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We provide environmental, chemistry and hazardous materials news, information & resources including: in depth articles; a detailed periodic table of elements; chemical substance database; hazmat emergency response guides; hazmat placarding information; and much more.

We are more than just a great reference resource; we strive to provide hard science articles written by highly qualified scientists like Wilma Pretorius, PhD.

Articles and resources are divided into five major subject areas (environmental issues, chemistry resources, hazardous materials, "go green" and careers), which are further broken down into sub-topics. For instance our environmental section is sub-divided into the following sections: Climate Change, Consumer Health & Food Safety, Energy, Environmental Disasters, Politics and Public Policy, Pollution, Sustainablity, Waste & Recycling. Go Green

Going green can save money while helping to protect the environment. 70s House Eco Renovation

A series of articles documenting the eco renovation a house built in 1970 and reviewing products used in the renovation. We expect the renovations to be spread out over a few years. Redecorating Eradicating the color green: This phase of our eco renovation focused primarily on aesthetics, interior decoration, and critical safety issues. Painting Walls Bright walls require less light, Low VOC options, recycled painting supplies. Replacing Carpets Soybean based padding, recycled PET carpets, low VOCs, reduced health concerns Updating Light Fixtures Better ambiance, energy efficient CFLs Bathroom Renovation This make over may come in stages as we may replace the most wasteful fixtures before the full bathroom renovation takes place. Installing a low flow showerhead An easy DIY project that will result in immediate savings. Switching to Renewable Energy One of the ways we will reduce our carbon footprint will be to replace some of our fossil fuel energy consumption over to carbon neutral renewable energy sources. Buying local clean power electricity One of the easiest ways for us to reduce our carbon footprint by around 1.5 tons per year was to start buying our electricity from a clean power provider. Kitchen Renovation - Coming in 2010 or 2011 Weatherization - Coming late 2009 The most important part of reducing one's energy usage is weatherizing one's home. The first step in this is conducting an energy audit. Energy Audit

This energy audit was conducted on our house to help us prioritize weatherization and energy efficiency projects. Revised ROI Calculations These are updated return on investment calculations for the energy audit that was conducted on our house and reflect updated information. Environmental Issues Consumer Health & Food Safety Concerns ADA Recommendation for Fluoride in Infant Diets Based on American Dental Association recommendations, many infants and small children may be getting too much fluoride in their diets, which may pose long term health risks including fluorosis. Asbestos A three part series on its history, chemical and physical properties, uses, health hazards and the legal implications of asbestosis & mesothelioma. Asbestos, a Brief History its Uses & Health Risks Asbestos, its Chemical & Physical Properties Asbestos: A Manufacturing Health Hazard Dating to Prehistoric Times Dry-Cleaning Chemicals Looking Good, Feeling Bad; or, What's the Problem with Perc? According to the EPA, we all may be exposed to perc because it is found in the air and drinking water nationwide. Are there Realistic Dry-Cleaning Alternatives to Perc? The vast majority of America's dry cleaners use perc - are there viable alternatives? The three most prominent non-perc cleaning options are examined and compared. DuPont's Teflon Cover-up Court records and internal documents have shown that DuPont has been covering up the true dangers of Teflon for decades. Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children: Autism & ADHD

While the generally accepted causes of neurodevelopmental disorders like Autism and ADHD include genetic and environmental factors, a wide range of toxic chemicals in the environment have also been associated with these disorders. PCBs in the food you love PCBs a notoriously hazardous group of chemicals have infiltrated our food chain. Seafood Safety Mercury in Fish vs. the Benefits of Fish Oils In spite of the health benefits provided by omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils, people are decreasing fish in their diets due to high levels of mercury found in some fish. Norwegian Farmed Salmon Raises Global Concern The quality and safety of Norwegian farmed salmon came into question with a Russian ban, illegal nitrate use and evidence of a Norwegian cover up. The Dangers of Lawn Chemicals at Home Each year consumers paint their lawns with various fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. These chemicals can be deadly if used incorrectly. Energy & Sustainablity Biofueling to the future Whatever their motivation - be it energy independence for the U.S. or an attempt at fighting climate change for Europe - world governments are now heavily subsidizing biofuels. CO2 Pollution and Global Warming Why is carbon dioxide considered pollution and how do scientists know that humans are responsible for climate change? Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFLs): Are They Worth the Switch? Do compact Fluorescent lights really save money, how well do they perform? See what we found out, then calculate your potential savings. Global Trends in Energy Technology Innovation In a mere 100 years we have depleted the equivalent of millions of years' worth of solar energy captured by ancient organisms and locked up in oil, gas and coal reserves. We must solve our energy problems in ways that are both profitable and environmentally aware.

Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Energy of the Future Energy sources of the future will have to be cleaner and more efficient than current sources - hydrogen fuel cells fulfill these requirements; however, several challenges remain before we will see wide-spread commercialization. Environmental Disasters Chernobyl Chernobyl Revisited In 1996 we revisited the Chernobyl disaster and looked at what the impacts were ten years on. Agricultural and Environmental Impact Agricultural and Environmental Impact of the Chernobyl disaster A Turning Point Chernobyl was a real turning point for nuclear energy. From Bhopal to Hazardous Waste Compliance Why would anyone choose to work in the hazardous waste industry? Love Canal NY: Grownups Don't Do Blue Goo What was it like growing up in Love Canal NY, which became one of the Superfund Act's first Superfund hazardous waste site. New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina & the Oil Industry New Orleans communities were destroyed and lives uprooted as water came cascading onto the Bayou. Did the damage have to be so devastating? Politics and Policy Environmental Justice and the NIMBY Principle In whose backyard does our hazardous waste end up? Prairie Dogs: Small mammal, big controversy Prairie Dogs: A Threatened Species or Public Health Nuisance? In the Midwest U.S. the matter of whether prairie dogs are a threatened species or an over populated public health nuisance that causes severe economic damage has been raging for decades.

Prairie Dog Control: Non-Lethal Techniques A discussion of differenct non-lethal prairie dog control measures. Prairie Dog Control: Lethal Techniques A discussion of differenct lethal prairie dog control measures. Can Prairie Dogs be Managed Utilizing Reconciliation Ecology? The concept of reconciliation ecology is to accommodate wild species within a human modified or occupied landscape. So how can this be applied to prairie dog management? Pseudoscience: A Threat to Our Environment Pseudoscience that threatens the integrity of science in America. Sorting out Science from Junk Science Do you know how to separate science from pseudoscience? Many websites are sponsored by organizations that have specific agendas. Pollution - Air Effects of Air Pollution on your health Air pollution caused by products you use every day can harm your health. Clean Air Act Contributing to Mercury Problem Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 and 1977 Set the Stage for the Mercury Calamity of the 21st Century. Nitrogen Dioxide, Ozone & Lead Partner to Increase Pollution Dangers to Urban Children Scientists at the University of California, Irvine have found that Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone react with surfaces painted with lead based paint to increase the release of lead from said paint posing an even greater risk for children. The Heat facing Outdoor Wood Furnaces & Boilers Emissions from outdoor wood burning stoves drift across property lines raising health concerns for neighbors. Pollution - Water PCBs in New York's Hudson River Many parties are responsible for the decades-long PCB contamination of the Hudson River. Who must ultimately pay the price for cleanup? Forensic chemistry helps identify the main polluter and pollutant.

Increased Mercury Levels Attributed to Industrial Activities Outdated coal fired powerplants are contributing to increased mercury levels in lakes and streams. Environmental Pollution of the Concord River In Massachusetts, the Concord River, along with its tributaries, serve as an example of the implications that pollutants can have on our environment. Waste & Recycling Guide to Handling Household Chemicals There are a lot of dangerous chemicals in your home. Here are some things to do to make it safer. How Well Do You Know Recycled Paper? Just like anything else, the recycled paper you buy may not always be what it seems. Protecting Wildlife from Trash Many municipal landfills have the situation well in hand; do you? Plastics - From Recycling Bin to New Product Where do recyclable plastics go? If a plastic makes it into the recycling loop, it will go through many processes before it emerges as a recycled product. RoHS: Europe's Initiative to Control Technological Waste The European Union (EU) member states are taking action and holding manufacturers responsible for the hazardous materials in their products. Treatment of Biohazardous Waste Gives insight as to how medical waste is disposed of in America. The History of Waste Do you want to be a Garbologist? Chemistry Articles Anatomy of the Atom Explains the structure of atoms and how this affects the way they interact with each other. The Chemistry of Polychlorinated Biphenyls

PCB, The Manmade Chemicals That Won't Go Away Molar Mass Calculations and Molecular Weight Calculator A tutorial on Molar mass calculations with examples and a molecular weight calculator to aid calculations. Stoichiometry: Molarity, Molality and Normality Introduces stoichiometry and explains the differences between molarity, molality and normality. What You Do and Don't Know About Fluorine Fluoride's derivatives have many uses other than as a mouthwash. Reference Resources Chemical Database An indexed directory of common chemicals used in industry and household products. Chemistry Dictionary Defines many of the technical terms and acronyms used on this site as well as many other terms. Periodic Table of Elements Comprehensive data for each element of the periodic table including up to 40 properties, common chemical compounds. Information also provided for 3,600 nuclides and 4,400 nuclide decay modes. Periodic Table Sorted By Atomic Radius Boiling Point Covalent Radius Cross Section Crystal Structure Density Electrical Conductivity Eletronegativity Freezing Point

