Timor-Leste - Labour Force Survey Report - 2010

1
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Preface
ExecutiveSummary
vii
1
2
4
4
6
6
15
17
18
20
1.Methodology
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Introduction
Sampling
Questionnaires
Fieldwork
Dataprocessingandanalysis
Keyterminologyinlabourstatistics
2.Educationandtraining
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.Economicactivity
3.1
3.2
3.3
Sourcesofhouseholdincome
Labourforce
Inactivity
23
25
28
31
34
38
41
42
45
51
52
53
54
55
58
59
60
61
62
4.Employment
Demographiccharacteristics
Literacy
Education
Vocationaltraining
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
Educationlevelsoftheemployedpopulation
Occupationandsectorofeconomicactivity
Statusinemployment
Vulnerableemployment
Sizeofestablishment
Placeofwork
Conditionsofwork
Secondaryactivity
Hoursworked
Wagesandsalaries
Informalemployment
Mainactivityofthelast12months
5.Unemploymentandunderemployment
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Theunemployed
Lookingforwork
Previousemploymentexperienceoftheunemployed
Timerelatedunderemployment
TimorLesteLabourForceSurvey2010
6.Youthemployment
7.Somekeyindicatorsfordistricts
Annexes
63
65
67
68
A.
A.1
A.2
B.
Questionnaires
73
C.
Flowchartofquestionnaires
99
D.
Classificationsystemsused(ISIC,ISCO,etc.)
107
E.
Personsinvolvedinthesurvey
121
Sampledesignandimplementation
Sampledesign
Sampleimplementation
TABLESANDFIGURES
Tables
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4a
4.4b
4.5a
4.5b
4.6
4.7a
4.7b
4.8
4.9a
4.9b
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
Allocationofworkloadsandhouseholdstourbanandruralpartsofeachdistrict
MonthlyallocationofLFSfieldworktothesurveyteams
ListofsucosthatwerecountedasurbanfortheLFS
Examplesofactivitieswhichcountaswork
DistributionofthehouseholdpopulationofTimorLestebyage,sexandlocality,
basedontheresultsoftheLabourForceSurvey2010
PopulationofTimorLestebysex,localityandbroadagegroup
Percentagedistributionofthehouseholdpopulationineachdistrictbyagegroup,
andpopulation,dependencyratio,numberofhouseholds,andaveragehouseholdsize
Percentageofmalesandfemalesaged15andoverreportingthattheyareliterate
invariouslanguages:Tetum,Portuguese,Bahasa,English
Highestlevelofeducationcompletedbythoseaged15andover,bysexandlocality
Currentattendanceatschool,etc.,bysex,agegroupandhighestlevelofeducation
completed
Percentagedistributionoftypeoftrainingreceivedbythoseinemployment,
bysexandtypeofworkforwhichthepersonhasbeentrained
Percentageofhouseholdsreportingvarioussourcesofcashincome,bydistrict
Percentageofhouseholdsineachdistrictreportingvariouslevelsofincome
Numberinthelabourforce,bysex,agegroupandlocality
Labourforceparticipationrates,byage,sexandlocality
Theinactivepopulation,bysex,agegroupandlocality
Theinactivepopulation,bysex,localityandreasonforinactivity
5
8
9
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
24
26
26
28
29
Personsaged15+inemployment,bysex,localityandlevelofcompletededucation
31
Employmenttopopulationratio,bysex,localityandlevelofcompletededucation
32
Employedpersonsbysex,educationlevelandoccupation
33
Employedpersonsbyoccupationandindustry:bothsexes
34
Employedpersonsbyoccupationandindustry:malesandfemales
35
Employedpersonsbyindustryandlevelofeducationcompleted:bothsexes
36
Employedpersonsbyindustryandlevelofeducationcompleted:malesandfemales
37
Employedpersonsbysex,industryandlocality
38
Employedpersonsbysectorofeconomicactivityandstatusinemployment:bothsexes 39
Employedpersonsbysectorofactivityandstatusinemployment:male,female
40
Numberofpersonsinvulnerableemployment,bysex,localityandsectorofactivity
41
43
Employedpersonsbysectorofactivityandsizeofestablishmentinwhichtheywork
Employedpersonsinsmallestablishments,byindustryandsizeofestablishment
44
Employedpersonsbystatusinemployment&sizeofestablishmentinwhichtheywork 45
Employedpersonsbysex,occupationandplaceofwork
46
Employedpersonsbysex,industryandplaceofwork
47
Employedpersonsbysex,statusinemploymentandplaceofwork
48
Employedpersons,bylevelofeducationandusualworkplace
49
Employedpersonsbysex,agegroupandoccupation
50
iii
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
7.1
7.2
A.1
A.2
A.3
Typeofcontractheldbypaidemployees,byinstitutioninwhichtheywork
Percentageofpaidemployeesineachsectorofactivityreceivingpaidorsickleave
Meanusualhoursworkedperweekinalljobs/activities,bysexandsectorofactivity
Distributionoftotalusualhoursworkedperweek,andmeanhours,bysexand
statusinemployment
Totalmonthlywagesinmainjob,andmeanmonthlywages,receivedbymaleand
femalepaidemployeesindifferentagegroups
Totalmonthlywagesinmainjob,andmeanmonthlywages,receivedbymaleand
femalepaidemployees,bysectorofactivityoftheirmainjob
Personsininformalemploymentintheirmainactivity,bysex,localityandsectorof
activity
Mainactivityover12monthsofallpersonsaged15andover,bysexandlocality
51
52
53
Numbersunemployed,andunemploymentrate,bysexandlocality
Numberofunemployedpersonsbysex,ageandlocality
Numberofunemployedpersonsbysex,localityandeducationlevel
Unemployedpersons,bysexandmethodofsearchingforwork
Unemployedpersons,bysexandlocality,andlengthoftimewithoutwork
Personswishingtochangetheircurrentemploymentsituation,bysex,localityand
sectorofactivity
59
59
60
60
61
Economicactivitystatusofyouthaged1529,bysexandlocality
Varioslabourstatisticsforyouth,bysexandagegroup
Employedyouthaged15to29,bysex,locality,andoccupation
Employedyouthaged15to29,bysex,locality,andsectorofactivity
63
63
64
64
Employedpersons,byagegroupanddistrict
Labourforce,andlabourforceparticipationrates,bydistrict
65
66
DistributionofsampleEAsfortheSLS2007
EAworkloadsselectedforSLSandLFS,bydistrictandlocality
Censushouseholdsin2004bylocality,andprojectedpopulationin2010aged10+
53
54
55
57
58
62
68
69
70
Figures
3.1
4.1
MapofTimorLesteDistricts
Labourforceparticipationrates,bysexandage
Relationshipbetweenemploymentintheinformalsectorandinformalemployment
2
27
56
Note:BecausetheLFSisasamplesurvey,allestimatesaresubjecttosamplingerror.Sampling
errorshavenotbeenincludedinthisreport,butallreportedfigureshavebeenroundedtothe
nearestthousandinordertomakesomeallowancefortheeffectsofsamplingerror.Anasterisk(*)
inacellofatableindicatesthatthevalueislessthanorequalto500,whileadash()inacell
indicatesthattherewerenoobservationsatallinthatcell.
PREFACE
TheLabourForceSurvey2010isajointinitiativeoftheSecretariatofStatefor
Vocational Training and Employment (SEFOPE) and the National Statistics
Directorate,representingthefirstexerciseofitskingorganizedinTimorLeste
afterindependence.
TheSurveyprovidesanimportantsetoflabourforcestatistics,includingdata
onemployment,unemployment,timerelatedunderemployment,andinformal
employment, which is essential for the design and evaluation of government policies and
programmes.
ThebuildingofanappropriateandeffectiveLabourMarketInformation(LMI)Systemisanabsolute
priority for TimorLeste and, in particular, for SEFOPE in order to be able to monitor actual
developmentsandassesstheimpactofthelabourmarketpoliciesformulatedandimplemented.
In that sense, this Survey is also a major step towards the systematic production of labour force
statisticsinTimorLeste.Plansforsampledesignweredevelopedandextensivelyanalyzedtoensure
thatthedatacollectedisrepresentativeatthenationallevel,aswellasforurbanandruralareas.On
the other hand, the Questionnaires were prepared based on the inputs provided by national and
internationalstakeholdersthatallowedtheidentificationofanumberofcentraltopicsforinclusion
intheLabourForceSurvey.Allthispreparatoryworkwillgroundandfacilitatetheimplementation
offuturesimilarexercises.
Overall,theTimorLesteLabourForceSurvey2010followedthebestinternationalpracticesinterms
ofdesignandmethods,conceptsandclassifications.Iwouldliketoaddressmysincerethankstothe
IrishAidandtheAustralianAgencyforInternationalDevelopmentforprovidingfinancialsupportto
this survey, through the LMI Systems Project and the Youth Employment Promotion (YEP)
Programme, and to the experts of the International Labour Organization for their key technical
inputs.
A word of appreciation goes also to the Timorese communities in general and in particular to the
sample households for their understanding and cooperation during the data collection. Their
positiveattitudefacilitatedourworkanddemonstratedonceagainthedeterminationofthepeople
ofTimorLestetocontributetopavethewaytowardsabetterfutureforall.
Finally,IalsothankallthestaffoftheLMIDepartmentofSEFOPEandoftheNationalDirectorateof
StatisticsthatworkedhardforthesuccessfulconclusionoftheSurvey.
BenditodosSantosFreitas,
SecretaryofState,
SecretariatofStateforVocationalTrainingandEmployment
ExecutiveSummary
This report presents the main results of the TimorLeste Labour Force Survey, for which the
fieldwork was carried out over a 12month period from mid2009 to mid2010. The survey was
conducted by the National Statistics Directorate (DNE) in collaboration with the Labour Market
Information Department of the Secretariat of State for Vocational Training and Employment
(SEFOPE).ConductingthesurveywasmadepossiblethroughthefundingsupportprovidedbyIrish
AidandAusAidandwithtechnicalsupportprovidedbytheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO).
Thesurveycovered4665householdsspreadacross311enumerationareasthroughoutTimorLeste.
Detailed information on each persons economic activity was collected from more than 17,000
peopleaged10andoverinthesehouseholds.
According to thesurveydata,itis estimatedthatthenumberofpeopleaged15andoverineach

activitystatusisasshowninthetablebelow:
TimorLeste
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
Populationaged
15andover
627,000
180,000
449,000
318,000
311,000
Labourforce
Employed
262,000
76,000
186,000
178,000
84,000
252,000
71,000
182,000
173,000
80,000
Unemployed
9,000
5,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
Inactive
366,000
104,000
262,000
139,000
227,000
Population aged 15+
(627,000)
Inactive
Labour force
(366,000)
(262,000)
Employed
Unemployed
(9,000)
(252,000)
Undertheinternationaldefinitions,apersonisconsideredasemployediftheydidanyworkatall
(paidorunpaid)duringthereferenceperiod,whichwastakeninthissurveyasbeingtheprevious
week(MondaytoSunday).Evenifthepersononlyworksforonehour,theyarecounted asbeing
employed.Thisdefinitionisusedsothatthecontributionofallworkactivitycanbemeasured,since
itallcontributestotheoverallproductivityofthecountry.
It is also important to note that the unemployed have been measured in relation to the relaxed
definitionofunemployment.Underthisdefinition,apersoniscountedasunemployediftheywere
not working last week but were available to work. In developing countries most people cannot
afford the luxury of not doing any work at all, so it is hardly surprising that the number of
unemployedpersonsisquitelow.Forthisreason,theunemploymentrateshouldnotbeconsidered
asaveryusefulindicatorforpolicypurposes.
vii
Theemployedpopulationaged15andover(252,000persons)canbefurthersubdividedaccording
totheirstatusinemployment,asshownbelow.
TimorLeste
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
Paidemployees
72,000
38,000
33,000
56,000
16,000
Ownaccount
workers
103,000
22,000
81,000
66,000
37,000
Employers
4,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
Contributing
familyworkers
73,000
8,000
65,000
47,000
26,000
Vulnerable
employment
176,000
30,000
146,000
114,000
63,000
Also shown in the table is the number of people who are classified as being in vulnerable
employment.Thesearepeoplewhoareclassifiedasownaccountworkersorcontributingfamily
workers.Thesepeopleareunlikelytohaveanyguaranteedsalaryeachmonth,andwillprobablynot
have any job security. As many as 176,000 persons are in vulnerable employment. This is a more
usefulindicatorthantheunemploymentrate.
