PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOSPHORYLATION and PHOTOSYNTHESIS

FOTOSENTEZ Ik Reaksiyonlar Karbon asimilasyon reaksiyonlar

Fotosentetik hcrelerin klorofil ve dier pigmentleri k enerjisini absorblayarak ATP ve NADPH eklinde muhafaza ederler, ayn anda O2 oluur. O2

ATP ve NADPH; CO2 in indirgenip trioz fosfatlar, niasta, glukoz, skroza indirgenmesinde kullanlr. Bu reaksiyonlar kta da, karanlkta da olur.

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Photosynthetic pigments, enzyme complexes of ligth reactions and ATP synthase

Enzymes of carbon assimilation reactions

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Hill Reaction : 2 H 2O + 2 A 2 AH 2 + O 2 A : Artificial electron acceptor (Hill Reagent)

Light

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Hill Reaction in chloroplasts : 2 H 2O + 2 NADP 2 NADPH + 2H + O 2

+ Light +

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A molecule that has absorbed a photon is in an excited state, which is generally unstable. An electron lifted into a higher-energy orbital usually returns rapidly to its normal lower-energy orbital; the excited molecule decays to the stable ground state, giving up the absorbed quantum as light or heat or using it to do chemical work. Light emission accompanying decay of excited molecules (called fluorescence) is always at a longer wavelength (lower energy) than that of the absorbed light.

When isolated chlorophyll molecules in vitro are excited by light, the absorbed energy is quickly released as fluorescence and heat.
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When chlorophyll in intact leaves is excited by visible light, the excited antenna chlorophyll transfers energy directly to a neighboring chlorophyll molecule, which becomes excited as the first molecule returns to its ground state. This transfer of energy, exciton transfer or resonance transfer.

In this excited chlorophyll molecule, an electron is promoted to a higher energy orbital. This electron then passes to a nearby electron acceptor that is part of the electron-transfer.

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Light Harvesting Complex (LHC II) The functional unit is an LHC trimer, with 36 chlorophyll and 6 lutein molecules. Shown here is a monomer, viewed in the plane of the membrane, with its three transmembrane helical segments, seven chlorophyll a molecules (green), five chlorophyll b molecules (red), and two molecules of the accessory pigment lutein (yellow), which form an internal crossbrace.

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Light Harvesting Complex (LHC II) The functional unit is an LHC trimer, with 36 chlorophyll and 6 lutein molecules. Shown here is a monomer, viewed in the plane of the membrane, with its three transmembrane -helical segments, seven chlorophyll a molecules (light green), five chlorophyll b molecules (dark green), and two molecules of the accessory pigment lutein (yellow), which form an internal crossbrace.

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Phycoerythrobilins and phycocyanobilins (phycobilin pigments) are the pigments of light harvesting complexes found in cyanobacteria and red algae.
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A phycobilisome. The phycobilin pigments bound to specific proteins form complexes called phycoerythrin (PE), phycocyanin (PC), and allophycocyanin (AP). The energy of photons absorbed by PE or PC is conveyed through AP (a phycocyanobilin-binding protein) to chlorophyll a of the reaction center by exciton transfer.
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When chlorophyll in intact leaves is excited by visible light, the excited antenna chlorophyll transfers energy directly to a neighboring chlorophyll molecule, which becomes excited as the first molecule returns to its ground state. This transfer of energy, exciton transfer.

In this excited chlorophyll molecule, an electron is promoted to a higher energy orbital. This electron then passes to a nearby electron acceptor that is part of the electron-transfer.

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or exciton transfer
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Exciton and electron transfer

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Type II Reaction Center

Type I Reaction Center

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c) Cyanobacteria and higher plants

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(excitation) ( Chl )2 + 1 exiton ( Chl )2 + ( Chl )2 + Pheo ( Chl )2 + ( Pheo ) (charge separation) 2 ( Pheo ) + 2 H + + Q B 2 Pheo + Q B H 2

1 ps = 10-12s 1 ns = 10-9 s 1 s = 10-6 s

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(1)

( Chl )2

( Chl )2

+ e

Eo -1.0 V Eo -0.045 V

(2) Q + 2 H + + 2 e QH 2

Eo = 0.045 V ( 1.0 V) 0.95 V G o = 2 (96.5 kJ / V mol) 0.95 V = 180 kJ / mol

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2 H 2 O + 2 NADP + + 8 Photons O 2 + 2 NADPH + 2 H +

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The overall reaction initiated by light in PSII: 4 P680 + 4 H + + 2 PQ B + 4 Photons 4 P680+ + 2 PQ B H 2

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2 Fd red + 2 H + + NADP + 2 Fd ox + NADPH + H +

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Photosystem II of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongates

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The supramolecular complex of PSI and its associated antenna chlorophylls FX , FA , FB : Fe-S proteinleri ; QK: Phylloquinone (A1)
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The functional homology between the cyanobacterial cytochrome b6f complex and the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1complex, and between cyanobacterial cytochrome C6 and plant plastocyanin.

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2 H2O 4 H+ + O2 + 4 e4 P680+ + 4 Tyr 4 Tyr + 4 P680 4 Tyr + [Mn Complex]0 4 Tyr + [Mn Complex]+4 [Mn Complex]+4 + 2 H2O [Mn Complex]0 + 4 H+ + O2

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The overall reaction initiated by light in PSII: 4 P680 + 4 H + + 2 PQ B + 4 Photons 4 P680+ + 2 PQ B H 2

2 H2O 4 H+ + O2 + 4 e4 P680+ + 4 Tyr 4 Tyr + 4 P680 4 Tyr + [Mn Complex]0 4 Tyr + [Mn Complex]+4 [Mn Complex]+4 + 2 H2O [Mn Complex]0 + 4 H+ + O2

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PSII ve Oksijen Oluturan Komplekste proton pompalanmas ve elektron transferine ilikin reaksiyonlar: 4 P680 + 4 H+ + 2PQB + 4 Foton 4 P680+ + 2 PQBH2 4 P680+ + 4 Tyr 4 P680 + 4 Tyr 4 Tyr + [Mn kompleks]0 4 Tyr + [Mn kompleks]+4 [Mn kompleks]+4 + 2 H2O [Mn kompleks]0 + 4 H+ + O2 2 H2O + 2 PQB + 4 Foton O2 + 2 PQBH2

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Iklandrlan kloroplastlarda her H+ bana proton gradientinde depolanan enerji G = RTlnpH + ZF = -17 kJ/mol

The overall equation for noncyclic photophosphorylation 2 H2O + 8 Photons + 2 NADP+ + 3 ADP + 3Pi O2 + 3 ATP + 2 NADPH + 2 H+
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