Heat of Vaporization Ionic Radius Ionization Potential Mass Average Melting Point Element Name Series Symbol Thermal Conductivity Year of Discovery Hazardous Materials Household Guide to Handling Household Chemicals There are a lot of dangerous chemicals in your home. Here are some things to do to make it safer. The Dangers of Lawn Chemicals at Home Each year consumers paint their lawns with various fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. These chemicals can be deadly if used incorrectly. Industry Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) A6n online version of the USDOT ERG which is for first responders during the initial phase of a HazMat incident. List materials by UN Number Material Name Guide Pages Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances

Table of Water-Reactive Materials Which Produce Toxic Gases Notes Introduction to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances Protective Action Decision Factors to Consider How to use the table of initial isolation and protective action distances 49CFR USDOT Hazardous Materials Table USDOT hazardous materials table from 49CFR 172.101. USDOT HazMat Placards Images and definitions of hazardous materials placards required by the USDOT when transporting dangerous goods. 1 Explosives Class 1 Explosives 2 Compressed Gas Class 2 Compressed Gasses 3 Flammable Liquid Class 3 Flammable Liquids 4 Flammable Solids Class 4 Flammable Solids 5 Oxidizers Class 5 Oxidizers 6.1 Poisons Division 6.1 Poisons 7 Radioactives Class 7 Radioactive Materials 8 Corrosives Class 8 Corrosive Liquids

9 Miscellaneous Class 9 Miscellaneous Related Markings Related Markings Placarding Quiz Test your knowledge of USDOT HazMat placarding regulations (49CFR). USDOT HazMat Placards CD & training modules Contains clipart versions of hazmat placards. Includes USDOT hazmat transportation training modules as a free bonus. Exceptions, Exemptions and Variances All Leniencies are not created equally, what are the differences? FMCSA HazMat Transportion Permit System Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's hazardous materials transportation permitting system. Is This Material an Explosive Hazard? This basic question drive the inquiries into characterizing any hazardous material. Please Share/Save This Page

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Featured Periodic Table Nitrogen Dioxide, Ozone & Lead Partner to Increase Pollution Dangers to Urban Children How Well Do You Know Recycled Paper Career Listings In Canada In India In the United Kingdom In the United States Editors' Blog My teachers weren't lazy, incompetent, greedy, overpaid or thugs Fri, 04 Mar 2011 Home Weatherization Paying Off Big Time Wed, 05 Jan 2011 Using cool nights for a cooler home during the day at no cost Tue, 06 Jul 2010 Replacing windows & doors usually isn't best way to save energy Wed, 31 Mar 2010 Could Maine be Energy Self Sufficient in Ten Years? Thu, 04 Mar 2010 Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid Debuts at Frankfurt Motor Show Mon, 19 Oct 2009 Glen Beck, H1N1 Vaccine, Ethyle Mercury & Dangerously Irresponsible Fear Mongering Fri, 09 Oct 2009 Editorial Staff Kenneth Barbalace Site Creator & Editor in Chief Roberta Barbalace Technical Editor & Contributing Author Julia Barbalace Copy Editor

Contributing Writers Mona Sethi Gupta, Ph.D. Wilma Pretorius, Ph.D. Claudette Bethune, Ph.D. Lisa Bushby, Ph.D. Jennifer Manning Tim Fitzpatrick Uni Blake Randy DeVaul, RSHEP. William W Stewart III Jesus E. Gomez Lupe Perez

Privacy StatementTerms of ServiceAbout UsSite DirectoryContact UsFollow Us on Twitter Copyright 1995 - 2011 Kenneth L Barbalace (J.K. Barbalace, inc). NO REPUBLISHING IN ANY FORM (including on other websites), in whole or in part, for any reason, without written permission. A few words about Plagiarism, Copyright Infringement and Fair Use nvironmental Issues Consumer Health & Food Safety Concerns ADA Recommendation for Fluoride in Infant Diets Based on American Dental Association recommendations, many infants and small children may be getting too much fluoride in their diets, which may pose long term health risks including fluorosis. Asbestos A three part series on its history, chemical and physical properties, uses, health hazards and the legal implications of asbestosis & mesothelioma.

