Summary of Urinary System Function and Fluid/Electrolyte Balance Concept Map By: Carol A.

Gavareski, MS Bellingham Technical College 3028 Lindbergh Ave Bellingham, WA 98225 360-752-8431; cgavares@btc.ctc.edu

Objective: Review processes of urine formation and fluid and electrolyte balance, and show how they inter-relate. Directions to student: You will work in groups of 2-4 students, without using books or notes. Your instructor will be available for input as needed. After you have submitted your concept map for instructor review, you may consult your notes (no textbook) to correct errors and complete the map. Most of the terms and phrases you will need are listed in the following table. You may select from these, or use your own words. Where appropriate, add your own wording to further describe something. Some terms and phrases will be used more than once, and possibly some not at all. Numbers in ( ) following some terms and phrases suggest how many times they may be used. Steps: 1.

Fill in the boxes under NEPHRON STRUCTURES with the names of the various nephron parts and urinary structures (see Table- column 1). Fill in the blanks numbered 1-3 with the 3 steps of urine formation. Fill in the blanks under DESCRIPTIONS/FUNCTIONS with the proper substances involved (see Table- column 2) and/or phrases that further describe that structure or explain a process (see table column 3). In the column under REGULATION/HOMEOSTASIS, fill in the proper terms or phrases that describe how that particular process is controlled (see Table- columns 23). When you have finished step 4 above, add the following titles to the various sections you completed in step 4: a. Acid-base balance b. Potassium homeostasis c. Calcium homeostasis d. Maintenance of plasma volume and blood pressure homeostasis e. Osmoregulation

2. 3.

4.

5.

2007 Carol Gavareski

Structures

Solutes, fluids, hormones, other substances

Water (4) Small solutes RBCs Protein Glucose Urea Na+ (2)

Descriptions/functions

Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Glomerulus Bowmans capsule Distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Collecting duct

Glomerular filtration (2) Tubular reabsorption (2) Tubular secretion (2) Return of substances from tubular fluid to blood Movement of substances from blood into tubular fluid Uses counter-current exchange to establish osmotic gradient in kidney medulla Glomerular blood pressure (2)

K+ (2) Loop of Henle Ca++ Peritubular capillaries (2) H+ (3) Venule HCO3- (2) Renal artery ClRenal vein ADH (3) Principal cells Aldosterone (3) Intercalated cells PTH Juxtaglomerular cells Renin Baroreceptors (intrarenal) Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Filtrate Adrenal cortex (2) Tubular fluid Posterior pituitary Urine Parathyroid glands Hypertonic urine Hypotonic urine (Increase or decrease?) blood plasma K+ to normal Restore blood plasma volume Restore blood plasma acid-base balance; pH = 7.35-7.45 Return blood plasma to isotonic condition
2007 Carol Gavareski

Blood plasma osmotic pressure Capsular hydrostatic pressure Kidney self-regulation of glomerular blood flow to maintain relatively constant GFR Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole to reduce GFR (Hypertonic or hypotonic?) blood plasma (Too high or too low?) blood Ca++ (Too high or too low?) blood pressure (Too high or too low?) blood K+ (Increases or decreases?) K+ secretion (Increases or decreases?) Na+ reabsorption Water follows Na+ by osmosis (2) (Increases or decreases?) Ca++ reabsorption (Increases or decreases?) water permeability of collecting duct cells (Increases or decreases?) water reabsorption by osmosis (Increase or decrease?) blood plasma Ca++ to normal

Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I Angiotensin II Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Blood enters kidney by way of _________________ (vessel)

NEPHRON STRUCTURES

DESCRIPTIONS/ FUNCTIONS

REGULATION/ HOMEOSTASIS

Blood enters nephron via __afferent arteriole___

NFP determined by 3 forces: _________________________ minus ____________________ minus ____________________ __________________

(1)

__________________

(1) Process: ______________________

GFR normally regulated by alterations of ____________________ (one of the forces listed above).

__________________

Fluid called: _____________ Consists of: ______________ and ____________________ Does not contain: _________ and __________

Alterations accomplished in 2 ways: Autoregulation: __________________ _______________________________ Sympathetic stim: ________________ _______________________________

(2)

__________________
(3)

Fluid flows into renal tubule system

Fluid now called: ____________________

Exchange between blood in ____________________ and fluid in renal tubules is 2-way

2007 Carol Gavareski

(2) Process: _________________________ Describe: _________________ _________________________ (3) Process: _________________________ Describe: _________________ _________________________ Consist of these regions:

__________________

Reabsorption: 1. _______ 2. _______ 3. _______ 4. _______ 5. _______

6. ____________ 7. (metabolic waste) ______ 8. other ions 9. _____ follows by osmosis

Secretion: 1. _______ Secreted by ________________ in response to ______________ (stimulus)

__________________

Function: _________________________

__________________

Reabsorption: 1. Ca++ 2. Na+ and other ions 3. ______ follows by osmosis Secretion: 1. ______ 2. ______

Regulated by: ______________ (hormone)

Has this effect: _________________________, which in turn helps to _________________________.

2007 Carol Gavareski

Stimulus: _________________________ Receptors are ______________ located ___________________ Stimulates secretion of: _____________ by juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney.

Mediates conversion of: _________________ (plasma protein produced by the liver) to ____________________

__________________

Consist of 2 cell types: (1) _____________________ (2) _____________________

Converted to: _____________________ in presence of ______________ located in endothelium of pulmonary capillaries.

Stimulates _________________ to produce ________________ (hormone)

Reabsorption of ____________

Regulated by: ______________ (hormone)

And this causes: __________________

2007 Carol Gavareski

Has this effect: _________________________ which in turn causes _________ which helps to _____________

Secreted by ________________ in response to ______________ (stimulus)

Secretion of _______________

Regulated by: ______________ (hormone)

Has this effect: _________________________ which in turn helps to _________________________

Secreted by ________________ in response to ______________ (stimulus)

Reabsorption of ____________

Regulated by: ______________ (hormone)

Has this effect on CD cells: _________________________ which results in: _________________________ Which in turn helps to

Secrete either: _____ if plasma pH <7.4; or _____ if plasma pH > 7.4

Has this effect: helps to _________________________

2007 Carol Gavareski

It is now _________ in its final form.

Blood, its contents altered by these processes, now flows away from the nephron by way of _____________ (vessel type)

Fluid is now at the end of the nephron tubule system.

Consists of water and solutes added by processes of: _______________________ and _______________________ minus water and solutes removed by process of: ________________________.

Concentration is: _____________________ in presence of _________ (hormone) Or __________________ in absence of __________. (hormone) It flows next into the _______________ (central collecting portion) of the kidney.

Blood leaves kidney by way of _________________ (vessel) to re-enter general circulation into the inferior vena cava.

Eliminated from body through other urinary structures: ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

2007 Carol Gavareski