CN CB Rau qu

Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

M U
Hin nay, rau qu l mt loi thc phm ph bin, cung cp cho con ngi mt lng ln cht dinh dng. Ngoi vic c s dng trc tip, rau qu ti cn c ch bin thnh nhiu dng sn phm khc nhau nh: mc, rau qu ng hp, cc loi nc tri cy,V vy vic ko di thi gian bo qun rau qu ti cho n lc ch bin l rt cn thit. Trong qu trnh bo qun rau qu ti, chng ta cn phi bo m cc yu t sau: 1. Tin li 2. D dng trong tn tr 3. Tha mn tui th ca sn phm 4. Mi v, cu trc, ti v hnh dng vn gi nguyn vn nh lc mi thu hoch 5. Gi nguyn gi tr dinh dng C nhiu cch khc nhau bo qun rau qu, trong bi tiu lun ny chng ti s gii thiu Phng php bo qun rau qu ti bng cch to mng.

Phng php ny v ang c s dng rt ph bin v tnh tin li v n gin ca n. Phng php ny gip lu tr rau qu ti trong thi gian tri ma,lm nguyn liu ch
bin, bun bn; an ton trong vn chuyn, Chng ti s gii thiu khi qut v mt s loi mng, cch to ra cc mng v cch s dng mng trong bo qun rau qu.

CN CB Rau qu

Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

Chng 1 KHI QUT V MNG BO QUN

Mng bo qun rau qu ti l vt liu bao quanh rau qu sau thu hoch nhm ngn cn s tip xc gia rau qu v cc vi sinh vt ph hu, kh oxy, hn ch mt phn m. T rau qu s khng b dp ng, khng b ph hu bi vi sinh vt hay cc tc nhn khc t mi trng. Hin nay ngi ta to ra rt nhiu loi mng bo qun, nhng chng ta cn chn la loi mng no ti u nht (r tin, d kim, khng nhim mi trng,.) 1.1. TC DNG CA MNG: Mng bc ln b mt v tri cy s c tc dng :

_ _ _ _
qun.

Km hm qu trnh h hp . To dng v . Ngn nga nm bnh xm nhp . Lm gim qu trnh thot hi nc trn b mt v tri cy (Guilbert & Biquet, 1989). Mc ch : lm cho i sng ca tri cy c ko di ra, do n c ngha v mt bo

1.2. C TNH CA MNG: Khng c, khng mi v . iu khin c tnh thm kh v kh nng ngn nga s thot m ca rau qu i vi mi trng xung quanh. C tnh n hi, kh b x rch. 1.3. CC YU T NH HNG N VIC LA CHN MNG: Vic la chn mng bo qun c quyt nh bi cc yu t nh hng n thi hn bo qun: 1.3.1. Nhit : Nhit l yu t ca mi trng c nh hng quyt nh nht n cht lng v thi gian bo qu rau qu. Khi nhit tng lm gia tng qu trnh h hp v gia tng s mt nc lm cho rau qu nhanh h hng. Khi nhit thp di im ng bng s dn n s hy hoi cu trc ca t bo. S tng gim nhit t ngt lm thay i cng h hp t ngt s gy hin tng bnh l cho rau qu. ko di thi gian bo qun cn chn nhit thch hp v duy tr n nh nhit 1.3.2. m ca khng kh:

CN CB Rau qu

Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

m nh hng ln n s bc hi nc ca rau qu, m thp lm gia tng s bc hi nc v khi m khng kh cao s lm cho rau qu d b ng thi. Khi bo qun nn duy tr m ti u nhm trnh s h hng. 1.3.3. Thnh phn kh quyn: Thnh phn kh quyn nh hng n qu trnh trao i cht. Khi gia tng hm lng CO2 v gim nng kh O2 trong kh quyn c tc dng hn ch s h hp ca rau qu.

