IO.SYS - The interface between the hardware and the OS. 2. MS DOS .SYS The main OS. 3. COMMAND .COM - The interface between the user and the OS. The 3 file can be seen as layer lays, each taking and area of responsibility. Virtually all OS work this way. Because MS-DOS is a relativity simple OS. Examining its approach privates inside how more completed OS function. CONFIG.SYS - Lost extra hardware and device not bill into IO.SYS. AUTEXE.BAT - Lost some programs selected by the user and setup environment variable search as TEMP and PATH. FILE SYSTEM The file system is a component OS which as an interface with hardware storage device and organized data in them in from that can be use by the system and application. It is not unusual to have several file systems on a mordent PC. Part of the reason for this is that deferent type of storage media of on required deferent type of formatting of translation reek of the amount of storage media. Involve or for complacence with a stander. FAT BASE FILE SYSTEM

All modern PC can use a FAT base file system. This is the very simple from file system, name for FAT. It organizes files by listing them in a table. A backup copy in men ten and boot are cape the root directory on the primary partition. The FAT file systems originally develop of floppy disk of version of windows stall AFT of preps. These are 3 basic verity FAT file system in use today. NTFS FILE SYSTEM With the advent of Windows NT, MS introduce the NTFS. Live FAT 32 it support long file ness and use space name. Unlike FAT, NTFS is optimizing for multi-user environment. It provides on extra label of file security and is reliable. FEATURES OF NTFS 1. NTFS support very large volume up to 2 T.B. size. 2. The root folder are volume can hold and unlimited number and file. 3. The advance compaction system available NTFS volume allow user to compact individual file and folder. 4. In men tend in log that ca n be used to recover than repair a volume content is the even system failure. ELECTRONIC All maters whether solid liquid or gas has small particles called atoms. These atoms ate composed of a nucleus , which is made up of neutron and proton and the electrons revolve around the nucleus. The proton contain positive charge. The electron contain negative charge. RESISTANCE: It is the property by virtue of which it opposes the flow of electric current through it. It has a unit of ohm. Resistance is of various types: 1. Carbon Resistance 2. Light Depended Resistance 3. Variable Resistance 4. Ware Round Resistance 5. Log Type Resistance 6. Chip Resistance Ohms law: If temperature, material & other physical condition like area of cross section are kept constant, the current flow through a conductor is directly proportional to a potential difference between in its two points.

Where V = Potential difference in volt (V) I = Flow of current in ampere (I) R = Resistance of a matter (R)

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Resistance color codes: COLOUR BLACK BROWN RED ORANGE YELLOW GREEN BLUE VIOLET GRAY WHITE GOLD SILVER NO COLOUR DIGIT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X X X MULTIPLE 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000 1000000000 .1 .01 .001 TOLLERENCE

5% 10% 20%

CAPACITOR A capacitor consists of two conducting surface separated by a layer of an insulating medium called dielectric. The conducting surface may

be in the form of either circular or rectangular or spherical or cylindrical shape. Type of capacitor: 1. Pico Farad (PF) 2. Micro Farad (MF)

1000 PF = 1000 KPF = 1000 MF =

1KPF 1 MF 1KMF

Function of a capacitor: 1. It block the AC noise and passes DC current. 2. It by passed the unwonted frequency. 3. It is use as rectifier 4. It is also used for filtration. Capacitor Depend on: 1. Area of the plate 2. Type of the plate 3. Distance of the plate

NUMBER SYSTEM In digital electronic, we describe the universal number system, which is used by a P.C. Number system are---------------------1. 2. 3. 4. Binary------ Used in digital computer. Decimal------ We used this language Octal-------- Analog system are used this language Hexa decimal ------- Used in network medium (0,1)

Binary

Decimal (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) Octal (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

Hexadecimal (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)

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MOUSE One of the mouse common input devices used in the computer field is mouse. Even key board is the important input device mouse also very important input device for today. Because of its tail like cable itches device called mouse.