Asbestos, a Brief History its Uses & Health Risks Asbestos, its Chemical & Physical Properties Asbestos: A Manufacturing Health Hazard Dating to Prehistoric Times Dry-Cleaning Chemicals Looking Good, Feeling Bad; or, What's the Problem with Perc? According to the EPA, we all may be exposed to perc because it is found in the air and drinking water nationwide. Are there Realistic Dry-Cleaning Alternatives to Perc? The vast majority of America's dry cleaners use perc - are there viable alternatives? The three most prominent non-perc cleaning options are examined and compared. DuPont's Teflon Cover-up Court records and internal documents have shown that DuPont has been covering up the true dangers of Teflon for decades. Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children: Autism & ADHD While the generally accepted causes of neurodevelopmental disorders like Autism and ADHD include genetic and environmental factors, a wide range of toxic chemicals in the environment have also been associated with these disorders. PCBs in the food you love PCBs a notoriously hazardous group of chemicals have infiltrated our food chain. Seafood Safety Mercury in Fish vs. the Benefits of Fish Oils In spite of the health benefits provided by omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils, people are decreasing fish in their diets due to high levels of mercury found in some fish. Norwegian Farmed Salmon Raises Global Concern The quality and safety of Norwegian farmed salmon came into question with a Russian ban, illegal nitrate use and evidence of a Norwegian cover up. The Dangers of Lawn Chemicals at Home Each year consumers paint their lawns with various fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. These chemicals can be deadly if used incorrectly.

Energy & Sustainablity Biofueling to the future Whatever their motivation - be it energy independence for the U.S. or an attempt at fighting climate change for Europe - world governments are now heavily subsidizing biofuels. CO2 Pollution and Global Warming Why is carbon dioxide considered pollution and how do scientists know that humans are responsible for climate change? Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFLs): Are They Worth the Switch? Do compact Fluorescent lights really save money, how well do they perform? See what we found out, then calculate your potential savings. Global Trends in Energy Technology Innovation In a mere 100 years we have depleted the equivalent of millions of years' worth of solar energy captured by ancient organisms and locked up in oil, gas and coal reserves. We must solve our energy problems in ways that are both profitable and environmentally aware. Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Energy of the Future Energy sources of the future will have to be cleaner and more efficient than current sources - hydrogen fuel cells fulfill these requirements; however, several challenges remain before we will see wide-spread commercialization. Environmental Disasters Chernobyl Chernobyl Revisited In 1996 we revisited the Chernobyl disaster and looked at what the impacts were ten years on. Agricultural and Environmental Impact Agricultural and Environmental Impact of the Chernobyl disaster A Turning Point Chernobyl was a real turning point for nuclear energy. From Bhopal to Hazardous Waste Compliance Why would anyone choose to work in the hazardous waste industry?

Love Canal NY: Grownups Don't Do Blue Goo What was it like growing up in Love Canal NY, which became one of the Superfund Act's first Superfund hazardous waste site. New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina & the Oil Industry New Orleans communities were destroyed and lives uprooted as water came cascading onto the Bayou. Did the damage have to be so devastating? Politics and Policy Environmental Justice and the NIMBY Principle In whose backyard does our hazardous waste end up? Prairie Dogs: Small mammal, big controversy Prairie Dogs: A Threatened Species or Public Health Nuisance? In the Midwest U.S. the matter of whether prairie dogs are a threatened species or an over populated public health nuisance that causes severe economic damage has been raging for decades. Prairie Dog Control: Non-Lethal Techniques A discussion of differenct non-lethal prairie dog control measures. Prairie Dog Control: Lethal Techniques A discussion of differenct lethal prairie dog control measures. Can Prairie Dogs be Managed Utilizing Reconciliation Ecology? The concept of reconciliation ecology is to accommodate wild species within a human modified or occupied landscape. So how can this be applied to prairie dog management? Pseudoscience: A Threat to Our Environment Pseudoscience that threatens the integrity of science in America. Sorting out Science from Junk Science Do you know how to separate science from pseudoscience? Many websites are sponsored by organizations that have specific agendas. Pollution - Air Effects of Air Pollution on your health

Air pollution caused by products you use every day can harm your health. Clean Air Act Contributing to Mercury Problem Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 and 1977 Set the Stage for the Mercury Calamity of the 21st Century. Nitrogen Dioxide, Ozone & Lead Partner to Increase Pollution Dangers to Urban Children Scientists at the University of California, Irvine have found that Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone react with surfaces painted with lead based paint to increase the release of lead from said paint posing an even greater risk for children. The Heat facing Outdoor Wood Furnaces & Boilers Emissions from outdoor wood burning stoves drift across property lines raising health concerns for neighbors. Pollution - Water PCBs in New York's Hudson River Many parties are responsible for the decades-long PCB contamination of the Hudson River. Who must ultimately pay the price for cleanup? Forensic chemistry helps identify the main polluter and pollutant. Increased Mercury Levels Attributed to Industrial Activities Outdated coal fired powerplants are contributing to increased mercury levels in lakes and streams. Environmental Pollution of the Concord River In Massachusetts, the Concord River, along with its tributaries, serve as an example of the implications that pollutants can have on our environment. Waste & Recycling Guide to Handling Household Chemicals There are a lot of dangerous chemicals in your home. Here are some things to do to make it safer. How Well Do You Know Recycled Paper? Just like anything else, the recycled paper you buy may not always be what it seems. Protecting Wildlife from Trash Many municipal landfills have the situation well in hand; do you? Plastics - From Recycling Bin to New Product