CN CB Rau qu

Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

Chng 2 MNG POLYMER SINH HC

2.1. PHAN LOAI: Trn c s phng php sn xut, cc vt liu polyme sinh hc c chia thnh ba nhm chnh sau: 2.1.1. Polyme c tch trc tip t cc ngun t nhin (ch yu l thc vt) v d nh cc polysaccarit (tinh bt, cellulose) v protein (nh casein, gluten ca bt m) 2.1.2. Polyme c sn xut bng phng php tng hp ha hc t monome. V d, vt liu polylactat l mt polyeste sinh hc c polyme ha t monome axit lactic. Cc monome ny c sn xut nh phng php ln men cc cacbon hyrat t nhin. 2.1.3. Polyme c sn xut nh vi sinh vt hoc vi khun cy truyn gen. Vt liu polyme sinh hc in hnh nht trong trng hp ny l polyhyroxy - alkanoat; ch yu l polyhyroxybutyrat (HB) v copolyme ca HB v hyroxy- valerat (tn thng mi l biopol). C ba loi polyme sinh hc ni trn u c tim nng lm ngun vt liu cho bao b trong tng lai gn v s thay th cc loi bao b vt liu polyme hin ti c ngun gc du m (nh PE, PS). Ni chung cc polyme sinh hc ni trn u c hiu qu cao v d ch bin thnh mng mng bng cng ngh gia cng cht do thng thng (tuy cn hi t); cn i vi polyme i t polysaccarit v protein, vn hiu qu cng r rng hn, c bit l cellulose, ngun polyme t nhin rt sn c v r. Cc loi giy bng knh (celophan) kh bn, nhy cm vi m c sn xut t cellulose l mt loi vt liu rt thch hp lm bao b. khc phc tnh nhy cm vi m ca giy bng knh, ngi ta thng ph thm bng sp nitrocellulose (NC - W) hoc polyvinylien clorua (PVDC). Mt s dn xut ca xenluloza hin cng sn c trn th trng l xenluloza axetat, etylcellulose, hyroxy - etyl cellulose v hyroxy - propyl cellulose v cellulose iaxetat. Tinh bt cng l mt dng polysaccarit c s dng rng ri, c cu trc dng ht v l thnh phn chnh ca ng cc, khoai ty. Tinh bt ch yu l hn hp ca amyloza (mt polyme mch thng) v amylopectin (mt polyme phn nhnh). Ngoi vai tr lm thc phm, cht kt dnh, cht lm c v.v.... Gn y tinh bt c ch trong vai tr lm vt liu bao b. Chng c kh nng phn hy sinh hc cao, ng thi li c gi r. Tuy tnh bn c km hn nhng mng tinh bt cng c c im ngn kh tt, c tnh nhit do. Trong thc t, ngi ta c th b sung lng ln polyme tng hp nh PVA hoc polycaprolactam vo tinh bt to ra loi mng c trong ph hp. Vt liu ny c tnh cht phn hy sinh hc khc hn loi mng tinh bt trn PE trc y (khi b phn hy vn li cc ht PE nh). Tinh bt bin tnh cng l mt dng thay th. Hin nay trn th trng c mt s vt liu t tinh bt bin tnh. Cng ngh ch bin tinh bt thnh vt liu bao b thc phm s thun li hn so vi cng ngh i t cellulose, trong khi chi ph li thp hn ng thi li l vt liu d b phn hy sinh hc. Gn y protein cng c coi l cht liu to mng d phn hy. Protein rt hp dn cc nh ha hc polyme v chng c nhiu chc nng ha hc, sn c trong t nhin v kh

CN CB Rau qu

Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

ph hp cho cng ngh to mng. Mng t protein c tnh cht ngn kh cao v nhiu loi kh bn trong nc. 2.2. MNG CHITOSAN:[7] Chitosan l mt loi polyme sinh hc, c nhiu nh khoa hc trn th gii quan tm v c nhng tc ng tt trn bnh nhn ung th. Hai nc nghin cu nhiu v Chitosan hin nay l Trung Quc v Nht Bn. Vit Nam, Chitosan c sn xut t v tm c s dng thay hn the trong sn xut bnh cun, bnh su s... Mi y nht, cc nh khoa hc thuc i hc Nng Lm TP HCM thnh cng trong vic to mng Chitosan lm v bo qun thc phm ti sng, d h hng nh c, tht, rau qu... m khng lm mt mu, mi v ca sn phm. 2.2.1. Ngun gc ca chitosan: [5] Chitosan l mt dng chitin b kh axetyl, nhng khng ging chitin n li tan c trong dung dch axit. Chitin l polyme sinh hc c nhiu trong thin nhin ch ng sau xenluloza. Cu trc ha hc ca chitin gn ging vi xenluloza C chitin v chitosan u c nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip v cuc sng, c bit l trong ch bin v bo qun thc phm. Chitin c gc t ch "chiton", ting Hy Lp c ngha l v gip. Chitin l thnh phn cu trc chnh trong v (b xng ngoi) ca cc ng vt khng xng sng trong c loi gip xc (tm, cua). Khi ch bin nhng loi hi sn gip xc, lng cht thi (cha chitin) chim ti 50% khi lng u vo v con s ny tnh trn ton th gii l 5,ll triu tn/nm. V vy vic ch bin mng bo qun chitosan gii quyt phn no lng cht thi trn, tng lai cho thy tim nng pht trin ca loi mng ny l rt cao 2.2.2. c tnh ca chitosan: [5] L polysacharide c m khng c hi, c khi lng phn t ln. L mt cht rn, xp, nh, hnh vy, c th xay nh theo cc kch c khc nhau. Chitosan c mu trng hay vng nht, khng mi v. Khng tan trong nc, dung dch kim v axit m c nhng tan trong axit long (pH6), to dung dch keo trong, c kh nng to mng tt, nhit nng chy 309 311oC. 2.2.3. Tc dng ca chitosan: [5] Phn hu sinh hc d hn chitin Chitosan v cc dn xut ca chng u c tnh khng khun, nh c ch hot ng ca mt s loi vi khun nh E.Coli, dit c mt s loi nm hi du ty, c rt, u v c tc dng tt trong bo qun cc loi rau qu c v cng bn ngoi Khi dng mng chitosan, d dng iu chnh m, thong khng kh cho thc phm (Nu dng bao gi bng PE th mc cung cp oxy b hn ch, nc s b ngng ng to mi trng cho nm mc pht trin) Mng chitosan cng kh dai, kh x rch, c bn tng ng vi mt s cht do vn c dng lm bao gi. 5