MOUSE TYPE: Based on the technology used to diet the mouse movement mouse can device flowing categories. 1. Mechanical 2. Opto- Mechanical 3. Optical

Based on the method two interface or to connect the mouse to the main computer system mouse can be divided into following categories. 1. Serial port mouse 2. A bus connection mouse 3. PS/2 port mouse 4. USB port mouse 5. Wireless port mouse Mechanical mouse: Working of mechanical mouse:----- A mechanical mouse works by the mechanical action of its various parts, when the mouse is rolled across a flat surface the different inside the mouse move and generate electrical signal, this signals are given to the computer and the computer convert them into proper action on the sprim. Those process are as followed----------1. As a mechanical mouse moves across a flat surface, a ball(made by steel and cover with rubber) portending from under side of the mouse and touch the surface, start to rot ants in the direction of the movement. 2. As the ball rotate inside the mouse it touch and turns to roller with the ball. This roller are mount ant at a 90 digri angle to each other. 3. One roller is used for the back and further movement of the mouse which correspond to vertical movement of the curser on the screen. The other roller is used for side ways movement which correspond to horizontal movement on the screen. 4. The detection in which the mouse is moving can be found out by finding the number of signal from this to vertical and horizontal roller. 5. The direction in which the mouse is more can be find out by the rotation of horizontal and vertical roller movement. Working of optical mouse Optical old design: In optical mouse, instead of the customary ball and rollers, a light source and photo detector is used with a special mouse pad.

1. When the optical mouse is moved one this special pad light from the light source gets reflected from the pad and special photo detector inside the mouse detect in horizontal and vertical movement based on the reflected light. 2. Depressing any of the mouse button also produce a signal which is passed to the PC and the PC passes it to the mouse drive software. 3. Depending upon the button being pressed number of times the button being passed and the present location of the mouse pointer on the screen, the software accomplish the task desired by the user. Optical new design: Current optical mouse design differs from the original design in many ways. The new optical mouse is a small computer in it self. It contents a full paten, recognition hardware/software in its digital processor IC. The paten recognition capability allows the new optical mouse to be use or any surface without the need to use any special mouse pad. The new optical mouse contents three basic parts. 1. LED:- To ill urinate the surface or which the mouse is used. 2. A sensor mode of photo detector array, basically a small videos camera to detect the paten on the surface. 3. Digital signal processor (DSP) for pattern recognition purpose.

KEYBOARD Two communicant with the computer system we required some of input device and output device. Input device in use to feed data into the computer system and output device is required by the computer to communicate to result to the user. Keyboard are three type-------

1. Membrane 2. Mechanical 3. Rubber drum Membrane: Membrane key board connectives three type of plastic, row connector, holes and the rest is column connector. At the time pressing any key . Row connector and column connector both touch themselves and sand an electrical signal which reached in keyboard driver, by which help we get out put. Mechanical: Mechanical key board switch are single switch. Before pressing any switch all the controller keep away from each other. When press a switch that switch push down after then controller touch them selves. Rubber Drum: In this type of key a rubber like synthetic structure in molded of form a dome like shape. This dome like rubber structure keeps key in up position. When a key is press dome collapses and a small tape of carbon of some other conductive material inside the dome completer the circuit. Internal key board circuit The brain of the key board is the circuit with in the unit that handles the processing of key stork and exchanging information with the host system. The key board has with in it small version of several components you feed with in the PC is a whole. 1. It has till own microprocessor. 2. Red Only Memory (ROM) that trance this small processor similar to the BIOS on the mother board.

3. Programmable key boards also content some EEPROM memory to whole programming information this as it ware a tiny hard disk. 4. Key board cable: The key board cable is the long cable thats trams between the main case of the key board and computer that attaches to the raster of the system. It normally connects with in it four wares corresponding to the four signals once used for interfacing to the PC thought the key board connector. These are in close in a plastic cover made up of PVC (Pole Viand Cured) or plastic. The signal assignment for itch connects: Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 Pin DIN Connector Key Board Clock Key Board Data Not Connected Ground Power (+5v) Clock --------------------Not Connected 6 Pin DIN Connector Key Board Data Not Connected Ground Power (+5v) Key Board

HARD DISK To day hard disk device is the most common device used with the computer system. The HDD is also known as hard disk, hard drive, fixed disk drive or Winchester disk drive. The HDD is used to store data and program permanently inside the computer. The information store in the HDD does not get erase when the power supply of the switch of. Hard Disk Drive components: Spindle motor Platter Read Write head Voice coil mechanism Logic circuit board Interface