Where do recyclable plastics go? If a plastic makes it into the recycling loop, it will go through many processes before it emerges as a recycled product. RoHS: Europe's Initiative to Control Technological Waste The European Union (EU) member states are taking action and holding manufacturers responsible for the hazardous materials in their products. Treatment of Biohazardous Waste Gives insight as to how medical waste is disposed of in America. The History of Waste Do you want to be a Garbologist? Chemistry Articles Anatomy of the Atom Explains the structure of atoms and how this affects the way they interact with each other. The Chemistry of Polychlorinated Biphenyls PCB, The Manmade Chemicals That Won't Go Away Molar Mass Calculations and Molecular Weight Calculator A tutorial on Molar mass calculations with examples and a molecular weight calculator to aid calculations. Stoichiometry: Molarity, Molality and Normality Introduces stoichiometry and explains the differences between molarity, molality and normality. What You Do and Don't Know About Fluorine Fluoride's derivatives have many uses other than as a mouthwash. Reference Resources Chemical Database An indexed directory of common chemicals used in industry and household products. Chemistry Dictionary Defines many of the technical terms and acronyms used on this site as well as many other terms.

Periodic Table of Elements Comprehensive data for each element of the periodic table including up to 40 properties, common chemical compounds. Information also provided for 3,600 nuclides and 4,400 nuclide decay modes. Periodic Table Sorted By Atomic Radius Boiling Point Covalent Radius Cross Section Crystal Structure Density Electrical Conductivity Eletronegativity Freezing Point Heat of Vaporization Ionic Radius Ionization Potential Mass Average Melting Point Element Name Series Symbol Thermal Conductivity Year of Discovery Hazardous Materials Household Guide to Handling Household Chemicals

There are a lot of dangerous chemicals in your home. Here are some things to do to make it safer. The Dangers of Lawn Chemicals at Home Each year consumers paint their lawns with various fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. These chemicals can be deadly if used incorrectly. Industry Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) A6n online version of the USDOT ERG which is for first responders during the initial phase of a HazMat incident. List materials by UN Number Material Name Guide Pages Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances Table of Water-Reactive Materials Which Produce Toxic Gases Notes Introduction to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances Protective Action Decision Factors to Consider How to use the table of initial isolation and protective action distances 49CFR USDOT Hazardous Materials Table USDOT hazardous materials table from 49CFR 172.101. USDOT HazMat Placards Images and definitions of hazardous materials placards required by the USDOT when transporting dangerous goods. 1 Explosives Class 1 Explosives 2 Compressed Gas Class 2 Compressed Gasses

3 Flammable Liquid Class 3 Flammable Liquids 4 Flammable Solids Class 4 Flammable Solids 5 Oxidizers Class 5 Oxidizers 6.1 Poisons Division 6.1 Poisons 7 Radioactives Class 7 Radioactive Materials 8 Corrosives Class 8 Corrosive Liquids 9 Miscellaneous Class 9 Miscellaneous Related Markings Related Markings Placarding Quiz Test your knowledge of USDOT HazMat placarding regulations (49CFR). USDOT HazMat Placards CD & training modules Contains clipart versions of hazmat placards. Includes USDOT hazmat transportation training modules as a free bonus. Exceptions, Exemptions and Variances All Leniencies are not created equally, what are the differences? FMCSA HazMat Transportion Permit System Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's hazardous materials transportation permitting system. Is This Material an Explosive Hazard?

This basic question drive the inquiries into characterizing any hazardous material.

Please read: A personal appeal from Wikipedia author Dr. Sengai Podhuvan

nEarth Cleaning is a patented process for drycleaning using liquid silicone (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, or D5), a clear, odorless, non-toxic solvent solution in a closed loop system. D5 degrades into silica (SiO2) and trace amounts of water and carbon dioxide within days if spilled or disposed of. There are currently more than 1,600 drycleaners using D5 worldwide.Contents [hide] 1 D5 solvent properties 2 Environmental profile 3 Health and safety 4 Bioassay study 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

[edit] D5 solvent properties

The International Fabricare Institute (a trade association for garment care and dry cleaning) conducted an independent, comprehensive study of the GreenEarth Cleaning system in 2002 to assess its effectiveness in comparison with tetrachloroethene (a commonly used solvent in dry cleaning

commonly known as PERC). Perc and GreenEarth were concluded to be virtually identical in terms of the ability to remove stains completely except in the cases of ballpoint pen and shoe polish stains.