CN CB Rau qu

Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

Mng chitosan lm chm li qu trnh b thm ca rau qu. Rau qu sau khi thu hoch s dn dn b thm, lm gim cht lng v gi tr. Rau qu b thm l do qu trnh ln men to ra cc sn phm polyme ha ca oquinon. Nh bao gi bng mng chitosan m c ch c hot tnh oxy ha ca cc polyphenol, lm thnh phn ca anthocyamin, flavonoid v tng lng cc hp cht phenol t bin i, gi cho rau qu ti lu hn. 2.2.4. Cch to mng bc chitosan: [5] Chitosan c nghin nh bng my gia tng b mt tip xc. Pha dung dch chitosan 3% trong dung dch axit axetic 1,5%. Sau b sung cht ph gia PEG - EG 10% (t l 1:1) vo v trn u, yn mt lc loi bt kh. Sau em hn hp thu c qut u ln mt ng inox c nung nng nhit 64-65oC (ng inox c nng nhit bng hi nc). kh mng trong vng 35 pht ri tch mng. Lc ny ngi ta thu c mt v bng c mu vng ng, khng mi v, l lp mng chitosan c nhng tnh nng mi u vit. 2.2.5. ng dng ca chitosan:[5] Trong thc t ngi ta dng mng chitosan ng v bo qun cc loi rau qu nh o, da chut, u, qu kiwi v.v... ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh: y hc, x l nc thi, cng nghip nhum, giy, m phm, thc phm... 2.2.6. u im ca mng chitosan: D phn hu sinh hc. V tm ph liu l ngun nguyn liu t nhin rt di do, r tin, c sn quanh nm, nn rt thun tin cho vic cung cp chitin v chitosan. Tn dng ph thi trong ch bin thy sn bo qun thc phm nc ta. Thnh cng ny cn gp phn rt ln trong vic gii quyt tnh trng nhim mi trng do cc cht thi t v tm gy ra. 2.3. MNG TINH BT: 2.3.1. Nguyn tc: Ging nh cc cht cao phn t khc, tinh bt c kh nng to mng tt. to mng cc phn t tinh bt (Amiloza v Amilopectin) s dn phng ra, sp xp li v tng tc trc tip vi nhau bng lin kt hydro v gin tip qua phn t nc. C th thu c mng t dung dch phn tn trong nc. Mng thu c t th phn tn trong nc thng d dng tan ra trong nc.

CN CB Rau qu

Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

2.3.2. Phng php to mng: Cho tinh bt phn tn trong nc n mt nng nht nh khng qu c hoc khng qu long, h ho s b to ra mt nht nht nh. Khuy tht k. Rt dung dch tinh bt thnh lp mng ln b mt kim loi phng v nhn c gia nhit thch hp. mng khi b dnh li sau khi kh, c th pht mt t parafin tr ho b mt kim loi. Cc giai on hnh thnh mng : - Giai on 1: t b mt nc bc hi, nng tinh bt tng ln, cc ht tinh bt dch gn nhau, hng t bin vo tm di tc dng ca dng mi trng phn tn sp xp li thnh lp n ht c. - Giai on 2: nc nm gia cc ht tip tc bc hi. Cc ht tip xc nhiu hn v b bin dng. Sc cng b mt lc ny c vai tr rt ln, c khuynh hng lm cng b mt ca h thng. Mc bin dng ca cc ht ph thuc vo modun v nht ca chng. C th thm vo cc cht ho do to mng c ng th hn. - Giai on 3: khi tip xc vi nhau cc ht bt u th hin lc c kt. Cc tnh cht c l ca mng s ph thuc vo cc hin tng xy ra trong giai on ny. Khi kh th tch ca mng b gim, dn n s co ngt v chiu dy v xut hin ng sut ni. S co ngt mng cng ln khi nng tinh bt cng nh v s hydrat ho cng cao. Do ngi ta thng thm vo cc cht pha long lm gim s hydrat ho v do gim s co ngt. Mng thu c t dung dch c nng thp tc bay hi ln, mch phn t tinh bt c nh hng mt cch mnh m, thng c bn cao nhng ng sut ni ln. Khi lm kh chm, mng km bn hn tuy nhin li khng c ng sut ni. V vy tc bc hi nc phi c iu chnh hp l bng cch thay i nhit , thay i tc chuyn dch v trao i khng kh, thay i nht v nng tinh bt trong dung dch. Khi thay i cc thng s ny ta s thu c mng c cu trc v tnh cht khc nhau. Qa trnh bc hi nc t mng xy ra theo 5 giai on sau: - Giai on 1: nc nhiu nn s bc hi nc xy ra t b mt t do ca cht lng. p sut hi bo ho l tr ngi duy nht cho s bc hi. - Giai on 2: trn b mt mng to ra lp th gel nht , nc phi thng tr lc ca lp ny. - Giai on 3: hnh thnh cu trc. - Giai on 4: bc hi ca nc sonvat ho l nc lin kt vng hn vi tinh bt. Ngoi ra nc phi thng tr lc ca lp mng to thnh. - Giai on 5: do kt qu ca s bc hi mng to ra. thu c mng tinh bt c tnh cht n hi cao ngi ta c th thm cc cht ho do chng lm tng khong cch gia cc phn t, lm gim lc Van der Waals do lm yu lc c kt nc v lm tng ng nng ca cc phn t. Cht ha do thng cng bn cht ho hc nhng c trng lng phn t b hn . V vy mng tinh bt thc phm ngi ta hay dng glixerin lm cht ho do. Cng c th thu c mng tinh bt t dung dch tinh bt ho tan trong kim sau ti sinh li.