Thefollowingkeyratescanbecalculatedfromthelabourforcesurvey,basedonthefiguresshown
inthetwotablesabove:
Labourforce
participation
rate(%)
TimorLeste 41.7
Urban
42.3
Rural
41.5
Male
56.2
Female
26.9
Employmentto
population
ratio(%)
40.2
39.3
40.6
54.4
25.7
Informal
employment
rate(%)
17.8
20.0
16.9
13.5
26.5
Vulnerable
employment
rate(%)
69.9
42.1
80.3
65.9
78.5
Unemployment
rate(%)
3.6
6.9
2.2
3.1
4.6
Inactivity
rate(%)
57.4
57.7
58.5
43.0
72.2
There is a clear difference between males and females on all the indicators. The labour force
participation rate for females, and the employment to population ratio, is only half that of males,
while females are much more likely than males to be in informal employment or in vulnerable
employment. The unemployment rate of 3.6 percent shown above might appear low, but it is
comparabletotheunemploymentratesinotherSouthEastAsiancountries.Finally,thefemalerate
ofinactivityisverymuchhigherthanthecorrespondingrateformales.
The Labour Force Survey is the first survey of its kind to be conducted in TimorLeste, and it has
provided a very valuable learning experience for DNE and SEFOPE. It is hoped that labour force
surveyswillbecarriedoutonaregularandfrequentbasisinfuture,sothatausefultimeseriesof
keylabourstatisticscanbegenerated.Thiswillprovideavaluableinputtogovernmentplanningin
the area of employment policy, so that the countrys labour resources can be mobilized more
effectively.
ix
Chapter1
Methodology
1.1
Introduction
This report presents the results of the first national Labour Force Survey (LFS) to be conducted in
TimorLestesincethecountrygaineditsfullindependencein2002.Upto20092010,whentheLFS
wascarriedout,TimorLestehashadonlylimitedlabourstatisticsavailable.Thesecamemainlyfrom
data about the seekers for jobs and training who were registered at the District Employment
Centres.Othersourcesofinformationweretheprogrammesimplementedandservicesprovidedby
theSecretariatofStateforVocationalTrainingandEmployment(SEFOPE).Thismeantthatmostof
the economically active population, including job seekers who do not register at Employment
Centres,werenotcoveredbyanystatistics.
ItwasforthisreasonthattheGovernmentofTimorLesteinitiatedthisfirstLFS,whichwascarried
out by the National Statistics Directorate (DNE) under the Ministry of Finance. The survey was
expectedtoprovidemuchneededdataonavarietyofkeyemploymentissues:
thelabourforce,intermsofage,sex,andeducation;
theemployedpopulation,intermsofoccupation,economicsectorandmultiplejobholding;
employment conditions, in terms of job permanency, public/private sector, hours worked,

underemployment,andnetmonthlyearnings;
informal sector and informal employment, in terms of contractual conditions, size of

establishment,benefitsofemployment,etc.;
theunemployed,includingdurationofunemployment,andmethodsofseekingwork;and
persons not in the labour force, their reasons for not being available to work, and their
previousworkexperience.
OnekeyaimoftheLFSwastoensurethatitmadefulluseofinternationalstandards,sothatthis
survey would mark the beginning of a new period characterised by the availability of reliable and
internationallycomparabledataonemploymentandunemployment,whichwouldcreateimproved
conditionsforthedesignofwellgroundedsectorpolicies.Conductingthissurveywasplannedasa
joint undertaking by DNE and the Labour Market Information Department of SEFOPE, which has
helpedtostrengthenthelinksbetweenthetwoinstitutions.
TheavailabilityofthisdatafromtheLFSwillprovideaninputintheformulationandevaluationof
economic and social policies, particularly in the areas of employment generation and poverty
reduction policies and strategies. The wide range of employment data collected in the survey is
intendedtobeofassistancetotheGovernmentasitattemptstomonitorboththeimplementation
of various national plans and TimorLestes progress towards the attainment of those Millennium
DevelopmentGoalsandothernationalgoalsthatarelabourrelated.
ThesurveywascarriedoutwiththesupportoftheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO).TheILOs
activities in TimorLeste take place within the framework of its Decent Work Country Programme
(DWCP) 20082013, which defines the joint fiveyear programme priorities of the Government of
TimorLeste,theemployersorganization,andworkersorganizations,aswelloftheILOitselfandits
developmentpartners.TheILOsworkprogrammeinTimorLesteisfocusedonthethreepriorities
identified in the DWCP: youth employment, rural economic development, and labour market
governance.
TheDWCPidentifieslabourmarketinformationbasedpolicyandprogrammesasbeingoneofthe
areasofworkcontributingtotheachievementofthefirstpriority(youthemployment).Withinthat
area of work there are two elements: the development of a computerized labour market
information database (SIMU); and conducting the LFS. Both of these activities involve the LMI
DepartmentofSEFOPE,whichissupportedwithtechnicalassistancefromILOandfinancialsupport
from Irish Aid. The LMI Department aims to enhance the capacity of the Governments labour
administration to contribute to sustained labour market development, by creating an enabling
environment for the design, monitoring and implementation of employment promotion
interventions.
Inadvanceofthesurvey,twostatisticalexpertsfromILOheadquartersvisitedDiliinMarch2009to
make initial preparations for the survey. The purpose of their visit was to help with sampling and
questionnaire design, and to make proposals for the organization of field arrangements for the
surveyandtheprocessingandtabulationoftheresultingdata.Lateron,anotherexpertfromILO
visitedDilitoprovideadviceonclassificationsystemsinrespectofoccupationandeconomicactivity.
AnILOconsultantalsoassistedwiththedataanalysisandthepreparationofthisreport.
1.2 Sampling
The labour force survey is a householdbased survey, covering a sample of private households in
TimorLeste. The institutional population is excluded from the survey: this group includes persons
living in military installations, correctional and penal institutions, dormitories of schools and
universities,religiousinstitutions,hospitals,andsoforth.Inthecaseofthearmedforces,thismeans
thattheywereincludediftheylivedasmembersofaprivatehousehold,buttheywereexcludedif
theylivedindormitories,barracksorsimilaraccommodation.
Full details of the sample design and implementation are given in Annex A. Here we give a brief
summary. DNE made use of the sample of 300 census enumeration areas (EAs) that had been
selected for the TimorLeste Survey of Living Standards 2007 (SLS 2007). Those EAs had been
selected with probability proportional to size (PPS), where the measure of size was the 2004 EA
censuscount.TheactualnumberofEAscoveredinSLS2007wasinfact269insteadof300,because
somelargeEAswereselectedtwice(oroccasionallythreeormoretimes)andthereforereceivedthe
correspondingnumberofworkloads.
ForSLS2007,anuptodatelistingofhouseholdsintheselectedEAswaspreparedinthefield,and
24 households were selected in each EA, using a random start. These 24 households were then
dividedupintothreetasks(A,BandC),oneforeachofthethreeinterviewersintheteam.TaskA
received the first eight named households, Task B the next eight, and Task C the last eight. Each
interviewer was required to interview five households, but they had a reserve list of three
householdsincasetheycouldnotcontactorinterviewanyofthefirstfivehouseholdsontheirlist.
For LFS 2010, attempts were made to cover exactly the same EAs as was done in SLS 2007.
OccasionallyanEAwasmissed,andinafewcasesthenumberofworkloadscoveredinanEAwas
greater than the number covered in SLS 2007. Table 1.1 shows the number of urban and rural EA
workloadscoveredineachdistrict,andtheexpectednumberofhouseholds.Exactlythesamelisting
sheetswereusedashadbeenusedinSLS2007,withthesamenamesofhouseholdheadsfromSLS
2007shownonthelists.
Table1.1Allocationofworkloadsandhouseholdstourbanandruralpartsofeachdistrict
District
Ainaro
Aileu
Baucau
Bobonaro
Covalima
Dili
Ermera
Liquica
Lautem
No.ofworkloadsselected
Urban
Rural
Total
13
0
6
10
12
13
10
16
17
10
26
10
22
27
22
Numberofhouseholds
Urban
Rural
Total
195
0
90
150
180
195
150
240
255
150
35
2
6
13
4
23
10
8
39
25
16
21
525
30
90
195
60
345
150
120
390
150
330
405
330
585
375
240
315
13
3
20
5
11
12
27
12
24
15
47
17
195
45
300
75
165
180
405
180
360
225
705
255
Total
138
173
311
2070
2595
4665
Districtgroups
1.Baucau,Lautem,Viqueque
2.Ainaro,Manatuto,Manufahi
3.Aileu,Dili,Ermera
4.Bobonaro,Covalima,Liquica
5.Oecusse
24
29
37
28
20
36
36
37
37
27
60
65
74
65
47
360
435
555
420
300
540
540
555
555
405
900
975
1110
975
705
Total
138
173
311
2070
2595
4665
Manufahi
Manatuto
Oecusse
Viqueque
Based on the information provided on the cover sheet of each questionnaire, the sample of 4665
households contained 12,088 males and 12,000 females, giving an average household size of 5.2
(unweighted).Amongthesehouseholdstherewere8,610malesaged10andoverand8,538females
aged10andover;thesewerethepeopletowhommostofthesurveyquestionsweredirected,after
thebasichouseholdlistinginformationhadbeencollected.
1.3
Questionnaires
ThequestionnaireswerecarefullydesignedbytheILOteamthatvisitedDiliinMarch2009.
The questions were worded in the correct fashion, allowing the calculation of many statistical
indicatorsthatarefullyinlinewithcurrentinternationalstandardsinlabourstatistics.
Two questionnaires were used a household questionnaire and an individual questionnaire. The
questionnairesareshowninAnnexB.Thehouseholdquestionnairehadspaceforrecordingupto
15 persons in the household. It contained basic information for identifying the location of each
selected household, and contained summary information about the interview, including the dates
and times of visits, the total number of persons completing the individual questionnaire, the
language used in the interview, and the outcome of each household visit. Basic demographic
information was then collected for each household member, whatever their age: sex, age,
relationship to household head, marital status, literacy, schooling, place of birth, migration, and
citizenship.Thelast part ofthe householdquestionnaire collectedinformationonthe households
sourcesofincome,andtheiraverageincomeincashpermonth.
Therewasaseparateindividualquestionnaireforeachhouseholdmemberaged10andover.Asfar
as possible, each household member was expected to respond for him or herself, and the use of
proxies was discouraged. Part 1 contained identification particulars for each person, and Part 2
contained a series of questions aimed at identifying those people who would count as being
currentlyemployed.ThesepeoplewereaskedquestionsinPart3aboutthecharacteristicsoftheir
mainjoboractivity,andinPart4aboutanysecondaryactivitytheymightbeengagedin,aswellas
aboutanyinvolvementinsubsistenceagricultureforhomeconsumption.InPart5theywereasked
questions about their hours of work and underemployment, while in Part 6 those who were
classified as employees were asked questions about their wages and salaries received last month
fromtheirmainandsecondaryactivity.
ThosewhohadbeencountedinPart2asnotbeingcurrentlyemployedhadskippedtoPart7,which
asked questions about unemployment and economic inactivity. Among this group, those who
expressedawillingnesstostartworkinajoborbusinessinthenext15days,ifanopportunityarose,
werethenaskedquestionsabouttheirprevioustrainingandworkexperience.
DNE had organized the translation of the questionnaires into Tetum and the final questionnaires
wereinbookletform.AflowchartofthequestionnairesisshowninAnnexC.
Analysis of the responses indicates that all but three interviews were conducted in Tetum; two
householdswereinterviewedinBahasaandonehouseholdinPortuguese.
1.4 Fieldwork
Two field teams were used initially for the survey, each consisting of three interviewers, a
supervisor,andadriver.Thetenpersonswhoweregoingtoworkonthesurvey(2supervisors,6
interviewers,and2dataentrystaff)weregivendetailedtraininginDilioveraperiodoffourdaysat
theendofJuly2009onallaspectsofthesurvey.TheythenspentonedayinDili,carryingoutpilot
interviewsbeforethemainfieldworkbegan.Thishelpedtobuilduptheirconfidenceandtoensure
thattheywerefamiliarwiththequestionnairesandprocedures.
