ORGANIZATION CHART:

MANAGING DIRECTOR: DIRECTOR: PROJECT ENGINEER: STRUCTURAL ENGINEER:

LEE CHONG JENG BRAIN SPEARE WONG SOON CHOW TEH CING CING MICHEL WONG YEW KIONG

1. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT A project has been carried out by a group of students consists of four people. The pedestrian overhead bridge in front of Taman Waja, Parit Raja has been chosen and the foundation of it will be designed. The pedestrian overhead bridge crossing four lanes town load and it is a structure of reinforced concrete. The hand rails are made from steel and the roofing is made from metal deck. It is observed as a straight transverse stair by definition and has three landings for each side. The stair has 11 steps with the length of 485cm each for the first and second flights whilst the third and the fourth flights have 12 steps with length of 550cm each. The stair is supported by 4 square section reinforced concrete columns within its landings and its walkway. Additionally, the stair has a 100cm width handicap pathway at middle. The water level is found at 2m below the ground surface.

The soil profile is given as below: Depth (m) 0 - 1.5 1.5 - 7.0 7.0 26 26 33 33 40 Soil description Soft dark brown silty clay with roots. clay of very high plasticity with traces of sand (CV). clay of high plasticity with a little sand and traces of gravel. dense grey silty sand with some gravel. dark grey slightly fractured limestone.

We had a site visit at 2nd November 2001, there are some of the measurements have been taken from the overhead bridge. Which is: Riser Going Middle Waist Stair flight Waist Width of walkway Length of walkway First column size Second column size Third column size Fourth column size Width of beam at walkway :16cm :47cm :90cm :50cm :300cm :3150cm :70x70 cm2 :70x70 cm2 :70x70cm2 :105x105cm2 :29cm

Next, the loading from the bridge is calculated and the allowable ultimate load bearing of the pile is determined. Lastly, the pile is designed based on the allowable ultimate bearing capacity. The calculations are shown in the following pages.

2. DESIGN CONSIDERATION 2.1. The unit weight of the concrete is taken to be 24kN/m2 for easy calculations.

2.2. The design load for the superstructure is taken to be unfactored because the factor of safety has been used in the design of the foundation.

2.3. The factor of safety is assumed to be 3.

2.4. The working loads for first, second and third piles are assumed to be 660kN for easy calculation.

3. DISCUSSION The pedestrian overhead bridge at Taman Waja was observed and the foundations of it were designed. The project was carried out by a group of students from section 3 under subject Foundation Engineering code BFC4043. This subject was coordinated by subject lecturer Associated Prof. Ir Azizan bin Abd Aziz. First of all, the loadings for flight, landing and walkway are calculated which give the values of 79.09kN/m, 71.42kN/m and 74.97kN/m respectively. Next, the loadings are transferred to the columns and the values are determined to be 579.39kN, 617.82kN, 657.65kN and 1569.23kN respectively. The loadings for the first 3 columns are then assumed to be 660kN for easy calculation. Secondly, the soil profile has been analyzed, as shown below:

Next, the first 3 piles are designed by considering the working load as 660kN. The first trial size is assumed to be 0.4mx0.4m which consists of 2x2 of group piles. The ultimate bearing capacity by designing it as single pile is 2044.16kN. On the other hand, the ultimate bearing capacity calculated by designing it as group pile is 2830.93kN. Thus, the lower value has been used for the pile design, which is 2044.16kN. The factor of safety is assumed to be 3 and the allowable bearing capacity is determined to be 681.39kN. Since the working load is lower than the allowable bearing capacity, thus the size of 0.4mx0.4m which consists of 2x2 of group piles is adequate. Moreover, the elastic settlement of the single piles is determined to be 1.0mm. Besides, the elastic settlement and the consolidation settlement of the group piles are determined to be 1.87mm and 16mm respectively. Furthermore, the fourth pile is designed by considering the working load as 1569.23kN. The first trial size is assumed to be 0.35mx0.35m which consists of 4x3 of group piles. The ultimate bearing capacity by designing it as single pile is 5292.22kN. On the other hand, the ultimate bearing capacity calculated by designing it as group pile is 5304.05kN. Thus, the lower value has been used for the pile design, which is 5292.22kN. The factor of safety is assumed to be 3 and the allowable bearing capacity is determined to be 1764.07kN. Since the working load is lower than the allowable bearing capacity, thus the size of 0.35mx0.35m which consists of 4x3 of group piles is adequate. Moreover, the elastic settlement of the single piles is determined to be 1.748mm. Besides, the elastic settlement and the consolidation settlement of the group piles are determined to be 4.764mm and 42.500mm respectively.

4. CONCLUSION In a nut shell, the objectives of the project have been fulfilled. Firstly, the project is done within the given time frame in a team. Furthermore, we have applied the knowledge gained from the subject foundation engineering in this project which led us to think creatively. Lastly, we have done the project by applying most of the professionalism of the civil engineering.

5. REFERENCES

I.

BS 5400: Part 2 Clause 7.1: Nominal live load for bridges supporting footway or cycle tracks only, for loaded length of 30m and under a uniformly distributed live load of 5.0kN/m2

II.

BS 5400: Part 2 Clause 7.1.2: Nominal load on pedestrian parapets, applied at 1m above footway is taken as 1.4kN/m

III.

BS 8110:1997 Part 1 Clause 3.1.7.2: For reinforced concrete, the lowest grade that should be used is C25 for concrete made with normal-weight aggregates

IV.

BS 8110:1997 Part 1 Table 3.1: The specified characteristic strength is 460N/mm2 for the designation for high yield steel (hot rolled or cold worked)

V.

JKR Standard Bridge Beam from TSR CONCRETE PRODUCTS SDN. BHD.: Pre-tensioned concrete hollow beam with 1000mm depth and cross-sectional area of 371.1x103 mm2, from web: http://www.slideshare.net/illpa/bridge1403689

VI.

Braja M. Das (2007), Principles of Foundation Engineering, Sixth Edition, Thomson.

VII.

OKA concrete industries sdn, bhd., OKA reinforced concrete square piles to JKR Class 1 specifications.