CN CB Rau qu

Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

Mng tinh bt trong sut v n tnh cao cng c th thu c bng phng php nhng. Chun b dung dch tinh bt cng ging nh phng php trng trn bn kim loi trn. Dung dch tinh bt phi c nht thch hp, ph kn u b mt bn phim. Sau c gia nhit nhit thch hp lm chn tinh bt . Cng cn lu i khi mng thu c gin , d b rch l do khi to mng ng thi xy ra hai qu trnh sau: -S gim dn dn th tch ca cht to mng (tinh bt) do nc b bc hi. -S hnh thnh dn dn v s vng chc ho cu trc cc b dn ti lm mt chy v lm xut hin mt bn no trong mng cn cha c hon chnh. Ta u bit b mt kim loi cng nh b mt bn phim l nhng b mt rn khng c kh nng thay i kch thc chiu di ca mnh, do trong mng s pht sinh ra ng sut ni. Nu ng sut ny b hn bn ca cu trc hnh thnh lc , th khi co ngt khng lm rch mng. Nu ng sut ny ln hn bn ca cu trc mng lc th mng b rch. C th khc phc cc hin tng trn bng cch tng nhit to mng ln mt t tng chuyn ng nhit ca cc ht tinh bt do s ph v cu trc mi to ra. Hoc bng cch tng s to cu trc mng va to thnh bn v n hi khng b t khi co ngt (thng thm cht ho do). S cc bc to mng: Tinh bt

Nc

H ho

Khuy

Rt dch

Mng

CN CB Rau qu

Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

2.4. MNG BACTERIAL CELLULOSE(BC): 2.4.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh mng cellulose t Acetobacter xylinum: Cellulose UDP-Glu UGP PGM G1P PIG FHK FrC PTS F1P 1PFK FDP F6P FBB EMP TCA G6P G6PD(NADP) Glu GHK G6PD(NAD) PGA Chu tr nh Pentose phosphate

S qu trnh tng hp Cellulose ca Acetobacter xylinum

Glu : glucose GHK : glucose hexokinase G6P : glucose 6 phosphat G1P : glucose 1 phosphat PGM : phosphoglucoemutase UGP : UDP glucose pyro-gluco 6 phosphat PGA : phosphogluconic acid PGI : phosphoglucose isomerase FHK : fructose hexokinas Frc : fructose F6P : fructose 6 phosphat 1PFK : fructose 1 phosphate kinas F1P : fructose 1 phosphate PTS : phosphotransfer system FDP : fructose 1,6 phosphate G6PD : glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase Trong mi trng nui cy Acetobacter xylinum th cc si nh pht trin cng di. Cc t bo Acetobacter xylinum khi sng trong mi trng lng s thc hin qu trnh trao i cht ca mnh bng cch hp th ng glucose, kt hp ng vi mt acid bo to thnh tin cht nm mng t bo. Tin cht ny tit ra ngoi nh h thng l nm trn mng t bo cng vi mt enzyme c th polyme ho glucose thnh cellulose. 2.4.2. Mng Bacterrial Cellulose (BC): L lp mng c do vi khun Acetobacter xylinum to nn trn b mt mi trng c bn cht l hemicellulose. Hemicellulose l nhng polysaccarit khng ho tan vo nc nhng ho tan trong dung dch kim tnh. Acetobacter xylinum l vi khun hiu kh, gram m, c dng hnh que, kch thc khong 2m thay i tu loi. Chng c th di ng hoc khng di ng, khng sinh bo t. Vi khun Acetobacter xylinum cho phn ng tacalase dng tnh, c kh nng oxy ho tip tc ethanol 9