Due to the difficulties experienced in securing vehicles for the field work, both teams started
working in Dili during August and September 2009. As vehicles became available, they moved out
intothedistricts.LautemandCovalimawerecoveredinOctober/November,BaucauandAinaroin
December/January, and Viqueque and Manufahi in February/March. With the national Population
Census due to take place in July 2010, it was imperative that fieldwork be speeded up, so that it
couldbecompletedbytheendofJune.Accordingly,athirdfieldteamwascreatedandstartedwork
towards the end of March. Table 1.2 shows the monthly allocation of the LFS fieldwork to the
surveyteams.
Table1.2MonthlyallocationofLFSfieldworktothesurveyteams
2009
August
September
October
November
Lautem
2010
December
January
Baucau
February
March
Viqueque
April
May
June
TeamA
TeamB
TeamC
Covalima
Ainaro
Manufahi
Bobonaro
Dili
Oecusse
Ermera
Aileu
Liquica
Manatuto
Thesurveyteamsexperiencedtheusualsortsofproblemsthatteamsconductinghouseholdsurveys
in TimorLeste often have to face: transport difficulties, bad road conditions, poor weather, and
tryingtogainthecooperationofthepublic.Theheadquartersstaffmonitoredtheprogressofthe
survey,bycarryingoutspotcheckstoensurethatthecorrecthouseholdsfromthesamplelisthad
beenvisited andthatthosehouseholdsreallyhadbeeninterviewed.Theyalsocheckedtoseethat
theinterviewerswerecompletingtheirquestionnairescorrectly.
Analysis of the results shows that, according to the information given in Q.82, twothirds of all
interviewswerecompletedwiththeselectedperson,andonethirdinvolvedproxyresponses.
It is difficult to measure the true response rate on this survey because of the method used for
selecting the households to be interviewed. Three interviewers were working in each EA. Each
interviewer had five specific households to visit, and kept three households in reserve. If any of
those five households could not be located, or had moved, or was out at the time of the
interviewers visits (even after repeated visits), or refused, or was otherwise not available, the
interviewer was allowed to take the first replacement household. There was officially zero non
response, with all quotas successfully filled and all household questionnaires being marked with
code1(completedfullyrespondinghousehold).
Perhapsamoreusefulindicatoristhefactthatreservehouseholds(numbers6,7and8onthelist)
wereusedin31percentofallhouseholdvisits.In57percentoftasks,interviewershadtouseat
leastthefirstreservehousehold,53percentwentasfarasusingthesecondreserve,andasmanyas
46 percent of interviewers had to draw on the third reserve. This high rate of using replacement
householdswasreallyinevitable,giventhefactthatthreetofouryearshadelapsedsincethelistsof
householdswereprepared.Ifresourceshadallowed,alistingexerciseshouldhavebeencarriedout
ineachselectedEA,andthe15householdsthenselectedafreshfromthatupdatedlist.
1.5
Dataprocessingandanalysis
Aseachdistrictwascompleted,thequestionnaireswerebookedinandchecked,beforedataentry
couldbegin.Somedelayswereexperiencedinimplementingthecomplexcodingofthequestionson
occupation and economic activity, because of difficulties in finalizing the coding frames, but
agreementonsuitablecodingframeswasfinallysecured.Datacheckingwascarriedoutbysixoffice
staffanddataentrybytwootherstaff.
Dataentryscreenswereprepared,usingtheCSPropackage,andtheseguidedthedataentrystaff,
sincetheprogramincorporatesautomaticskipswhenrequiredonthequestionnaire.Occasionally,
anerrorhadbeenmadeinthepreparationofthedataentryscreen;inthesecases,avalidcodethat
wasnotallowedforinthedataentryprogramwouldshowupasoutofrange,andthedataentry
staffwouldthenbeforcedtousemanualentrysothatthecorrectcodecouldbeentered.Double
dataentrywasused,toensurethaterrorsinthedataentrywerereducedtoaminimum.
Particular attention was paid to ensuring that all records had the correct EA and job number
attached, since these were essential for identifying batches of questionnaires and for assigning
weights. The job number was the unique number assigned to every group of 15 households, and
provedparticularlyuseful inidentifyingworkloadsincaseswherean EAwas givenmorethanone
workload.In16caseswhereanextraworkloadhadbeenaddedtotheone(s)alreadydoneintheTL
SLS, no job number had been assigned. These were assigned new job numbers during the data
processingstage,sothateachjobnumberwasassociatedwith15households.
1.6
Keyterminologyinlabourstatistics
A major consideration with labour force surveys is to ensure that the correct terminologies are
adopted. In order to be able to be able to interpret the results from an LFS, it is essential to be
familiarwiththeconceptsused.Herewedefineseveralkeyconceptsinlabourstatistics,aswellas
some standard survey terms. Some other concepts (such as the informal sector and informal
employment)aredefinedintheirrespectivesectionslaterinthisreport.
Household
Inmostcountriesahouseholdisdefinedasagroupofpeoplewhonormallylivetogetherandeat
theirmealstogether.FortheLFSnormallyshouldmeanthatthepersonconcernedhaslivedinthe
householdforatleastsixofthepast12months.Thusthemembersofthehouseholdareidentified
onthebasisoftheirusualplaceofresidence.Apersonlivingaloneandmakinghisorherownmeal
arrangementsalsocountsasaseparatehousehold.
Thereusuallyaresomeexceptionstotherules.Forinstance,thefollowingcategoriesofpersonsare
usually treated as household members even though they have lived less than six months in the
householdduringthepast12months:
(a) infantswhoarelessthansixmonthsold;
(b) anewlymarriedcouplewhohavebeenlivingtogetherforlessthansixmonths;and
(c) personslivingtogetherforlessthansixmonthsbutwhoareexpectedtoliveinthehousehold
permanently(orforlongduration).
Lodgersandotherpermanentresidentswholiveandtaketheirmealswiththehouseholdareusually
counted as household members, even though they may have no blood relationship with the
household head. Servants and other paid domestic employees are also counted as part of the
householdiftheylivewiththehousehold.
Incontrast,peoplewhohavelivedinthehouseholdformorethansixoutofthepast12monthsbut
havepermanentlyleftthehouseholdarenotconsideredmembersofthehousehold.
Urban/rural
In this survey an important distinction is made between urban and rural areas, since many of the
resultsarereportedseparatelyforurbanandruralareas.Table1.3showsthelistofsucosthatwere
countedasurbanforthepurposesoftheLFS;itisbasedonthelistofsucosusedforthe2004Census
ofPopulationandHousing,plusthreesucos(BidauSantana,Bemori,andSoro)thatwereclassifiedas
urbannotlongafterthecensus.
TheclassificationofplacesasurbanwasbasedinpartonascoringsystemdevelopedbyDNE.The
method used was partly objective, with each suco receiving a score based on population size, the
presenceorabsenceofeducation,health,marketandreligiousworshipfacilities,andaccesstowater
supply and sanitation, electricity, radio and television, public administration and transportation
services. The scoring method was not applied rigorously because it resulted in sucos with small
populations in the centre of Dili being classified as rural, and every single suco in some outlying
districts being classified as rural. Using the scoring analysis as a starting point, DNE waived the
requirementforasucotohaveapopulationofmorethan5,000tobeconsideredurban,andthey
addedtherequirementthateverydistrictshouldhaveatleastoneurbansuco.
IntheLFSalmostalltheurbansucosshowninTable1.3arerepresentedintheLFSsample.Theonly
urbansucosthatdidnothappentoprovideanysamplesfortheLFSwereSeloiMalere(13),Motael
(18),BidauLecidere(24),Gricenfor(25),BidauSantana(33)andAilili(34).
Table1.3ListofsucosthatwerecountedasurbanfortheLFS
Suco
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Costa
Debos
Holsa
Ritabou
Dato
Poetete
Talimoro
Maubisse
Ainaro
Soro
Letefoho
Babulu
SeloiMalere
Comoro
Fatuhada
KampungAlor
BairroPite
Motael
Colmera
VilaVerde
Subdistrict
District
Suco
Subdistrict
District
PanteMacasar
Suai
Maliana
Maliana
LIquica
Ermera
Ermera
Maubisse
Ainaro
Ainaro
Same
Same
AileuVila
DomAleixo
DomAleixo
DomAleixo
DomAleixo
VeraCruz
VeraCruz
VeraCruz
Oecusse
Covalima
Bobonaro
Bobonaro
Liquica
Ermera
Ermera
Ainaro
Ainaro
Ainaro
Manufahi
Manufahi
Aileu
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38*
39
Caicoli
Mascarenhas
LahaneOcidental
BidauLecidere
Gricenfor
AcadiruHun
SantaCruz
Bemori
CuluHun
Becora
Camea
Hera
BidauSantana
Ailili
Aiteas
Caraubalo
Bahu
Trilolo
Fuiloro
VeraCruz
VeraCruz
VeraCruz
NainFeto
NainFeto
NainFeto
NainFeto
NainFeto
CristoRei
CristoRei
CristoRei
CristoRei
CristoRei
Manatuto
Manatuto
Viqueque
Baucau
Baucau
Lospalos
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Manatuto
Manatuto
Viqueque
Baucau
Baucau
Lautem
Source:BasedonTable16inTimorLesteCensusofPopulationandHousing2004:CensusAtlas2004,withthreeadditions
Note:Entry38wasoriginallygivenincorrectlyasbeingthesuconamedTiriloloinIliomarsubdistrictinLautemdistrict.
Referenceperiod
In collecting data on current work activities, all questions relate to a short reference period of a
week. This week is taken as comprising the seven days from Monday to Sunday of the calendar
weekimmediatelyprecedingtheinterviewdate.Onlythequestiononmainactivity(Q.81)refersto
alongreferenceperiod,whichistakenasbeingthe12monthperiodfromJuly2008toJune2009.
Work
Alabourforcesurveycollectsdataaboutworkactivities.Workactivitiesshouldbedefinedinline
with the current ILO standards which in turn are based on the United Nations 1993 System of
National Accounts. 1 The 1993 SNA is particularly noteworthy in that it has greatly widened the
production boundary for work. These changes have major implications for those engaged in the
householdsector.Forinstance,theSNAnowincludeswithinitsproductionboundaryallproduction
of goods for own use. Therefore activities such as tailoring or making mats for the household, or
even collecting water or firewood, now count as economic activity for the purposes of the SNA.
Table1.4illustratesthekindsofactivitywhichshouldcountasworkintheSNA,andbyextensionin
labourforcesurveysaswell.
UnitedNations,SystemofNationalAccounts1993,NewYork,1993
8
Table1.4Examplesofactivitieswhichcountaswork
Outsidethehome
Wagejob:Workersemployedinfactories,businessenterprises,farms,shops,serviceundertakings,
andothereconomicunitsengagedinproductionofgoodsandservicesintendedforsaleonthe
market.Also,employeesofgovernmentandothersocialandculturalinstitutions,hotels,
restaurants,transportandcommunication.Politicianswhogetremuneration,lawyers,doctors,
shopkeepers,farmers.
Anybusinessoperatedbytheperson:Managingonesownbusinessorfarmeventhoughnot
involvedinproducingtheoutput.
Homebasedactivities
Agriculture:Growingorgatheringfieldcrops,fruitsandvegetables,producingeggs,milkandfood.
Huntinganimalsandbirds,catchingfish,crabsandshellfish.Gatheringofberriesorother
uncultivatedcrops.Burningcharcoal.
Millingandotherfoodprocessing:Threshingandmillinggrain,makingbutter,gheeandcheese,
slaughteringlivestock,curinghidesandskins,preservingmeatandfish.Makingbeerandalcohol.
Handicrafts:Collectingthatchingandweavingmaterials,makingmats,weavingbasketsandmats,
makingclaypots,weavingcloth,dressmakingandtailoring,makingfurniture.
Constructionandmajorrepairs:Constructionofadwelling,farmbuildings,clearinglandfor
construction,constructionofasecondfloor,orthemajorrenovationofadwelling,privateroads,
wellsandotherprivatefacilities.
Fetchingwater
Collectingfirewood:Cuttingorcollectingfirewood.