The IFI also tested common materials that pose problems for regular drycleaners, such as leather, faux fur, sequined and metallic garments. Specialty fabrics and decorative trims withstood the GreenEarth process much better than the perc process, which often destroys such items.

A separate evaluation of alternative solvents by the IFI in 2007 using the same criteria rated GreenEarth as "good" in the areas of capital costs and health, and excellent in the categories of cleaning, environmental safety, ability to handle fabrics and trims and labor/operating efficiency. Perc received a poor rating in the areas of health and environmental safety and excellent in all other areas.*1+ [edit] Environmental profile Has been specifically exempt from VOC regulation by U.S. EPA. Does not pose an adverse health risk to the public [2] Not regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) or Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) Listed by the EPA as a SNAP (Significant New Alternatives Policy) material, a good substance to use in place of ozone-depleting chemicals Degrades to silica and trace amounts of water and CO2 Requires no special permit Not listed on California Proposition 65 [edit] Health and safety

D5 has many commercial and industrial applications beyond dry cleaning, and is the base ingredient in many personal care products such as body lotions, soaps, underarm deodorants, and shampoos. It may be listed as dimethicone, polydimethylsiloxane, cyclosiloxane, siloxane or other abbreviations as an ingredient. It is non-toxic, non-irritating to skin, non-sensitizing and has no immunosuppressant effects. More than 30 studies on D5, performed at a cost in excess of $30 million, have been conducted and the data support the safe use of D5 in all of its many applications, including dry cleaning. No other

alternative dry cleaning solvent has been subjected to independent health and safety testing to this degree.

GreenEarth was given excellent ratings for health and safety by the IFI in its 2007 Alternative Solvent Evaluation. Independent waste stream and air exposure testing, conducted by Severn Trent Laboratories and California Industrial Hygiene Services, confirmed that D5 as used in daily dry cleaning operation exceeds all federal, state and local requirements for water and air safety.

[edit] Bioassay study

A two-year bioassay study was commissioned by Dow Corning, a manufacturer of D5, to study the effects of inhalation of D5 at the highest concentration possible (160 ppm, total air saturation) on lab rats. The rats were exposed to fumes six hours a day, five days a week, for two years. The results, submitted to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) section 8(e) in 2003, showed an increased risk of uterine tumors and increased liver weight in female rats.[2] No effects were seen in male rats. Based on the observed effects, follow up research was conducted by the Silicones Environmental, Health and Safety Council (SEHSC) and concluded that the effects observed in the Dow Corning study were rat-specific, not relevant to humans, and did not pose a health risk to humans. The SEHSC report also pointed out that the concentration of D5 that the rats were exposed far exceeded workplace or consumer exposure from dry cleaning applications; the workers' average exposure to silicone in a drycleaning plant is less than 3 ppm. The Dow Corning study was a risk assessment of the chemical D5, not its application in a dry cleaning operation. The federal EPA has not moved to conduct a risk assessment of D5 in dry cleaning or other applications.[3] However, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) conducted an 18-month study of D5 as it is used in dry cleaning. In February 2008, CARB concluded that D5 does not pose a health risk to the public, and does not see a need to regulate its use in dry cleaning.[4] [edit]

See also From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

lam dunk

This article is about a type of basketball shot. For other uses, see Slam dunk (disambiguation).

A slam dunk

A slam dunk is a type of basketball shot that is performed when a player jumps in the air and manually powers the ball downward through the basket with one or both hands over the rim.[1] This is considered a normal field goal attempt; if successful it is worth two points. The term "slam dunk" was coined by Los Angeles Lakers announcer Chick Hearn.[2] Prior to that, it was known as a dunk shot.[1]

The slam dunk is one of the highest percentage shots one can attempt in basketball as well as one of the most crowd-pleasing plays. Slam dunks are also performed as entertainment outside of the game, especially during slam dunk contests. Perhaps the most popular such contest is the NBA Slam Dunk Contest held during the annual NBA All-Star Weekend. The first slam dunk contest was held during an American Basketball Association All Star Game.

Dunking was banned in the NCAA from 1967 to 1976. Many have attributed this to the dominance of the then-college phenomenon Lew Alcindor (now called Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) upon his entry into the NCAA. Subsequently, the no-dunking rule is sometimes referred to as the "Lew Alcindor rule."[3][4]

The phrase "slam dunk" has since entered popular usage, meaning a "sure thing" an action with a guaranteed outcome.Contents [hide] 1 Notable dunks 2 Dunking in women's play 3 Use as a phrase 4 References 5 External links

[edit] Notable dunks

Julius Erving performing a slam dunk in 1981

Olympic Gold Medalist Bob Kurland was a 7-foot center and the first player to regularly dunk during games in the 1940s and 50's. Wilt Chamberlain was known to have dunked on an experimental 12-foot basket set up by Phog Allen at the University of Kansas in the 1950s.[5] Michael Wilson, a former Harlem Globetrotter and University of Memphis basketball player, matched this feat on April 1, 2000 albeit with an alley-oop. Dwight Howard dunked on a 12 ft basket in the 2009 NBA dunk contest also off an alleyoop.