CN CB Rau qu

Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

thnh acid acetic, CO2 v H2O. Ngoi ra, vi khun Acetobacter xylinum cn c th chuyn ho glucose thnh acid, glycerol thnh dihydroxyaceton v tng hp cellulose V mt cu trc Bacterial Cellulose c cu trc dng b si an xen ln nhau. Mi si rng khong 100nm v dy 3-8nm. ng knh ca BC l nh hn so vi t nhi n v si nhn to. c tnh cu trc ca BC ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin nui cy c trng. Tu thuc vo yu cu ng dng m ta chn iu kin nui cy tnh hay ng. 2.5. MT S MNG KHC: 2.5.1. Mng lipid:[1] Cc sucrose ester ca cc acid bo l nhng sn phm khng mi, khng mu, khng c hi. Khi to thnh mng, n c kh nng hn ch s trao i kh gia qu v mi trng khng kh bn ngoi, tr hon s chn ca qu. 2.5.2. Mng polysaccharide: [1] c lm t tinh bt, cellulose,Do n c bn c hc tt v c dn n cao, d ko cng v c kh nng ngn cn s hp thu du m, oxi rt tt. 2.5.3. Mng protein: [1] C ngun gc t ng vt v thc vt, loi mng ny c cu trc bn vng v c kh nng ngn cn kh rt tt v protein l mt polymer ca acid amin v protein c kh nng to cu trc bc ba, bc bn. Nhng bn cnh , protein c nhc im l c tnh ho nc nn cc tnh chc nng b nh hng bi m v l mi trng thun li cho vi sinh vt pht trin, ngoi tr keratin. 2.5.4. Mng sp:[1] Mng c lm t sp ong hay paraffin, c kh nng hn ch cc qu trnh hydrate ha v to v ngoi bng p cho tri cy c bo qun. 2.5.5. Mng n c:[2] M ,cc nh ghin cu ca Khoa Khoa hc & Cng ngh thc phm, H Bang Oregon pht trin mt loi mng (film) n c t cc cht t nhin bo v thc phm. Nhn bn ngoi, mng ny ging nh giy gi bnh kem hay bnh m xng-uch, mng khng nh hng n kt cu ca thc phm m n bao bc. N c th cha cc vitamin v cc cht dinh dng khc lm tng gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm thc phm. Nhm nghin cu kt hp chitosan, mt cht x tm thy trong v ca tm v hysozome, l mt protein ca lng trng trng to mng bc thc phm khng khun. Trong khi chitosan polymer t nhin c ch s pht trin ca vi trng gy thi ra trong nhng qu mng ti v cc thc phm khc. Hysozome cng tt nh cc sunfit ho hc khc trong ngn nga s pht trin ca vi sinh vt c hi m khng lm thay i hng v v cht lng ca sn phm. 2.5.5. Mng protexan: [1] Cht lng khng mi v v khng nh hng n sc kho Sau khi qu c nhng vo dung dch ri tri ra ngoi, dung dch bc hi, to thnh mt mng mng bo v quanh qu

10

CN CB Rau qu

Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

Mng ny c tc dng gim tn tht khi lng qu trong qu trnh bo qun, gim cng h hp, lm chm chn nn ko di thi gian bo qun, bo v tt mi, cht dinh dng, vitamin, v. Dng thay th cho bo qun lnh. 2.5.6. Mng Waxol (Sp): [1] Mng chng tc dng ca nm, hn ch s h hp s chin, s bc hi ca qu Mng sp thng gm cc cht to mng, cht dit nm v cc cht ph khc n , ngi ta dng c kt qu cc cht sp sau y bo qun: Bng 1: Waxol 0-12: Cht Dung lng Cht Dung lng Sp cy caebona 26g Nc si 2233ml Sp ma 13g Nc lnh 2000ml Acid oleic 5g Cnh kin 500g Trietylamin 8g Natri octophenyl- 10g phenal (SOPP) Bng 2: Waxol 12: Cht Dung lng Cht Dung lng Sp ma 40g Triethylamin 13-19g Sp parafin 20g Nc nng 500g Sp cy caebona 20g Nc ngui 225ml Acid oleic 7g SOPP 0.2 hn hp Hn hp ny c dng nh tng, c hm lng cht kh l 12% khi dng, c th pha long vi nc c kh 4, 6, 8, 9%