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Spindle motor: It is the main motor which rotate the platter of the HDD. The data transfer of HDD generally depend on the motor rotational speed. Modern HDD has 5400 RPM (Rotation Per Minute), 7200 RPM ( Used in Seagate, Puma, Samsung etc),10,000 RPM SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) HDD. Platter: It made by aluminum or coated with glass ceramic cot in, the which h are connected with the spindle motor. It has a cot in of magnetic sensitive materials such as Fe2O3 or cobalt. Data is recorded on both side of the platter. Read Write head: It is a small electromagnetic coil mounted on the head actuator arm. Every platter has a head is always twice the number of platter. Voice coil mechanism: It is the main mechanism which moves the head to the track. Logic circuit board: It is the electronic circuit board. Which contain the hard disk BIOS control unit and buffer memory. It controls the entire operation of the hard ware part of HDD. Interface: Four pin Molex power connector------1. Yellow + 12v DC (To run motor) 2. Black 0v (Ground) 3. Black 0v (Ground) 4. Red + 5v DC (For circuit chip) Forty pins and a IDE connector is used to data communication between MB to HDD. And eight pins SATA data connector is used as the data connector for modern PC.

Track: Itch size of the HDD platter surface divided into concentric circles called track. This tracks are not visible

on the disk surface inside this are magnetize information retain during the formatting of the HDD. Cylinder: On HDD which has more then one platter same track of deference platter from an imaginably cylinder like structure. When data store in the HDD it is store cylinder by cylinder that is first the entire track on a cylinder is written. Once the cylinder becomes full the R/W hade moves to the next cylinder and write balance ditto to the next cylinder. Sector: A track is very big aria to store data, norm ally a track can hold more then 5000 bytes of data. When one storing small amount of data they having a minimum storage 5000 byte capacity will be was storage. This has led to dividing of the tracks or cylinder into number of sector. Like a track the sector are also are not visible on the hard disk surface. Te acher Signature

MOTHER BOARD Mother board is the main PCB used in system unit. This is also the biggest PCB seen in the system cabinet. This board is also known as main board. Mother board is generally made up of woven fiberglass and metal circuits are traced on both side of the board. Then both the surface is coated with a green colored insulated emulsion called Epoxy.

Form factor: Mother board has deference form factor. A form factor a simple a physical size lay out of the mother board and its components. AT Motherboard: In this type of mother board there are two SMPS sockets P8 & P9 each of six pins. Keyboard connector is of 5 pin DIN. No soft power control option is available. ATX Motherboard: In this type of motherboard there is one SMPS socket of 20 pins. Keyboard connector is of six pin PS-2 type. Soft power control is available, MINI ATX Motherboard: This is same as ATX type but is small in size. NLX Motherboard: In this type of RAM slot & different expansion slot & different port points are mounted on a separate riser card. This card again attached to the motherboard in a slot. Motherboard only consist different chip & microprocessor. BUS SYSTEM Bus is a common pathway across which data, address or control signals con travel. This is actually the pathway protocol which is used for communication between the different computer elements like CPU, RAM ports and expansion slots etc. Three type of bus: 1. Data Bus 2. Address Bus 3. Control Bus Data Bus: It is used to move form one place to another place. The number of the data line provided in the bus is very important factor that deter minds the speed of this data transfer. Address Bus: It is the bus through which destination of the data is accessed by the sender.

Control Bus: It is the bus through which control signals to be executed on the data is send. 8 Bit ISA Slot: 1. It has 31 x 2 pins 2 pins 2. It has 8 bit data path path 3. It has 20 bit address path address path 4. The bus speed 4.77 MHz 8.33 MHz 5. DTR 2/3 MBPS 16 Bit ISA Slot: 1. It has 32 x 2 + 18 x 2. It has 16 bit data 3. It has 20 bit 4. The bus speed 5. DTR 5 MBPS

MCA Slot : EISA Slot: It has introduce PC-2 system 1. It has 97 connector It has 45x2 + 11x 2 and 45 x 2 + 42 x 2 pins 2. it has 32 bit data path It has 32 bit data path 3. It has 32 bit address The bus speed 8.33 MHz 4. The bus speed 8.33 MHz First time bus mastering is available PCI Slot: 1. It is local bus slot 2. It has 32 bit data path 3. It has 32 bit address path 4. The bus speed 33 MHz / 66MHz 5. DTR 132 MBPS AGP Slot: 1. Bus speed is 66 MHz 2. It has 66*2 pin connector where pins are closely packed. According to DTR AGP slots are of four types: DTR 266 MBPS = AGP 1X DTR 532 MBPS = AGP 2x DTR 1 GB = AGP 3x DTR 2 GB = AGP 4x 32 bit data and address path.