BasedoninformationinTable1inILO(1990),Surveysofeconomicallyactivepopulation,employment,
unemploymentandunderemployment:anILOmanualonconceptsandmethods,Geneva,
andFig.1inUnitedNations(2009),Handbookonmeasuringtheeconomicallyactivepopulation
andrelatedcharacteristicsinpopulationcensuses,StudiesinMethods,SeriesF,No.102
Onegroupwhichisofparticularinterestisthosewhoareengagedinsubsistenceagriculture.Where
some of their output is sold or bartered, they definitely count as working. But even where their
output is consumed entirely by the household itself, the person is still considered as working,
according to the SNA. However, there is a problem when it comes to labour force surveys. If all
production for home consumption is counted as work, as well as all cases where people collect
firewoodorfetchwater,theresultwillbethatvirtuallyeveryonewillbecountedasemployed,and
concepts such as unemployment will cease to have any relevance. The LFS in TimorLeste has
therefore followed the practice of collecting information on people who produce food solely for
home consumption, so that the numbers in this group can be estimated, but in the analysis this
grouphasnotbeencountedasworking.Inthecaseofcollectingfirewoodandfetchingwater,no
specificquestionswereaskedinthesurveyabouttheseactivities,sothenumbersfallingintothese
twogroupscannotbeestimated.
Currentlyemployed
Therearetwosituationsinwhichapersoncanbedefinedasbeingcurrentlyemployed.Eitherthe
personisactuallyworking(asdefinedabove)inthereferenceweek,orheorshehasanattachment
toajoborbusinessbutdidnotworkduringthereferenceweek.
Thissecondgroup(thosewithajobattachment)wasidentifiedbyaskingthreequestions,asshown
intheflowchartinAnnexC.Thosewithajobattachmentbutnotatworkaredefinedasthosewho
have a job to return to (code 1 in Question 5) provided they meet certain conditions; these
conditions are based on the main reason why they did not work last week and the length of time
theyhavebeenawayfromwork.Thosewhoreportthattheyareselfemployeddoingseasonalwork
arenotcountedashavingajobattachment.Thefollowingarecountedashavingjobattachments:
those who do seasonal work for wages, provided they are sure to return within 6 months and
continuetoreceiveawageorsalaryduringtheoffseason;thosewhowereabsentfromworklast
weekfortechnicaloreconomicreasons(duetomachinerybreakdown,energycuts,lackoforders,
etc.), provided they are sure to return to work within 3 months; and those who gave any other
reason(oftenofasocialnature)fortheirabsencefromworklastweek.
Currentlyunemployed
Thestrictinternationalstandarddefinitionofunemploymentisbasedonthreecriteriawhichmust
be satisfied simultaneously. These criteria are: without work, currently available for work, and
seeking work. Those without work would not have answered Q.10, which asked about the
persons employment status in their current job or activity. Current availability for work is
measured as a Yes response to Q.65 (availability to start a job within the next 15 days) or Q.66
(availability to start a business within the next 15 days). Seeking work is taken as any positive
response(i.e.codes1to10)toQ.60,whichaskedwhatthepersonhaddoneinthelastfourweeks
tolookforworkortostartanewbusiness;butitalsoincludesthosewhohadalreadyfoundajobor
businessopportunity(codes1and2inQ.62)whichtheywouldstartatalaterdate(usuallyreferred
toasfuturestarts).
Theseekingworkcriterionisusuallyconsideredtoorestrictiveandisoftenrelaxedfordeveloping
countriesinwhichthelabourmarketisnotwelldeveloped.Oneparticulargroupofworkerswho
might possibly be considered as unemployed under a relaxed definition are the socalled
discouragedworkers.Thistermgenerallyreferstothosepersonswhowantajobandarecurrently
availableforworkbutwhohavegivenupanyactivesearchforworkbecausetheybelievethatthey
cannotfindit.Theremaybeavarietyofreasonsforthis.Theymaybelievethatnosuitablejobis
presentlyavailableinthearea,oritmayberelatedtopersonalfactors,suchasthebeliefthatthey
lackqualificationsorthatemployersthinktheyaretooyoungortoooldtowork.Policymakersmay
beparticularlyinterestedinthesegroups,becausetheyrepresentunutilizedlabourresources.
Accordingly, in the TLLFS the currently unemployed (using the relaxed definition) is widened to
includeallpeoplewhodidnothaveajoborbusinessorwerenotemployed(asdefinedabove),and
whodidoneofthefollowing:
eithertheylookedforworkinthelastfourweeksbeforetheinterview;
ortheydidnotlookforworkinthelastfourweeks,butwereavailabletowork.Amongst
thisgroupareseasonalworkersandthoseawaitingtheresultsofpreviousenquiries,
aswellasthediscouragedworkersdiscussedabove.
10
Becauseofthewayinwhichthefiltersworkintheunemploymentsectionofthequestionnaire,itis
possible to count as unemployed under the relaxed definition any person who is not currently
workingandwhoanswersyestoQ.65(availabilitytostartajobwithin15daysifofferedone)or
yestoQ.66(availabilitytostartworkinabusinesswithin15daysiftheopportunityarose).
Currentactivitystatus
Current activity status is a key concept in labour force surveys. The currently economically active
population (also known as the labour force) comprises all those who are currently employed or
currentlyunemployed,asdefinedabove.
In contrast, the currently inactive comprise all those who are not currently active (i.e. are not
currentlyemployedorcurrentlyunemployed).Thisgroupthereforeincludesthosewhoarestudying
or doing housework, as well as others such as the elderly and disabled who are not available for
work. It also includes selected marginal groups such as: those who thought they had a job or
business but have not been paid during their absence; selfemployed seasonal workers; self
employedwageemployeeswhocannotbesureofreturningtoworkwithin6months,andthosenot
working for technical or economic reasons who cannot be sure of returning to work within 3
months.Thesurveycollectedinformationonthereasonsfortheirinactivity.
Occupation
Occupationreferstothetypeofworkdoneduringthereferenceperiodbythepersonemployed(or
the kind of work done previously if unemployed), irrespective of the industry or the status in
employmentoftheperson.Informationonoccupationprovidesadescriptionofapersonsjobor
activity. In the present context a job or activity is defined as a set of tasks and duties which are
carried out by, or can be assigned to, one person. Persons are classified by occupations through
theirrelationshiptoajoboractivity.Inaskingeachofthequestionsaboutoccupation(Q21,Q26,
Q42,Q69,andQ75),twospecificquestionswerealwaysasked.Theinformantwasaskedtogivethe
occupationaltitleofthejoboractivity,andtogiveashortdescriptionofthemaintasksorduties.
A single job may have several different work activities or duties connected with it. For instance,
different agricultural activities (weeding, herding cattle, and collecting water for cattle) are simply
differentaspectsofthesameactivityanddonotcountasseparateactivities.
Alljobsoractivitieswereclassifiedtothefourdigitlevel,accordingtotheiroccupation(seeAnnex
D). This classification followed the broad structure of the International Standard Classification of
Occupations(ISCO08),butwasadaptedtomeettheparticularrequirementsofTimorLeste. 2
A brief description of the job or activity, in both English and Tetum, accompanied each fourdigit
code,soastofacilitatetheworkofcodingoccupations.Itisbelievedthatthisisthefirsttimethat
theISCOclassificationhasbeendevelopedtothislevelofdetailinTimorLeste,andtheclassification
systemwillbefurtherrefined,basedontheexperienceofusingitforthisandothersurveys.
InternationalStandardClassificationofOccupations(ISCO08),endorsedthroughanILOresolution
concerningupdatingtheISCO,adoptedbytheTripartiteMeetingofExpertsonLabourStatistics,Geneva,36
December2007,.
11
SectorofEconomicactivity
The term sector of economic activity (previously industry) is used to refer to the activity of the
establishment in which an employed person worked during the survey reference period, or last
workedifunemployed.Thisactivityisdefinedintermsofthekindofgoodsproducedorservices
suppliedbytheunitinwhichthepersonworks.Animportantfeatureoftheclassificationsystemis
thatthebranchofeconomicactivityofapersondoesnotdependonthespecificdutiesorfunctions
ofthepersonsjob,butonthecharacteristicsoftheeconomicunitinwhichheorsheworks.
Thus, two persons working in the same economic unit must be coded to the same branch of
economic activity, no matter what work their jobs in that establishment involve. In asking each of
thequestionsabouteconomicactivity(Q22,Q43,andQ76),twospecificquestionswereasked.
Theinformantwasaskedwhatkindofindustry,business,serviceoractivitywascarriedoutatthe
placeofwork,andtheywerealsoaskedwhatgoodsorserviceswereproducedattheplaceofwork,
oritsmainfunctions.
Allworkwasclassifiedaccordingtothesectorofeconomicactivityinwhichittookplace(seeAnnex
D),withcodingbeingdonetothefourdigitlevel.Theclassificationsystemthatwasusedwasinline
withtheInternationalStandardIndustrialClassification(ISICRev.4),butwasadaptedtomeetthe
special requirements of TimorLeste. 3 Again, this is probably the first time that such a detailed
classification scheme has been used in TimorLeste for coding economic activity, and valuable
experiencewasgainedbyofficestaffinusingtheclassificationsystem.Theclassificationusedinthis
surveycanbefurtherrefined,basedontheexperiencewithusingitinthisandothersurveys.
Statusinemployment
Information was also collected (in questions Q10, Q31, and Q77) on each persons status in
employment.Statusinemploymentreferstothetypeofexplicitorimplicitcontractofemployment
ofthepersonwithotherpersonsororganisations.Normallytheinterviewerhadfivepossiblecodes
to use (employee, employer, ownaccount worker, contributing family worker, and member of a
producerscooperative),butinthespecialcircumstancesprevailinginTimorLesteasixthcode
(Onmilitaryservice)wasaddedtodescribethestatusofthemainactivityinQ10.
Themeaningofthefivecodesinthequestionnairewasclarifiedbytheadditionofshortcomments
oneachone.Thus,anemployeeissomeonewhoworksforsomeoneelseforpayincashorinkind;
an employer is someone who employs one or more employees; an ownaccount worker does not
employanyemployees;andacontributingfamilyworkerworkswithoutpayinthebusinessorfarm
ofanotherhousehold/familymember.
The five codes are exactly in line with those recommended in the International Classification of
Status in Employment (ICSE93). The major distinction in this classification is between paid
employees(code1),whetherpermanentortemporary,andtheselfemployed(codes2to5).
The military are a special group and are treated separately. Persons in paid employment are
typicallyremuneratedbywagesandsalaries,butmaybepaidbycommissionfromsales,bypiece
rates, bonuses or inkind payments such as food, housing or training. Selfemployed jobs, on the
other hand, are those jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon profits (or the
potentialforprofits)derivedfromthegoodsandservicesproduced.
UnitedNations,InternationalStandardIndustrialClassificationofAllEconomicActivities(ISIC)Revision4,
StatisticalPapers,SeriesM,No.4,Rev.4,NewYork,2008.
12
Thefourmaincategoriesofstatusinemploymentare:
employee
employer
ownaccountworker
contributingfamilyworker
awageandsalaryworker
aselfemployedworker,withemployees
aselfemployedworker,withoutemployees
anunpaidfamilyworker(alsoselfemployed)
Institutionalsectorofemployment
Information was also collected (Q18, Q39, Q78) on the institutional sector in which a person was
working (either in their main or secondary activity, or in a previous job). The term institutional
sector of employment relates to the legal and social organization and institutional status of the
establishmentinwhichthejobislocated.Eightcodeswereoffered,andthesewerereadouttothe
informant:government;stateownedenterprise(e.g.TVTLthetelevisionorganization,EDTLthe
electricity organization); privatelyowned business or farm; nongovernmental/nonprofit
organization; private household; embassies and bilateral institutions (e.g. USAID, CIDA); United
Nationsandotherinternationalorganizations;andother(specify).
Knowledgeoftheinstitutionalsectorinwhichapersonworksisveryuseful,sinceitallowsoneto
obtain estimates of employment separately for government and other (most private) sectors.
Combined with the responses to other questions, such as status in employment, it can help to
distinguishthosewhoaregovernmentpaidemployeesfromotherpaidemployees.
Underemployed
The concept of underemployment has been introduced to complement the statistics of

unemployment. While unemployment represents a situation of total lack of work during the
reference period, many other people may have jobs but suffer from partial lack of work.
Underemployment therefore reflects underutilization of the productive capacity of the employed
population.Therearetwomainaspectstounderemployment.Oneiswhatisusuallyreferredtoas
timerelatedunderemployment,inwhichapersoniscurrentlyworkingfewerhoursthantheywould
liketowork.Thisisoneaspectoflabourunderutilization.Otheraspectsareinadequateearningsand
skills mismatch where there is a mismatch between a persons level of occupation and their
occupation.