Jim Pollard,[6] Wilt Chamberlain,[5] Julius Erving, Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen, Stromile Swift, Grant Hill, Darrell Griffith, Korleone Young, Edgar Jones, James White, Jason Richardson, Mike Conley, Sr., Serge Ibaka, Dwight Howard, Samuel Dalembert, Brent Barry, Gerald Wallace and Josh Smith have each completed a dunk from the free-throw line, which is 15 feet from the basket. Unlike the others, Wilt Chamberlain did not require a full running start, but instead began his movement from inside the top half of the free throw circle.[5]

Several notable and remarkable dunks have been performed by players at the annual NBA Slam Dunk Contest. Spud Webb at 5'7" (1.70 m) defeated 6'8" (2.03m) Dominique Wilkins in the 1986 contest. Michael Jordan popularized a dunk referred to by some fans as "kiss the rim". This dunk was so called

because Jordan's body was not perpendicular to the ground while performing the dunk.[citation needed] TNT viewers rated it "the best dunk of all time" over Vince Carter's between-the-legs slam.

Vince Carter dunked while leaping over 7-foot-2 (2.18 m) French center Frdric Weis in the 2000 Summer Olympics. The French media dubbed it "le dunk de la mort" "the dunk of death." Carter is also known for introducing the "Honey Dip" or the "cookie jar" dunk in the 2000 Slam Dunk Contest, where Carter demonstrated it hooking his forearm/elbow into the rim after dunking and hanging. The "Honey Dip" at the time was unnamed. Carter used it as his speciality dunks along with his Reverse 360 Windmill dunk and between-the-legs dunk. When performed much of the audience was speechless, including the judges, because none had seen these types of amazing dunks before (although, Carter's 360 Windmill dunk is closely reminiscent of Kenny Walker's winning "Tomahawk" dunk in 1989).

In the 2008 Sprite Rising Star's Slam Dunk Contest Dwight Howard performed the "Superman" dunk. He donned a superman outfit as Orlando Magic guard Jameer Nelson tied a cape around his shoulders. Nelson alley-ooped the basketball as Howard jumped from just inside the foul line, caught the ball, and threw it through the rim. This dunk is considered controversial, as his hand was not over as well as on a vertical plane to the rim. Some insist that it should in fact be considered a dunk because the ball was thrust downward into the basket, meeting the basic definition of the dunk. During the following year's dunk contest, Howard had the arena bring a separate basket onto the court that was reported to be 12 feet high. Howard, after going into a classic telephone booth near the stands and coming out with his cape, used a pass from Nelson to easily dunk two-handed. While this was not performed for recordsetting purposes, the dunk received a perfect score and a warm response from the crowd, in part because of its theatrics. Also in this contest, 5'9" guard Nate Robinson wore a green New York Knicks jersey and green sneakers to represent Kryptonite, counteracting Howard's Superman theme. He used a green "Kryptonite" ball, and jumped over the 6'11" Howard while dunking. This dunk essentially won the competition for Robinson, who was voted the winner by the NBA fans. Robinson then thanked Howard for gracefully allowing him to dunk on him, asking the crowd to also give Howard a round of applause.

The only player that has proven the ability to perform a 720 degree dunk (that is, two full turns in the air) is Taurian Fontenette also known as Air Up There during a Streetball game.[7]

In the past, it has been possible for players to dunk a basketball and pull the rim down so hard that the glass backboard shatters, either around the rim itself or, at times, shattering the entire backboard, or the entire goal standard fails. Reinforced backboards and rims have minimized this at the college and professional levels, but it still happens at lower levels. All-star power forward Gus Johnson of the Baltimore Bullets was the first of the famous backboard breakers in the NBA, shattering three during his

career in the 1960s and early 1970s.[8] Darryl Dawkins of the Philadelphia 76ers was also notorious for two glass-shattering dunks in 1979 resulting in the league threatening to fine him and eventually installing breakaway rims.[9] Twice in his rookie season (199293) during games, center Shaquille O'Neal dunked so hard that he broke the hydraulic support of one goal standard (against the Phoenix Suns) and broke the welds holding up another goal standard, causing the basket to break off and fall to the floor (against the New Jersey Nets), although in neither case did the glass break. This resulted in reinforced backboard supports as well. During that same season, New Jersey's Chris Morris shattered a backboard in a game against the Chicago Bulls (the most recent shattered-backboard incident in the NBA to date). The NBA has made shattering the backboard a technical foul. This has assisted in deterring this action, as it can cost the team points.