11

CN CB Rau qu

Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

Chng 3 MNG C IU CHNH KH QUYN - MAP

Mng nha nhit do l loi mng lm t vt liu c ngun gc du m. Loi mng ny v ang c s dng rt ph bin, hin nay Vit Nam cc nh sn xut, thng nhn, ngi tiu dng vn s dng lai mng ny l ch yu. Trong mng PE c ch to khc nhau theo t trng ca n, ta c cc loi mng: LDPE mng PE c t trong thp, HDPE: mng PE c t trong cao, mng PP, mng U LDPE,Trc y ngi ta s dng loi mng ny mt cch n gin, ch bc mng xung quanh rau qu ti ri gi nhit lnh m khng quan tm ti qu trnh h hp ca rau qu ti. Kt qa l thi hn bo qun khng theo mun, rau qu mau chn v mau dn n tnh trng ng, h. Trong thi gian gn y, cc nh khoa hc ang nghin cu mt phng php kt hp vi cc loi mng PE ny l b sung kh quyn iu chnh(MAP) nhm khng ch mc h hp ca tng loi rau qu, hn ch s chn mau, mc ch l tng thi hn bo qun. * u im: K thut ng gi bng MAP n gin, r, d p dng, c th bao gi nhng sn phm ln nh khc nhau, p dng t lc vn chuyn, bo qun v ngay c lc by bn, v c th qung co ngay c trn bao b. *Nhc im: Bn cnh nhng u im ni trn, phng php ny cng c mt s nhc im sau: Cu to ca MAP khng theo mt cng thc chung m phi tu thuc vo tng loi rau qu, nh vy s tn cng sc cho vic nghin cu i sng ca tng loi rau qu ti. Hin nay phng php ny cng ch ang trong tin trnh nghin cu, cha c ng dng rng ri trong cng ngh bo qun rau qu. 3.1. c tnh ca MAP:[6] Ko di ti lu sn phm nh gim s h hp v gim tc lo ho sn phm m khng hon ton cn tr qu trnh h hp hiu kh. Khng ging nh kiu ng gi st kht vo sn phm v d b xm nhim bi oxy v cc cht bn, MAP c kh nng kim sot lung kh lu chuyn vo, ra bao b, n ko di ng k thi gian c bo qun an ton. MAP c th bao qun ti sng ca nhiu loi thc phm, cng nh tng an ton thc phm v tin li hn cho ngi tiu dng. Khng phi tt c cc loi mng MAP u c ch to vi c tnh ging nhau, tu theo loi sn phm m n bao gi, MAP s c c tnh thch hp loi sn phm . Cc loi rau qu khc nhau th c mc h hp khc nhau. Do , khi ch to MAP, ngi ta phi nm r mc h hp ca loi rau qu cn bo qun.

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Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

3.2. Cch bo qun rau qu bng mng MAP:[6] Rau qu sau thu hoch vn cn thc hin qu trnh quang hp h hp. Lc ny, lng CO2 xung quanh rau qu c tiu th, trong khi lng O2 c to ra nhiu, khi ng oc tng hp thc y qu trnh chin qu, lm gim tui th rau qu. Do vy lng O2 cn c hn ch, lng CO2 tng ln. Tuy nhin nu lng O2 gim i kh nhiu s dn n h hp ym kh lm ln men ru cng nh hng khng tt n cht lng ca rau qu. V vy, Bao b MAP c thit k ngn cn c chn lc, gip iu chnh c mc lu chuyn O2 v khng ch c hiu qu nng O2 trong bao b. Trc ht ta cn tm hiu phn ng ho hc v h s h hp (h s h hp l t l CO2/O2 ) H s HH c th ln hn, nh hn v bng 1.. Thng HH c ch s l 1 i vi nhiu loi thc phm bo qun trong iu kin ng lnh theo tiu chun thng thng. lm chm s h hp, nng CO2 tng ln c th ngn s pht trin vi sinh vt mt s thc phm v li c tc dng nh thuc tr nm mt s thc phm khc. C mt vi loi sn phm rt nhy cm vi nng CO2 cao, tuy vy cn xc nh mc ti u cho mi loi sn phm. Nhit l yu t quan trng nht, nh hng quyt nh ti mc h hp ca sn phm. nhit bnh thng, cc sn phm chng hng. V vy nhiu sn phm c lm ng lnh 4,4 oC. Hu ht sn phm b h hi nhit 1,1 oC. Chn cht liu bao b: Sau cc yu t trn, th vic chn la cu trc loi mng bao gi p ng ng yu cu cng c vai tr quan trng. tm loi mng c cu trc thch hp, cn xem xt cc mc di y: C th la chn loi nha nh plastome polyolefin, polyetylen, polypropylen, styrenbutadien, etylen-vinyl axetat lm mng bc bao gi.

La chn cc cu trc mng: mng n, mng kp, mng nhiu lp. dy mng, tng dy, t l gia cc loi lp mng . Ph gia lm cht trn, chng vn, chng m. iu kin gia cng mng, nhit n p, ch x l s b.