Thefocusherewillbeontimerelatedunderemployment. 4AccordingtotheILOdefinition,persons
intimerelatedunderemploymentconsistofallpersonswhoareinemploymentandwhosatisfythe
followingthreeconditions:
I.
willingtoworkadditionalhoursi.e.theywantedanotherjobinadditiontotheircurrent
jobinordertoincreasetheirtotalhoursofwork;ortheywantedtoreplacetheircurrentjob
withanotherjobthatofferedmorehoursofwork;ortheywantedtoincreasethenumberof
hourstheyworkedintheircurrentjob;orsomecombinationofallthree.
II.
available to work additional hours i.e. they are ready, within a specified subsequent
period,toworkadditionalhours,iftheyaregivenopportunitiesforadditionalwork.
III.
workedlessthanathresholdrelatedtoworkingtimei.e.personswhosehoursactually
worked in all jobs during the reference period were below some nationally defined
threshold.
SeeILO,Resolutionconcerningthemeasurementofunderemploymentandinadequateemployment
situations,adoptedbythe16thInternationalConferenceofLabourStatisticians,Geneva,October1998
13
The ILO resolution recommends that, to provide analytical flexibility for policy formulation and
evaluation, as well as for international comparability, countries should endeavour to identify all
workers who during the reference period were willing and available to work additional hours,
irrespective of whether their current hours were below the threshold. The results can then be
presentedseparately,forthoseaboveandthosebelowthethreshold.
Vulnerableemployment
Peopleinvulnerableemploymentaredefinedasthosewhosestatusinemploymentisgivenasbeing
ownaccount worker or contributing family member, while the vulnerable employment rate is
obtainedbycalculatingthissumasaproportionoftotalemployment.Itisanewlydefinedmeasure
of persons who are employed under relatively precarious circumstances as indicated by status in
employment. People in these two categories are less likely to have formal work arrangements or
access to benefits or social protection programmes, which puts them at risk when there is a
downturnintheeconomiccycle.
14
Chapter2
Educationandtraining
2.1Demographiccharacteristics
Table2.1showsthedemographicdistributionofthepopulation,intermsofage,sexandlocality.As
explainedinAnnexA,thisestimateisobtainedbygrossingupthepopulationaged10andoverfrom
theLFSsothatthetotalcorrespondedascloselyaspossibletotheofficialpopulationprojectionfor
thatagegroupin2010. 5
Table2.1DistributionofthehouseholdpopulationofTimorLestebyage,sex,andlocality,
basedontheresultsoftheLabourForceSurvey2010(tonearestthousand)
Urban
Age
04
59
1014
1519
2024
2529
3034
3539
4044
4549
5054
5559
6064
6569
7074
75+
Total
Rural
Male
Female
Total
21,000
23,000
17,000
18,000
15,000
12,000
8,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
20,000
24,000
20,000
18,000
15,000
12,000
8,000
9,000
7,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
TimorLeste
Male
Female
Total
41,000
47,000
37,000
36,000
30,000
24,000
16,000
19,000
15,000
11,000
10,000
6,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
47,000
64,000
57,000
43,000
27,000
17,000
16,000
24,000
21,000
17,000
13,000
10,000
16,000
11,000
5,000
6,000
48,000
62,000
54,000
40,000
24,000
22,000
19,000
22,000
20,000
17,000
14,000
9,000
17,000
9,000
6,000
4,000
96,000
126,000
111,000
83,000
51,000
39,000
35,000
46,000
41,000
34,000
27,000
19,000
33,000
20,000
11,000
10,000
153,000 152,000 305,000
394,000
387,000
781,000
Male
Female
Total
68,000
87,000
74,000
60,000
42,000
29,000
24,000
33,000
29,000
22,000
18,000
13,000
19,000
13,000
6,000
7,000
69,000
86,000
74,000
58,000
39,000
33,000
27,000
31,000
27,000
22,000
18,000
12,000
20,000
11,000
7,000
5,000
137,000
173,000
148,000
118,000
81,000
62,000
51,000
64,000
56,000
45,000
36,000
25,000
39,000
24,000
13,000
12,000
547,000 539,000
1,086,000
Age
04
59
1014
1519
2024
2529
3034
3539
4044
4549
5054
5559
6064
6569
7074
75+
13.5
15.2
11.2
11.5
9.8
7.9
5.3
6.4
5.4
3.7
3.5
1.9
2.2
1.3
0.9
0.5
13.5
15.5
13.1
12.1
9.9
7.8
5.6
5.8
4.6
3.4
2.9
2.0
1.7
1.2
0.6
0.4
13.5
15.4
12.1
11.8
9.8
7.8
5.4
6.1
5.0
3.5
3.2
2.0
2.0
1.3
0.7
0.5
12.0
16.2
14.5
10.9
7.0
4.3
4.0
6.0
5.3
4.3
3.3
2.6
4.1
2.9
1.2
1.5
12.5
16.0
13.9
10.3
6.1
5.6
4.9
5.7
5.2
4.4
3.5
2.3
4.4
2.4
1.6
1.1
12.2
16.1
14.2
10.6
6.5
4.9
4.4
5.9
5.3
4.3
3.4
2.5
4.3
2.6
1.4
1.3
12.4
16.0
13.6
11.0
7.8
5.3
4.3
6.1
5.3
4.1
3.3
2.5
3.6
2.4
1.1
1.2
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
DNEandUNFPA,ProjesaunPopulasaunbaDistritus20042012,Dili,2008
15
Percentages
12.8
12.6
15.9
15.9
13.7
13.6
10.8
10.9
7.2
7.5
6.2
5.7
5.1
4.7
5.7
5.9
5.0
5.2
4.1
4.1
3.3
3.3
2.2
2.3
3.7
3.6
2.0
2.2
1.3
1.2
0.9
1.1
100.0
100.0
The distribution of the total population between the 5year age groups, and the urban/rural split,
arebasedontheactualdatacollectedintheLFS.Thetotalfiguresformalesandfemalesmatchup
fairly closely with the Preliminary Results of the 2010 Population and Housing Census, but are
slightly higher for both males and females, especially when one considers that the census figures
alsoincludetheinstitutionalpopulation. 6
TheTableshowsatotalpopulationofrathermorethanamillionpeople,withabout300,000(28%)
livinginareasclassifiedasurban.Thepopulationagedlessthan10yearscomestojustover300,000;
significantly, the number aged 0 to 4 is considerably smaller than the population aged 5 to 9,
implyingthattherehasbeenaslowingdowninthebirthrateinrecentyears;theshortfallismost
noticeableinruralareas.Thereareslightlymorethan700,000peopleinTimorLesteaged10and
over.
Looking at the percentage distribution, one key feature is the much higher proportion of young
people of working age living in urban areas. For instance, 17 percent of those in urban areas are
aged2029,whereasinruralareasthatagegroupformsonly11percentofthepopulation.
In contrast, another feature revealed by the percentages is the much higher proportion of elderly
people living in rural areas. Those aged 60 and over account for about 10 percent of the rural
populationbutonly5percentoftheurbanpopulation.
The breakdown into 5year age groups is too detailed for the presentation of most agerelated
tables in this report. Instead, we use the standard breakdown that is shown, for instance, in the
KILM publication produced by the ILO. 7 The KILM report makes extensive use of the following
broaderagegroups:1524,2534,3554,5564,and65+.Itshouldbenotedthattheagegroup
1524hasbeenusedforyouth,sincethisisinlinewiththeUnitedNationsrecommendationsforthe
definitionofyouth,andtheuseofthisagegroupinthetableswillaidinternationalcomparabilityof
thefiguresobtainedfromtheTimorLesteLFS.However,awideragegroupingof1529(inlinewith
the TimorLeste national definition of youth) has been used in the presentation of subnational
figures(atdistrictanddistrictgrouplevel)laterinthisreport,soitshouldbepossibletoworkout
nationalestimatesonbothbases.
Table2.2showsthedistributionofthepopulationbysex,localityandbroadagegroup.Thefocusof
thisLFSreportisonthepopulationaged15andover,whichnumbersabout628,000.
Table2.2PopulationofTimorLestebysex,localityandbroadagegroup
Agegroup
014
1524
2534
3554
5564
65+
Total
15+
Urban
Female
Total
64,000 125,000
33,000
66,000
20,000
40,000
25,000
54,000
6,000
12,000
3,000
7,000
Male
168,000
70,000
33,000
74,000
26,000
22,000
Rural
Female
Total
164,000 333,000
63,000 134,000
40,000
73,000
73,000 148,000
26,000
53,000
20,000
42,000
Male
229,000
103,000
53,000
103,000
33,000
26,000
TimorLeste
Female
228,000
97,000
61,000
98,000
32,000
23,000
153,000
152,000
305,000
394,000
387,000
781,000
547,000
539,000
1,086,000
92,000
88,000
180,000
226,000
223,000
449,000
318,000
311,000
628,000
TLLFS2010
Male
61,000
32,000
20,000
29,000
6,000
4,000
6
7
DNE,PopulationandHousingCensus2010:PreliminaryResults,TimorLeste,October2010
ILO,Keyindicatorsofthelabourmarket,Sixthedition,2009(availableonline)
16
Total
457,000
199,000
113,000
202,000
65,000
49,000
Thesurveydatacanalsobeusedtoprovideestimatesofthebroadagedistributionsineachdistrict.
TheseareshowninTable2.3,intermsofpercentagedistributionbybroadagegroup.Theestimated
population,numberofhouseholds,andaveragehouseholdsizearealsoshownforeachdistrict.
Also included in the Table is a figure showing the dependency ratio for each district. This is
calculatedasthenumberofpeoplewhoareoutsidethenormalworkingage(becausetheyareaged
60orover,orlessthan15)dividedbythenumberofpeopleofworkingage(theagegroup1559has
beenusedhere).Asexpected,theproportionofyoungerpeople(aged1529)ishigherinDilithan
elsewhere in the country. As a result, Dili has a much lower dependency ratio (76) than other
districts.Thismeansthatthereare76peopleinthedependentagegroupsforevery100peoplein
theworkingagegroup.Incontrast,Ainaro,BaucauandViquequehavedependencyratiosthatare
wellover100.
Table2.3Percentagedistributionofthehouseholdpopulationineachdistrictbyagegroup,
andpopulation,dependencyratio,numberofhouseholds,andaveragehouseholdsize
014
1529
3044
4559
60+
Household
Total population
Ainaro
Aileu
Baucau
Bobonaro
Covalima
Dili
Ermera
Liquica
Lautem
Manufahi
Manatuto
Oecusse
Viqueque
45.8
43.3
43.2
42.1
41.7
39.7
44.2
38.4
44.7
40.9
41.7
42.6
44.8
21.8
26.6
19.4
18.9
24.3
30.8
23.3
28.2
20.6
24.1
25.4
20.2
17.3
15.5
11.5
15.4
15.2
13.7
17.1
16.2
13.2
17.7
15.3
14.6
16.9
18.1
7.2
10.7
10.2
12.0
9.6
8.8
10.0
11.8
7.9
11.0
9.6
11.3
9.0
9.7
7.9
11.8
11.8
10.7
3.7
6.3
8.5
9.1
8.6
8.7
8.9
10.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
64,000
40,000
113,000
89,000
62,000
256,000
109,000
70,000
62,000
48,000
39,000
69,000
64,000
125
105
122
117
110
76
102
88
117
98
102
106
125
11,000
11,000
22,000
19,000
11,000
30,000
22,000
12,000
12,000
8,000
9,000
18,000
11,000
Average
house
hold
size
5.9
3.8
5.2
4.7
5.6
8.6
5.0
6.1
5.5
6.1
4.5
3.7
5.7
TimorLeste
42.1
24.1
15.8
9.8
8.1
100.0
1,086,000
101
195,000
5.6
Agegroup
Depen
dency
ratio
No.of
house
holds
TLLFS2010
Basedonthesurveyfigures,itisestimatedthattherearealmost200,000householdsinTimorLeste.
Thereareabout28,000households(15%ofthetotal)thatarefemaleheaded,withtheproportion
beingthesameinurbanandruralareas.TheaveragehouseholdsizeintheLFSwas5.6,whichisonly
slightlylowerthantheestimateof5.8showninthereportcontainingthepreliminaryresultsofthe
2010 census. In the LFS, two districts had average household sizes that were less than 4: Oecusse
and Aileu. The 2010 population census also had Oecusse as the district with the lowest average
householdsize.ThereasonforthelowLFSfigureforAileuisunclear,thoughonesmallfactormaybe
the fact that, by chance, no urban area in Aileu was included in the LFS. In contrast, Dili had an
averagehouseholdsizeof8.6whichisabouttwopersonsmorethanwereshowninthecensus.