In the ABA, Charlie Hentz broke two backboards in the same game on November 6, 1970 resulting in the game being called.[10] In the NCAA, Darvin Ham shattered a backboard while playing for Texas Tech in a tournament game against the University of North Carolina in 1996.

The Premier Basketball League has had two slam-dunks that have resulted in broken backboards. Both came consecutively in the 2008 and 2009 PBL Finals, and both were achieved by Sammy Monroe of the Rochester Razorsharks. [edit] Dunking in women's play

Sylvia Fowles is one of four players to score a dunk during a WNBA game.

Dunking is much less common in women's basketball than in men's play. Georgeann Wells, as a 6'7" junior playing for West Virginia University became the first woman to score a slam dunk in women's collegiate play, in a game against the University of Charleston on December 21, 1984.[11]

In professional WNBA play, a total of six dunks have been scored. Lisa Leslie of the Los Angeles Sparks was the first to score a dunk, on July 30, 2002 against the Miami Sol. Leslie also scored the second dunk in WNBA history on July 9, 2005. Other professional women's players who have scored dunks are Michelle Snow, Candace Parker (twice), and Sylvia Fowles. [edit] Use as a phrase

One of many sports idioms, the phrase "slam dunk" is often used outside of basketball to refer colloquially to something that has a certain outcome or guaranteed success (a "sure thing").[12] [edit] References ^ a b Merriam-Webster refers the term "slam dunk" to the term "dunk shot", which is defined as "a shot in basketball made by jumping high into the air and throwing the ball down through the basket". M-W dates "slam dunk" at 1972, and "dunk shot" as "circa 1961". ^ sportsillustrated.com, Lakers announcer Hearn dead at 85, accessed April 15, 2007. ^ time.com, Lew's Still Loose, accessed April 15, 2007. ^ Caponi, Gena (1999). Signifyin(G), Sanctifyin', & Slam Dunking. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 4. ISBN 9781558491830. ^ a b c Ostler, Scott (February 12, 1989). "The Leaping Legends of Basketball". Los Angeles Times ^ The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia,. Villard Books. 1994. p. 49. ISBN 0-679-43293-8. ^ Video, Dunk. "720 Dunk by The Air Up There". Notable Dunks. Retrieved 14 September 2011. ^ Goldaper, Sam (April 30, 1987). "Gus Johnson, Ex-N.B.A. Star with Baltimore, is Dead at 48". The New York Times ^ Bierman, Fred (February 4, 2007). "In the Distance, the Sound of Chocolate Thunder". The New York Times ^ "A Roundup Of The Sports Information Of The Week". Sports Illustrated. November 16, 1970 ^ wsj.com, The First Dunk: A Sports Milestone in Women's Basketball, accessed October 9, 2009. ^ "He Shoots, He Scores; She Shoots, She Scores. 'Slam Dunk' Terms Resound". Voice of America News. 14 March 2007 Notable dunks

Julius Erving performing a slam dunk in 1981

Olympic Gold Medalist Bob Kurland was a 7-foot center and the first player to regularly dunk during games in the 1940s and 50's. Wilt Chamberlain was known to have dunked on an experimental 12-foot basket set up by Phog Allen at the University of Kansas in the 1950s.[5] Michael Wilson, a former Harlem

Globetrotter and University of Memphis basketball player, matched this feat on April 1, 2000 albeit with an alley-oop. Dwight Howard dunked on a 12 ft basket in the 2009 NBA dunk contest also off an alleyoop.

Jim Pollard,[6] Wilt Chamberlain,[5] Julius Erving, Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen, Stromile Swift, Grant Hill, Darrell Griffith, Korleone Young, Edgar Jones, James White, Jason Richardson, Mike Conley, Sr., Serge Ibaka, Dwight Howard, Samuel Dalembert, Brent Barry, Gerald Wallace and Josh Smith have each completed a dunk from the free-throw line, which is 15 feet from the basket. Unlike the others, Wilt Chamberlain did not require a full running start, but instead began his movement from inside the top half of the free throw circle.[5]

Several notable and remarkable dunks have been performed by players at the annual NBA Slam Dunk Contest. Spud Webb at 5'7" (1.70 m) defeated 6'8" (2.03m) Dominique Wilkins in the 1986 contest. Michael Jordan popularized a dunk referred to by some fans as "kiss the rim". This dunk was so called because Jordan's body was not perpendicular to the ground while performing the dunk.[citation needed] TNT viewers rated it "the best dun

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