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MEMORY The computer memory con is two types. Based on the weather the memory is inside the computer or it is an external storage device. 1. Primary Memory 2. Secondary Memory

RAM: It stands for Random Access Memory. It is the primary memory of a PC and it made by semiconductor (capacitor) that why it needs refreshment do sharing data into it. This type of volatile memory is called RAM. ROM: It is a semiconductor memory chip, which has programmed into it circuit and can be written only one time, this type of memory are called Read Only Memory. 1. Flash: It can be programmed more then once, using a specific software programmed. 2. PROM: (Programmable Read Only Memory) It can be reprogrammed only one time using UV ledger .(Ultra Violet Ledger) 3. EPROM: (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) It can be reprogrammed many time with UV ledger. 4. EEPROM: (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) It ca n be reprogrammed more then one by using electromagnetic ray.

Teacher Signature MICROPROCESSOR Generally modern motherboard have three core processor on the mother board. 1. One is CPU, 2. Two is North bridge 3. Three is Sought bridge CPU: It is the main microprocessor which is called the brain of computer. It is the fastest and reliable microprocessor of our computer. It consists two part on it------ one is CU,(Control Unit) and ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), register co-processor and cash memory. If the CPU is kept busy all the time then we can get maximum out put from it. Speed of CPU:- Generally a has two type of speed----

1. Internal speed 2. External speed Internal speed: The internal speed of the CPU is the instruction cycle that can be passed or pressed in one second internal to the CPU. It is also called the clock speed of the CPU. External speed: It is the speed by which the CPU communicate with the RAM. It is also called FSB or frequency of the system bus. The speed of FSB is majored in hurz (Hz)

Microprocessor and its socket type: Microprocessor also called CPU, it is a major components of a computer. We discus various CPU starting from Pentium 4 and on words. 1. Socket 478 P4 2. Socket 423 Celeron 3. Socket 370 P3 4. Socket 8 P2 5. Socket 7 AMD 6. Socket A 7. Slot 2 8. Slot 1 Socket 478 :- Socket 478 is a PGA socket, used by Intel Pentium 4 microprocessor family. (Not all P4 family processor support processor 478) FSB frequency is 400-800 MHz Socket size 1.38 (3.5 x 3.5 cm) Number of contacts 478 Computable processor Intel P4 1.4 to 3.4 GHz. Socket 423:- The socket was used for low end P4 processor below 200 MHz frequency it became absolutely with the advent of socket 478. Number of pins 423 Computable package type OLGA (Organic Land Grid Array) FSB 100MHz to 200 MHz. Computable processor Intel P4 1300 MHz to 2000MHz. Socket 370:- It is a PGA socket computable with Intel Celeron and P4 processor. Number of connector 370 FSB 66 MHz to 133MHz. Supported processor P3 Socket 8:- It was used for a many limited number of processor type. The socket is being no more used by new are processor. Number of connector 387 pins FSB 66 to 75 MHz. Supported processor Pentium Pro and Pentium 2. Socket 7:- It was introduce by Intel for Pentium 133 to 200 MHz processor. It is also used in Pentium MMX processor family. Computable package type PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid Array).

Number of pins 296 FSB 66 to 83 MHz. Supported processor AMD K5, Cyrix MII, Intel Pentium etc. Real mode: Its the mode of using the computer where the mode of DOS & OS mode was different path. When some one working with DOS and then want to change by opening other OS, have to restart him again the computer to close the dos. Protected mode: But it different from real mode as by in this mode we can open OS while working with DOS even also open OS at the time of working with DOS, we dont have to restart the computer. 80286 CPU 20 bits address line and 16 M.B memory but in the protected mode.

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