2.2Literacy
During the process of listing all household members, those aged 15 years and over were asked
whether they could speak, read and write complete sentences in the following languages: Tetum,
Portuguese, Bahasa, English, and any other language. Table 2.4 shows the results, separately for
males and females, and for both combined. Virtually the whole population aged 15 and over are
literateinTetum.TheonlyexceptionisinOecusse,whereonly65percentwereliterateinTetum.
17
Abouthalfthepopulationaged15andoverisliterateinBahasa,andajustoverathirdisliteratein
Portuguese. Only 1 in 6 of the population aged 15 and over is literate in English. For these three
languagestheliteracyrateismuchhigherinurbanthaninruralareas.Ingeneralfemaleslagslightly
behindintheirliteracylevels,comparedwithmales.
Table2.4Percentageofmalesandfemalesaged15andoverreportingthattheyare
literateinvariouslanguages:Tetum,Portuguese,Bahasa,English
(thesefiguresareselfrespondednottested)Percentages
Tetum
Ainaro
Aileu
Baucau
Bobonaro
Covalima
Dili
Ermera
Liquica
Lautem
Manufahi
Manatuto
Oecusse
Viqueque
Urban
Rural
TimorLeste
100
100
Portuguese
Bahasa
English
100
100
99
100
34
20
42
28
33
58
40
37
41
54
43
28
39
23
14
26
19
23
49
30
28
30
38
33
22
22
29
17
34
24
28
54
35
32
35
46
38
25
30
35
23
40
41
40
72
36
40
44
39
39
39
31
39
31
47
49
46
75
42
45
52
46
44
43
42
12
7
13
14
17
37
20
11
14
24
12
10
12
11
2
11
11
12
30
16
7
9
20
9
7
9
12
5
12
12
14
33
18
9
11
22
11
8
10
44
37
53
57
52
79
47
51
62
52
49
48
54
99
99
99
56
47
52
77
70
74
35
28
32
96
93
95
36
26
31
50
37
43
14
10
12
97
95
96
42
32
37
58
46
52
20
15
18
98
94
96
100
100
100
99
100
100
99
100
99
100
99
99
100
100
100
92
82
87
100
100
100
100
100
100
70
61
65
100
96
98
TLLFS2010
2.3Education
Table2.5showsthehighestlevelofeducationcompletedbythepopulationaged15andover.
Almost 40 percent had not had any education at all, and another quarter had not gone beyond
primary level. Females were markedly worse off than males; 45 percent of females had had no
educationatall,whileformalesthefigurewas34percent.TheLFSindicatesthatthereare11,000
people in TimorLeste who have completed a university education, and another 4,000 who have
completedadiplomaatapolytechnic.Menaretwiceaslikelyaswomentohavereachedthisfar.
18
Table2.5Highestlevelofeducationcompletedbythoseaged15andover,bysexandlocality
Urban
Highestlevelof
educationcompleted
None
Preprimary
Primary
Presecondary
Secondary
TechnicalSec.
Vocationalcourse
Polytechnic/Diploma
University
Male
Female
Total
15,000
3,000
20,000
17,000
29,000
1,000
*
2,000
4,000
Total
Highestlevelof
educationcompleted
None
Preprimary
Primary
Presecondary
Secondary
TechnicalSec.
Vocationalcourse
Polytechnic/Diploma
University
Total
22,000
2,000
16,000
16,000
27,000
*
*
1,000
3,000
37,000
5,000
36,000
33,000
56,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
7,000
92,000
88,000
180,000
%
17.0
2.9
21.8
18.9
31.9
1.0
0.3
1.7
4.5
100
%
24.7
2.7
18.6
18.3
30.6
0.3
0.3
1.0
3.6
100
%
20.8
2.8
20.3
18.6
31.3
0.7
0.3
1.3
4.0
100

Rural
Male
Female
Total
119,000 211,000
8,000
20,000
42,000
94,000
29,000
62,000
23,000
52,000
*
2,000
*
1,000
*
2,000
1,000
4,000
226,000 223,000 449,000
92,000
11,000
53,000
32,000
30,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
%
40.9
5.1
23.3
14.4
13.2
0.9
0.3
0.6
1.3
100
%
53.3
3.8
18.7
13.1
10.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
100
TimorLeste
%
47.1
4.4
21.0
13.7
11.7
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.9
100

Male
Female
108,000 141,000 249,000

14,000
11,000
25,000
73,000
58,000 131,000
50,000
45,000
95,000
59,000
49,000 109,000
3,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
4,000
7,000
4,000
11,000
318,000 311,000 628,000
%
34.0
4.4
22.9
15.7
18.6
0.9
0.3
0.9
2.2
100
%
%
45.2
39.5
3.5
4.0
18.7
20.8
14.5
15.1
15.9
17.3
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.7
1.3
1.8
100
100
TLLFS2010
One question in the survey asked whether the person was attending school. The question was
intended for all those aged 6 and over, but very few responses were received in respect of those
aged6to9years.Thiswasprobablybecausethepreviousquestionshadbeenaddressedtothose
aged10andover.ThefiguresshowninTable2.6arethereforelimitedtothisagegroupaswell.
Wherepersonswereatschool,nodetailswerecollectedofthecurrentlevelofschoolingtheywere
attending,soTable2.6showstheirhighestlevelofeducationcompleted.
Thetotalnumberofmalesandfemalesattending schoolisidenticalforthoseagedunder20.Itis
onlyamongstthoseaged20andoverthattherearemoremalesthanfemalesattendingeducational
institutions;thereareabout7,000extramalesattending.Therearethesamenumbersofmalesand
femalesaged10andoverwhoarenotattendingschool,withsimilarnumbersineachagegroup.
19
Total
Table2.6Currentattendanceatschooletc.,bysex,agegroupandhighestlevelofeducationcompleted
MALES
Currentlyattendingschooletc.
Agegroup
Highesteducation
levelcompleted
None
Preprimary
Primary
Presecondary
Secondary
Technicalsecondary
Vocationalcourse
Polytechnic/Diploma
University
Notcurrentlyattendingschooletc.
Agegroup
1519
2024
25+
Total
1014
1519
2024
25+
Total
9,000
28,000
29,000
5,000
*
*
1,000
4,000
21,000
19,000
5,000
*
*
*
2,000
9,000
8,000
*
*
1,000
*
1,000
5,000
*
*
*
2,000
3,000
*
*
*
5,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
5,000
2,000
7,000
*
96,000 109,000
9,000 10,000
42,000 50,000
17,000 21,000
33,000 41,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
50,000 21,000
8,000
Total
71,000
None
Preprimary
Primary
Presecondary
Secondary
Technicalsecondary
Vocationalcourse
Polytechnic/Diploma
University
1014
FEMALES
Highesteducation
levelcompleted
10,000
32,000
53,000
34,000
18,000
*
*
*
3,000
150,000
Currentlyattendingschooletc.
Agegroup
1014 1519 2024
25+
8,000
26,000
31,000
5,000
*
1,000
3,000
21,000
19,000
6,000
*
*
2,000
7,000
7,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
3,000
*
*
*
1,000
50,000 18,000
5,000
Total
71,000
Total
3,000 10,000 21,000 207,000 242,000
Notcurrentlyattendingschooletc.
Agegroup
1014 1519 2024
25+
Total
3,000
*
*
*
4,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
10,000
29,000
54,000
31,000
17,000
*
*
*
2,000
143,000

3,000
5,000 130,000 142,000

1,000
6,000
8,000
4,000 30,000 36,000
3,000 15,000 19,000
8,000 24,000 33,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
8,000 21,000 209,000 241,000
TLLFS2010
2.4Vocationaltraining
The ability of people to function effectively in their jobs depends not just on their level of
educational attainment, but also on any further training that they have received in areas directly
related to the work they have to perform. Much of this training will be received onthejob, but
moreformaltrainingisoftengiven.
Everyone aged 15 and over who had a job or business (as defined by the survey) was asked two
questionsabouttraining(Q2627).Thefirstquestionaskedwhatkindofworkthepersonhadbeen
trainedfororwhattheyhadlearnedtodo.Theresponseswerethencoded,usingthestandardISCO
occupational classification (see Annex D). The second question asked how the person had been
trained or how they had learnt. The interviewer was provided with six codes for recording the
response:formalschooling;vocationaltrainingprogramme;trainingprogrammeprovidedbyNGO,
etc.; onthejob training provided by an enterprise or employer; learning from parent, relative or
friend;andbeingselftaught.
20
Table2.7Percentagedistributionoftypeoftrainingreceivedbythoseinemployment,
bysexandtypeofworkforwhichthepersonhasbeentrained
Percentages
Training
programme
Vocational
provided
Formal
training
byNGO
schooling programme
etc.
Typeoftraining
Onthejob
training
providedby
enterprise/
employer
Learning
from
parent,
relative,
friend
Base
totals
Total
Self
taught
Worktrainedfor
Managers
Professionals
Technicians
Clerical
Service&sales
Skilledagricworkers
Craft&relatedtrades
Machineoperators
Elementaryoccupations
BOTHSEXES
7
5
3
6
2
4
2
Alloccupations
Basetotals
25
33
6
10
1
2
1
0
43
47
13
49
11
1
4
8
8
6
15
23
2
11
10
3
5
26
20
23
15
45
72
21
7
6,000
13
12,000
3
3,000
8
7,000
22
19,000
17
2
46
39
78
36
18
70
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
47
42,000
3,000
12,000
8,000
2,000
12,000
13,000
7,000
4,000
27,000
100
88,000
Worktrainedfor
Managers
Professionals
Technicians
Clerical
Service&sales
Skilledagricworkers
Craft&relatedtrades
Machineoperators
MALES
Alloccupations
Basetotals
20
29
5
12
1
3
1
*
46
48
16
67
17
2
10
Alloccupations
Basetotals
6
4
5
*
4
3
9
9
7
1
31
1
20
9
3
6
27
20
24
13
55
77
22
6
4,000
15
9,000
3
2,000
8
5,000
23
14,000
Worktrainedfor
Managers
Professionals
Technicians
Clerical
Service&sales
Skilledagricworkers
Craft&relatedtrades
Machineoperators
63
39
8
8
2
19
45
8
35
2
FEMALES
18
7
1
11
5
5
*
2
25
20
22
20
36
22
16
8
2,000
10
3,000
4
1,000
7
2,000
19
5,000
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
46
28,000
6
3
26
10
4
4
21
6
20
3
40
26
81
10
14
70
3,000
8,000
5,000
1,000
7,000
10,000
3,000
4,000
22,000
100
62,000
56
59
71
59
56
73
52
13,000
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
*
4,000
3,000
1,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
*
6,000
100
6,000
26,000
TLLFS2010
Note:ThestandardmajorgroupsofISCO08havebeenusedforclassifyingthetypeofworkforwhichpeoplehavebeentrained.
21
About88,000personsinemployment(nearlythreequartersofthemmales)reportedonthetypeof
training they had received. Half of them said they had been selftaught, and nearly a quarter said
theyhadlearnedabouttheworkfromaparent,relativeorfriend.Some28,000(20,000malesand
8,000females)hadreceivedmorespecifictrainingthroughoneoffourmethods:formalschooling,a
vocationaltrainingprogramme,atrainingprogrammeprovidedbyanNGOorothers,orthroughon
thejob training provided by an enterprise or employer. Those training to be managers,
professionalsorclericalworkers,weremostlikelytoreceivetheirtrainingthroughformalschooling
oravocationaltrainingprogramme.Ontheotherhand,theskillsrequiredforagriculturalwork,craft
and related trades, machine operation, and elementary occupations, were most likely to be self
taughtoracquiredfromfamilyorfriends.
22
Chapter3
Economicactivity
3.1Sourcesofhouseholdincome
Thereweretwoquestionsonthehouseholdquestionnaireconcerningthetopicofhouseholdcash
income.Thefirstoftheseaskedthehouseholdtoindicatewhichsourcesofincomethehousehold,
oritsmembers,had.Thefollowingninecodeswereavailable,andtheinterviewerwasexpectedto
markallcodesthatwerementioned:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Incomefromthesaleofownagricultural,livestockorfishingproducts
Incomefromselfemploymentinotheractivities(nonagricultural)
Incomefromwageemployment
Oldagepension
Subsidies/allowancesfromgovernment
Donations,scholarships,charityfromchurches,NGOs,internationalorganizationsetc
Remittances,alimony,giftsfromfamilymembersorotherhouseholds
Propertyincome(rent,interests,dividends,etc.)