Cc polyme c tnh thm oxy cao l cht do nhit rn plastome, (POP), copolyme etylen vinyl axetat (EVA) v nha polyetylen t trng cc thp (U LDPE). POP c kh nng l cht liu tt nht p dng cho MAP, tip l EVA, ULDPE v cc loi polyme khc. C th p dng ba loi cu trc mng khi sn xut MAP vi khi lng ln. l cc loi mng n, mng nhiu lp, v mng kp. Mng n v mng nhiu lp u c sn xut theo phng php n p. Mng kp gm 2 lp mng tch bit nhng c ghp li vi nhau bng keo dnh hay cng li nh phng php n p. Ba cu trc trn u c nhng u nhc im khc nhau v s c la chn tu theo tng trng hp c th.

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Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

Ngoi vic iu chnh kh quyn, ngi ta cn b sung thm mt s kh chng s oxy ha v chng vi sinh vt vo mng. Sau y l mt s v d v mng MAP: Mng OTR:[7] L mt loi mng cht do, cu trc c thm kh nht nh. Cu trc ny c kh nng lm gim h hp ym kh, hn ch nng -xy cha trong bao. OTR 2000: Loi bao c thm kh vi mc thm l 2000 ml -xy trong 1 gi/m2. Tng t i vi OTR 4000. C th nh tri thanh long, sau khi thu hoch, bo qun trong bao OTR kt hp vi nhit thp (100C) c th ko di thi gian tn tr qu ln n 49 ngy, tng gp ba ln so vi qu khng c bao gi c th nghim trong cng iu kin i vi loi u H Lan, nu s dng bao OTR 4000 100C, c th duy tr cht lng ca u trong 20 ngy. Mng PE: [7] C thm kh km nn tng cng cht lng bo qun rau qu, phi dng k thut c l. PE 40 c ngha l mng c 40 l vi ng knh 0,1mm/l. Nu bo qun trong bao PE, cng 100C, c th tn tr qu ln n 35 ngy, tng hai ln so vi qu khng c bao gi. Trong s cc loi mng PE ta c cc loi mng sau: HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE, PP.. Trong mng LDPE (dy 50m) v PP (dy 25m) c s dng nhiu hn, tuy nhin bao LDPE cho rau ti hn. * Nu kt hp x l SO2 vi nng 5% trong thi gian 30 pht vi vic s dng bao b OTR 2000 hoc PE nhit thp (120C) s ko di thi gian bo qun ln 20 ngy, tng thi gian bo qun qu, ci thin mu sc v khng gy tn thng v qu. Mng MAP ci tin: [3] Mng c thnh phn ch yu (tham gia to mng): tinh bt ca chui, MC (metylxenlulose), gelatin v parafin; ph gia gip mng tan c trong nc, tnh bm dnh cao v c kh nng gi m l TEA, PG, PVA127. Vi cc thnh phn nh th, mng sau khi c kh nng c c di dng rn (hnh 1) v c th ha tt trong nc di dng huyn ph s dng (hnh 2), kh nng kh nhanh khi hnh thnh mng (t<10 pht) nhit mi trng.

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Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

Hnh 1: Vi c bo qun bng mng MA nhit lnh thch hp Hnh 2: Xoi c bo qun bng sau ba tun (tri) v vi khng c mng MA nhit lnh thch hp bo qun bng mng MA nhng (phi) v xoi i chng (tri) c gi nhit lnh thch hp sau ba tun (phi).

Hnh 3: Mng thnh phn Hnh 4: Mng ha tan trong nc *Sau y l kt qu th nghim loi mng ny trn cc loi tri cy nh: xoi, thanh long, chui . Kt qu th nghim kim nh trn chui gi nhit phng. Cht to mng ch yu trn chui Mc l (Parafin: MC:bt chui:gelatin: 5:1:2:1), mng thnh phm c pha long 10 ln trong nc c dy tnh ton tng i l 0,05 (10-3m) cho kt qu th nghim nh sau: - Khi thc hin trn cng mt ni, trong thi gian 10 ngy mc khc bit r rt, vt qu 10 ngy mc h hng ca mng v i chng gn nh nhau. - Khi thc hin x l cc ni khc nhau, nhit mi trng thi gian bo qun ca mu i chng khng qu 10 ngy, vi mu c nhng mng thi gian bo qun c th ko gn 15 ngy. Vic bc mng lm cho qu trnh chn trn chui xy ra chm li, c th chc ca mu c bc mng gim chm so vi mu i chng gim rt nhanh t 1,85 kg/cm2 xung cn 15

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Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

0,45kg/cm2 sau 10 ngy bo qun nhit phng, mu i chng b chn rc, t brix cao trong khi mu c bc mng brix cng tng nhng thp hn nhiu . iu ny cho thy qu trnh chn b km hm, s chuyn i tinh bt thnh ng trn chui khi c bc mng (Mc) xy ra chm, hm lng tinh bt cn li nhiu so vi mu i chng, phn ng nhum mu vi it cho mu en m hn so vi mu i chng. Kt qu th nghim kim nh trn thanh long nhit phng Mng trn thanh long Mt c thnh phn to mng ch yu sau (Parafin: MC: bt chui: gelatin l 6:1:2:0.5), mng thnh phm c pha long 10 ln trong nc c dy tnh ton tng i l 0,03 cho kt qu th nghim nh sau:

Hnh 5: Thanh Long trc khi bo qun

Hnh 6: Thanh long sau 5 ngy bo qun nhit phng. (6a) Mt cha ci tin, (6b) Mt c ci tin Qua bc mng Mt ln thanh long v bo qun nhit mi trng trong thi gian 7 ngy, ru ca thanh long khng b kh quo. Vi mng Mt cha ci tin, mc d trong mt tun l ru vn cn xanh, nhng mu sc khng c hi ha, v mng lu kh. Hnh 6 cho thy sau 5 ngy bo qun nhit phng mu i chng v bc mng Mt khng khc bit nhau nhiu v dng v bn ngoi, nhng cht lng bn trong cho thy mu i chng c chc v TSS gim nhanh, t gi tr ban u 0,85 kg /cm2 v 16,33obrix xung 0,56 kg/cm2 16

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Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

v 14,5obrix trong khi mu bc mng Mt l 0,65kg/cm2 v 15obrix v hm lng axt cng gim nhanh th hin qua gi tr pH tng so vi mu c bc mng Mt. Kt qu th nghim kim nh trn xoi nhit phng Mng trn xoi Mx cng c thnh phn ging mng Mt (Parafin: MC: bt chui: gelatin l 6:1:2:0.5), nhng khc nhau v ph gia v tc nhn hot ng b mt, mng thnh phm c pha long 10 ln trong nc c dy tnh ton tng i l 0,03 cho kt qu th nghim nh sau:

Hnh 7: Xoi 7 ngy bo qun nhit phng. (7a) trn cng mt chum, (7b) trn cng mt tri

Hnh 8: Xoi c bo qun bng MAP v xoi i chng

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Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng S qui trnh th nghim :

Bc u pha ch c ba loi mng Mc, Mt, Mx c ngha bo qun so vi i chng khi bo qun nhit phng. Ba loi mng trn c hnh thnh trn nn tng tinh bt (bt chui) v cellulose (MC) v gelatin, parafin khng c nn c th an ton s dng. Ngoi ra, mng c th tan d dng trong nc nhit thng v hnh thnh mng mau kh (khng qua phng php nhit) do th hin tnh thng mi tt.

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KT LUN
Bo qun l v cng quan trng trong qu trnh ch bin rau qu, n nh hng n cht lng nguyn liu dn n nh hng sn phm ch bin hay rau qu dng ti. Hin nay c rt nhiu cch bo qun rau qu sau thu hoch. Trong , bo qun bng cch s dng mng thng s dng v: Cng ngh to mng n gin hn cc loi ho cht khc. Gn v nh, tin s dng v thng s dng cho vic vn chuyn rau qu ti, cho h gia nh. Dng mng bo qun ch vi mc ch ngn nga vi khun gy bnh v gim s chn nn khng ho ln trong rau qu ch bin nn khng gy ng c, an ton vi ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, mng bo qun khng c tc dng dit vi khun nh mt s ho cht khc nn cng thng s dng vi cht st khun. Trong cc loi mng, mng cht do ang c xu hng gim dn chuyn sang s dng mng sinh hc v tnh thn mi trng hn i vi mng cht do. Xu hng s dng vt liu sinh hc trong thc phm ang gia tng, do chng ta cn y mnh cc nghin cu trong cng ngh sinh hc nhm tm ra ngy cng nhiu mng bo qun sinh hc va an ton vi ngi s dng, va an ton cho mi trng, ng thi li c th tn dng ph liu lm nguyn liu sn xut. Chng ta cng cn phi hp nhiu phng php khc nhau to ra cc loi mng bn hn vi nhit, thi gian, v c tc dng mnh hn nh c c tnh dit khun.

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Bo qun rau qu ti bng mng

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Quch Bnh, Nguyn Vn Thoa, Nguyn Vn Tip, K thut v ch bin rau qu, NXB KH & KT, 1982. [2].Tp ch KH&CN- Nng nghip & Pht trin Nng thn, B NN&PTNT, S 2-2005 [3]. http://www.agroviet.gov.vn/tapchi/khcn/2002/Noidung/so01_01.asp [4].http://www.agroviet.gov.vn/tapchi/baonnvn/2004/Noidung/So06-04.asp [5].http://www.vinachem.com.vn/ViewXBPthird.asp?DetailXBPID=1434&CateXBPDetailID=1 10&CateXBPID=1&Year=2004 [6].http://www.vinachem.com.vn/ViewXBPthird.asp?DetailXBPID=118&CateXBPDetailID=9& CateXBPID=1&Year=2001 [7].http://www.vinachem.com.vn/ViewXBPthird.asp?DetailXBPID=588&CateXBPDetailID=39 &CateXBPID=1&Year=2001 [8].http://www.ykhoa.net/BACHKHOA/031122/031122065.htm

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