Other(specify)
Table3.1showsthepercentageofhouseholdsineachdistrictreceivingeachsourceofcashincome.
Hardly any households mentioned donations etc. and property income, so these two codes have
beenomittedfrom thetable. EveninDilithe proportionofhouseholdsreceivingpropertyincome
waslessthan2percent.
Table3.1Percentageofhouseholdsreportingvarioussourcesofcashincome,bydistrict
Sourceofhouseholdincome
Agriculture,
Self
Wage
Pension Subsidies Remittances Others
fishing
employment employment
District
Ainaro
Aileu
Baucau
Bobonaro
Covalima
Dili
Ermera
Liquica
Lautem
Manufahi
Manatuto
Oecusse
Viqueque
81%
81%
21%
78%
62%
24%
92%
74%
43%
84%
71%
6%
4%
6%
8%
11%
4%
8%
16%
2%
9%
28%
3%
7%
11%
8%
16%
21%
18%
16%
20%
54%
10%
32%
19%
17%
32%
18%
21%
14%
3%
30%
27%
17%
3%
18%
4%
33%
10%
1%
27%
28%
6%
9%
1%
2%
12%
3%
*
26%
1%
9%
28%
*
3%
1%
1%
7%
1%
4%
5%
*
*
7%
1%
2%
13%
10%
TimorLeste
51%
10%
24%
17%
6%
4%
23
2%
1%
40%
10%
8%
5%
3%
1%
2%
69%
59%
Totalestimated
households
10,931(100%)
10,674(100%)
21,865(100%)
19,164(100%)
11,047(100%)
29,706(100%)
21,971(100%)
11,534(100%)
11,604(100%)
7,842(100%)
8,552(100%)
18,446(100%)
11,278(100%)
17% 194,615(100%)
OneproblemwithTable3.1isthat,inasmanyas17percentofcases,interviewershaddifficultyin
coding the responses and put the answer in the other (specify) code. Examination of these
responses indicates that the great majority of them refer to agricultural activities; some of these
refertohomeproducedagriculturalitemsbeingconsumedbythehouseholditself,whichdoesnot
generate any cash income, but others mentioned the sale of agricultural produce which clearly
shouldcountincode1.Itisthereforelikelythatthepercentagereportingagricultureasasourceof
incomeisconsiderablyhigherinBaucau,OecusseandViquequethanissuggestedbythefiguresfor
agriculture shown in Table 3.1. As a consequence, the total reporting agriculture as a source of
incomeshouldalsobehigherthanthe51percentshownintheTable.
Overall, just over a half of all households reported agricultural activities as a source of household
cash income. A quarter of all households reported receiving income from wage employment, 17
percentmentionedincomefromanoldagepension,and10percentmentionedincomefromself
employment outside agriculture. As one would expect, wage income was particularly common in
Dili,whereoverhalfofallhouseholdsreportedreceivingit.
Since thepercentagesacrosstherowsaddup tomorethan100percent,itisclearthattherehas

been some reporting of multiple sources of income. For instance, cash income from sale of
agricultural produce was sometimes combined with cash income from nonagricultural self
employment(2percentofallhouseholds),orwithincomefromwageemployment(4%),orwithan
oldagepension(6%)orwithsubsidiesorallowancesfromgovernment(4%).
Thesecondquestionconcerninghouseholdincomeinvolvedaskingthehouseholdrespondenthow
muchincomethehouseholdreceivedincashpermonth,afterpaymentoftaxesifany.Theanswers
were recorded in the form of income bands (in terms of US dollars) rather than specific amounts.
The bands used were: no cash income, less than 50 USD, 5099, 100199, 200299, 300399, 400
499,500749,750999,and1000USDormore.Table3.2showsthedistributionofresponses,again
bydistrict.
Table3.2Percentageofhouseholdsineachdistrictreportingvariouslevelsofincome
District
Amountofincomereceivedincashpermonthaftertax
No
Less
50
cash
than 99
income 50USD USD
100
199
USD
200
299
USD
300
399
USD
400
499
USD
500
749
USD
750
999
USD
1,000+
USD
Ainaro
Aileu
Baucau
Bobonaro
Covalima
Dili
Ermera
Liquica
Lautem
Manufahi
Manatuto
Oecusse
Viqueque
10%
45%
6%
1%
20%
5%
56%
58%
14%
45%
24%
22%
12%
13%
26%
34%
25%
22%
37%
23%
13%
28%
15%
8%
18%
30%
15%
9%
24%
13%
27%
27%
4%
8%
41%
17%
12%
40%
44%
33%
28%
24%
30%
37%
18%
10%
9%
11%
7%
5%
17%
7%
13%
26%
10%
7%
8%
8%
3%
7%
2%
3%
3%
2%
6%
7%
6%
4%
4%
2%
3%
2%
1%
2%
2%
1%
1%
4%
3%
1%
*
2%
1%
1%
2%
2%
2%
1%
*
*
4%
*
2%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
*
2%
*
1%
*
*
*
*
4%
*
*
*
1%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
TimorLeste
17%
23%
15%
26%
11%
4%
2%
1%
1%
1%
100%
24
Again,wecanseethatforthesamethreedistrictsasbefore(Baucau,Oecusse,andViqueque)there
is a problem in the reporting of cash income, since these districts are shown as having a large
percentageofhouseholdswithnocashincomeatall.Thisseemsimprobable.
A half of all households report monthly cash income in the range from 50 to 300 US dollars, and
aboutatenthreportedcashincomehigherthan300USdollars.Attheotherextreme,40percentof
households reported that their cash income was less than 50 dollars a month. Table 3.1 also
highlightsthecontrastbetweenthesituationinDiliandintherestofthecountry.InDilidistrict10
percentofhouseholdsreportreceivingatleast500USdollarsamonthin cash,whilein theother
districtsthecorrespondingpercentageisnevermorethan2percent.
3.2Labourforce
Asdiscussedinchapter1,apersonscurrentactivitystatusisakeyconceptinlabourforcesurveys.
Apersonisclassifiedintooneofthreestatuses:employed,unemployed,andinactive.Theemployed
and the unemployed, taken together, constitute the countrys labour force. Table 3.3 shows the
numbers in the labour force, by sex, locality and fiveyear age group. Among those aged 10 and
over,thereare262,000peopleinthelabourforce.Thereare178,000malesand84,000femalesin
thelabourforce.Intermsoflocality,76,000areinurbanareasand186,000inruralareas.Thetotal
numberinthelabourforce262,000representsthemaximumpotentialworkforce;theyarethose
who are currently employed or currently unemployed. Included in this group is less than 1,000
childrenaged10to14.Laterinthisreportweshallfocusonthoseaged15andover,sincethereare
sofewchildrenaged10to14reportedasbeingemployedorunemployed.
The Figures 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 shows the corresponding labour force participation rates (LFPR) in
graphicalform.TheLFPRisdefinedastheproportionoftherelevantgroup(e.g.malesaged2539
livinginaparticularlocality)whoarecurrentlyeconomicallyactive.
The graphs for urban and rural areas are very similar. In both cases the rate is very low at the
youngestages(forinstanceonly5or6percentforthoseaged15to20),butthenrisessteeplyfor
males, but much less steeply for females. The result is that for males, the participation remains
around the 80 to 90 percent level from age 30 up to age 60. For females, on the other hand, the
maximum participation rate is not achieved until they are in their late 40s, probably reflecting
womensreproductiveandchildcareroles.
25

Table3.3Numberinthelabourforce,bysex,agegroup,andlocality
Urban
Male Female
Rural
Total
Total
Male Female
Agegroup
1014
1519
2024
2529
3034
3539
4044
4549
5054
5559
6064
6569
70+
*
1,000
4,000
8,000
7,000
9,000
8,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
1,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
2,000
7,000
12,000
10,000
13,000
10,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
*
*
4,000
9,000
12,000
13,000
20,000
18,000
14,000
10,000
8,000
11,000
5,000
2,000
Total
52,000
24,000
76,000
15+
52,000
24,000
Agegroup
1014
1519
2024
2529
3034
3539
4044
4549
5054
5559
6064
6569
70+
0.1
1.8
8.3
15.7
13.7
17.6
14.7
9.2
8.4
4.5
2.9
2.3
0.9
Total
100
*
2,000
4,000
6,000
6,000
8,000
9,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
Total
Male Female
Total
1,000
5,000
13,000
18,000
20,000
27,000
26,000
23,000
15,000
12,000
15,000
7,000
4,000
1,000
5,000
13,000
20,000
20,000
29,000
25,000
19,000
14,000
10,000
12,000
7,000
3,000
*
3,000
7,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
11,000
11,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
7,000
20,000
30,000
30,000
40,000
37,000
30,000
22,000
16,000
17,000
9,000
4,000
126,000
60,000 187,000
179,000
84,000
263,000
76,000
126,000
60,000 186,000
178,000
84,000
262,000
0.1
3.5
11.8
15.0
13.5
15.1
12.0
9.2
7.3
6.5
3.0
2.4
0.6
0.1
2.4
9.4
15.5
13.6
16.8
13.8
9.2
8.1
5.1
2.9
2.3
0.9
0.4
2.8
7.0
9.4
10.5
15.5
14.1
11.4
7.9
6.4
8.4
4.3
2.0
0.6
2.8
7.0
9.6
10.7
12.8
14.3
13.8
9.3
6.7
7.2
3.1
2.1
0.5
2.8
7.0
9.5
10.6
14.6
14.2
12.2
8.3
6.5
8.0
3.9
2.0
0.3
2.5
7.4
11.3
11.5
16.1
14.3
10.7
8.0
5.8
6.8
3.7
1.7
0.5
3.0
8.3
11.1
11.5
13.4
13.7
12.5
8.7
6.7
6.0
2.9
1.6
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Percentages
0.3
2.7
7.7
11.2
11.5
15.3
14.1
11.3
8.2
6.1
6.5
3.4
1.6
100
Table3.4Labourforceparticipationrates,byage,sex,andlocality
Male
Urban
Female
Total
Rural
Male Female
Total
Total
Male Female Total
Agegroup
1014
1519
2024
2529
3034
3539
4044
4549
5054
5559
6064
6569
70+
0.2
5.5
29.0
68.2
88.9
93.7
93.2
85.8
83.0
78.8
44.3
60.0
22.4
0.1
4.6
18.4
29.7
37.6
40.3
40.7
42.1
39.4
51.8
26.7
30.9
9.2
0.1
5.0
23.7
49.1
62.6
68.4
69.2
64.8
63.3
65.3
36.6
45.9
17.0
0.8
8.3
32.1
69.8
84.9
82.7
84.8
85.2
76.4
77.1
65.6
47.8
23.4
0.7
4.3
17.7
26.7
33.9
34.6
42.4
48.5
40.8
44.6
25.0
20.6
11.6
0.8
6.4
25.5
45.8
56.9
59.4
63.9
66.7
58.1
62.0
44.6
35.6
17.5
0.7
7.5
31.0
69.1
86.3
85.9
87.2
85.4
78.3
77.5
61.9
49.6
23.2
0.5
4.4
18.0
27.8
35.1
36.2
42.0
47.0
40.4
46.4
25.3
22.3
11.3
0.6
6.0
24.8
47.0
58.8
62.0
65.3
66.3
59.5
62.8
43.4
37.2
17.4
Total
47.9
21.9
34.9
44.6
21.7
33.2
45.5
21.7
33.7
26
27
Inactivity
Inoperationalterms,becauseofthewaythefilterswork,thecurrentlyinactiveshouldhavebeen
definedasthosewhoansweredQ.67(aboutthereasonwhytheydidnotwanttoworklastweek)
together with those who answered Q.68 (about why they were not available for work within the
next15days).
Table3.5showsthecharacteristicsoftheinactivepopulation,intermsofage,sex,andthelocality
where they live. There are just over half a million who are classified as inactive; these are people
who are not currently working and are not available for work. Just over200,000 males and about
300,000 females are classified as inactive. A substantial proportion of the inactive population is
accounted for by young people under the age of 20; they constitute 50 percent of the inactive
population.
Table3.5Theinactivepopulation,bysex,agegroupandlocality
Male Female
1014
1519
2024
2529
3034
3539
4044
4549
5054
5559
6064
6569
7074
17,000
16,000
11,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
20,000
18,000
12,000
8,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
Total
57,000
15+
Urban
40,000
Rural
Total
37,000
34,000
23,000
12,000
6,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
Male
Female
Total
57,000
39,000
19,000
5,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
5,000
6,000
8,000
54,000 110,000
38,000 77,000
19,000 38,000
16,000 21,000
12,000 15,000
14,000 18,000
12,000 15,000
9,000 11,000
8,000 11,000
5,000
7,000
13,000 18,000
7,000 13,000
18,000
9,000
84,000 141,000
156,000
216,000 372,000
64,000 104,000
100,000
163,000 262,000
TimorLeste
Male
Female
Total
74,000 73,000 147,000

56,000 55,000 111,000
29,000 31,000 61,000
9,000 24,000 33,000
3,000 18,000 21,000
5,000 20,000 24,000
4,000 16,000 20,000
3,000 12,000 15,000
4,000 11,000 15,000
3,000
6,000
9,000
7,000 15,000 22,000
7,000
9,000 15,000
10,000 11,000 25,000
213,000 300,000 513,000
139,000 227,000 366,000
TLLFS2010
TheLFSprovidesuswithinformationonthereasonsfortheirinactivity(Table3.6).Byfarthelargest
group is those who are in school or in training (292,000). This is hardly surprising, since we are
consideringhereallpeopleaged10andover,andmanyofthoseintheyoungeragegroupswillstill
be in fulltime education. Among women, family duties constitute a major reason for inactivity.
Morethanathirdofinactivefemales(36%)gavethisasthereasonfortheirinactivity.
Amongotherreasonsgivenforinactivity,8percentwerereportedasretiredortoooldtowork,and
1percentastooyoungtowork;4percentwereinactivebecausetheywerepregnant,illordisabled;
and1percentsaidtheyhadnodesiretowork.Afewpeoplewhowereinactivereportedthatitwas
theoffseasonforworkactivity;thisgroupnumberedabout3,000,whichwaslessthan1percentof
allinactivepeople.Finally,4percentgaveotherreasonsfortheirinactivity.
28
Table3.6Theinactivepopulation,bysex,localityandreasonforinactivity
Urban
Male Female
Reasonforinactivity
Inschool/training
Familyduties
Pregnancy,illness,disability
Retiredortoooldtowork
Tooyoungtowork
Nodesiretowork
Offseason
Otherreason
Total
Reasonforinactivity
Inschool/training
Familyduties
Pregnancy,illness,disability
Retiredortoooldtowork
Tooyoungtowork
Nodesiretowork
Offseason
Otherreason
Total
43,000
3,000
2,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
57,000
Total
44,000 87,000
29,000 31,000
3,000
5,000
5,000
9,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
*
2,000
2,000
3,000
84,000 141,000
Male
Rural
Female
Total
Male
TimorLeste
Female
Total
108,000 98,000 206,000

151,000 141,000 292,000
11,000 80,000
91,000
14,000 108,000 123,000
6,000
9,000
15,000
8,000
12,000
20,000
14,000 18,000
33,000
18,000
23,000
41,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
7,000
1,000
*
1,000
2,000
*
3,000
11,000
8,000
18,000
12,000
10,000
22,000
156,000 216,000 372,000
213,000 300,000 513,000
Percentages
75.6
52.2
61.6
69.1
45.2
55.2
70.8
47.1
57.0
4.9
34.0
22.3
7.3
36.9
24.5
6.7
36.1
23.9
3.1
3.3
3.2
4.0
4.3
4.1
3.7
4.0
3.9
7.3
5.5
6.2
9.1
8.5
8.7
8.6
7.6
8.0
2.1
1.2
1.6
0.9
0.7
0.8
1.2
0.8
1.0
2.4
1.2
1.6
2.0
0.8
1.3
2.1
0.9
1.4
2.1
0.4
1.1
0.8
0.0
0.3
1.1
0.1
0.6
2.5
2.2
2.3
6.8
3.6
5.0
5.7
3.2
4.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
TLLFS2010
29
30
Chapter4
Employment
Inthischapterwedescribethecharacteristicsoftheemployedpopulation,coveringtopicssuchas
theirlevelofeducation,theoccupationstheyareengagedin,andtheirconditionsofwork.
4.1Educationlevelsoftheemployedpopulation
Table4.1providesinformationontheeducationallevelsoftheemployedpopulation.Thestatistics
aregivenseparatelyformalesandfemaleswithinurbanandruralareas.Theemployedpopulation
numbers about a quarter of a million persons, of whom 80,000 are females. The majority of the
employedpopulationaretobefoundinruralareas,butthereareabout71,000personsemployedin
urbanareas.Meninemploymentoutnumberwomeninbothurbanandruralareas,byafactorof
morethan2to1.
Halfoftheemployedpopulation(124,000)haslittleornoeducation,andafurther70,000havenot
gone as far as completing secondary education. At the higher levels, some 9,000 persons have
completed a course at a university or polytechnic, and a further 49,000 persons have completed
secondaryorequivalenteducation.
Table4.1Personsaged15+inemployment,bysex,localityandlevelofcompletededucation
Urban
Highestlevelof
educationcompleted
None
Preprimary
Primary
Presecondary
Secondary
Technicalsecondary
Vocationalcourse
Polytechnic/Diploma
University
Total
Rural
Male Female
Total
10,000
1,000
11,000
6,000
16,000
1,000
*
1,000
2,000
49,000
7,000
*
4,000
2,000
6,000
*
*
1,000
1,000
22,000
17,000
2,000
15,000
8,000
22,000
1,000
*
2,000
4,000
71,000
59,000
6,000
26,000
10,000
17,000
2,000
*
1,000
1,000
124,000
TimorLeste
Male Female
31
Total
38,000 97,000
1,000
8,000
7,000 33,000
4,000 14,000
6,000 24,000
*
2,000
*
*
*
2,000
*
1,000
58,000 182,000
Male Female
69,000
8,000
37,000
16,000
33,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
4,000
173,000
46,000
2,000
11,000
6,000
12,000
*
*
1,000
1,000
80,000
Total
114,000
10,000
48,000
22,000
45,000
3,000
1,000
4,000
5,000
252,000
TLLFS2010
The employmenttopopulation ratio (shown in Table 4.2) is a useful indicator to use, when
examining the level of employment of persons with different amounts of education. The
employmenttopopulation ratio is calculated simply as the percentage of all persons in each
categoryofinterestthatisemployed.Fortypercentofthepopulationaged15andoverisemployed.
Maleshavearateofemploymenttwiceashighasfemales.Theratesofemploymentinurbanand
ruralareasareverysimilar.Therearenocleartrendsinthevalueoftheemploymenttopopulation
ratioforpersonswithdifferentlevelsofeducation,exceptthatthosewithsometechnicaleducation
(atsecondaryorpolytechniclevel)appeartoexperiencehigherratesofemploymentthanothers.
Table4.2Employmenttopopulationratio,bysex,localityandlevelofcompletededucation
Percentages
Highestlevelof
educationcompleted
None
Preprimary
Primary
Presecondary
Secondary
Technicalsecondary
Vocationalcourse
Polytechnic/Diploma
University
Total
Urban
Male
Female
64.2
53.2
56.1
34.8
53.3
81.1
*
84.0
58.9
34.2
21.0
21.9
13.7
22.1
39.7
*
69.8
37.5
53.3
24.6
Rural
Total
46.8
38.0
40.7
24.7
38.4
72.7
*
78.9
49.6
39.3
TimorLeste
Male Female
Total
63.7
56.2
49.4
32.0
58.4
85.1
*
93.6
42.1
54.8
45.9
39.9
35.5
22.8
45.5
80.9
*
94.2
37.1
40.5
32.1
17.7
17.8
12.6
28.4
*
*
*
*
26.1
Male Female
63.8
55.7
51.3
32.9
55.9
83.8
58.2
88.4
51.8
54.4
32.4
18.4
19.0
13.0
25.0
*
*
78.3
33.8
25.7
Total
46.0
39.5
36.9
23.5
41.8
78.2
45.9
85.2
45.2
40.2
TLLFS2010
Table4.3showstheeducationlevelofpersonswithdifferentoccupations.Wecansee,forinstance,
that a quarter of all persons in professional occupations have a polytechnic or university
qualification.
Incontrast,thegreatmajorityofthoseworkinginwhatareclassifiedaselementaryoccupationsand
skilled agricultural workers (see Annex D for the definition) have few or no educational
qualifications. Almost 40 percent of those classified as service and sales workers, and a similar
proportionofthefairlysmallnumberclassifiedasmachineoperators,haveobtainedqualifications
atleastatsecondarylevel.
32
Table4.3Employedpersonsbysex,educationallevelandoccupation
Levelofeducationcompleted
BOTHSEXES
Managers
Professionals
Technicians
Clerical
Service&sales
Skilledagricworkers
Craft&relatedtrades
Machineoperators
None,
less
Secondary,
than Primary,
technical,
primary presec vocational
Poly
technic,
university
Total
None,
Secondary,
lessthan Primary,
technical,
primary presec vocational
Poly
technic,
university
Total
1,000
1,000
7,000
*
5,000
28,000
7,000
1,000
74,000
2,000
3,000
6,000
*
8,000
9,000
5,000
4,000
33,000
3,000
13,000
5,000
1,000
7,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
11,000
1,000
7,000
6,000 22,000
1,000 19,000
*
2,000
* 20,000
* 39,000
* 14,000
*
8,000
* 118,000
15.4
2.6
36.5
10.7
23.3
72.0
49.3
15.2
62.5
25.0
13.5
33.3
10.8
38.4
22.0
36.8
46.4
28.3
Percentages
45.0
14.5
59.0
25.0
26.1
4.1
59.2
19.3
37.8
0.5
5.8
0.2
13.3
0.5
37.7
0.7
8.9
0.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
123,000
70,000
48,000
8,000 249,000
49.5
28.1
19.1
3.4
100.0
MALES
Managers
Professionals
Technicians
Clerical
Service&sales
Skilledagricworkers
Craft&relatedtrades
Machineoperators
1,000
1,000
3,000
*
2,000
20,000
3,000
1,000
45,000
2,000
2,000
4,000
*
5,000
7,000
4,000
4,000
25,000
3,000
9,000
3,000
*
5,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
8,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
6,000
15,000
10,000
1,000
12,000
29,000
9,000
8,000
79,000
17.2
3.3
29.8
20.5
16.0
69.2
32.8
15.1
57.2
27.5
13.8
36.5
17.5
41.5
24.1
47.9
46.5
32.0
41.7
58.0
27.2
49.5
42.3
6.6
18.5
37.8
10.4
13.7
24.9
6.4
12.4
0.2
0.2
0.8
0.7
0.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
76,000
53,000
35,000
6,000 170,000
44.8
31.3
20.4
3.5
100.0
FEMALES
Managers
Professionals
Technicians
Clerical
Service&sales
Skilledagricworkers
Craft&relatedtrades
Machineoperators
*
4,000
3,000
8,000
4,000
*
28,000
*
1,000
3,000
*
2,000
2,000
1,000
*
8,000
1,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
*
*
*
2,000
*
2,000
*
*
*
1,000
7,000
9,000
1,000
7,000
10,000
5,000
*
39,000
0.0
1.1
44.6
0.0
35.5
79.8
77.1
18.2
73.4
2.7
12.7
29.4
3.6
33.1
16.5
18.2
45.5
20.6
75.1
61.2
24.7
69.7
30.3
3.8
4.7
36.3
5.8
22.1
25.0
1.3
26.7
1.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
47,000
17,000
13,000
2,000
79,000
59.7
21.1
16.2
3.0
100.0
Total
33
TLLFS2010
4.2Occupationandsectorofeconomicactivity
TheLFSprovidesdetailedinformationonthenatureofpeopleseconomicactivity.Table4.4ashows
theinteractionbetweentwokeyvariables,occupationandindustry,whileTable4.4bgivesthesame
information separately for males and females. In classifying each persons occupation, a 4digit
codingframewasusedtocodetheresponsesthatinterviewershadobtained.Similarlyforindustry,
a 4digit coding frame was used. However, in Tables 4.4a and 4.4b only the first digits of the
occupation and industry classifications have been used, since otherwise the cell values would
becometoosmallandthetabletoolarge.
Themarginsofthetableshowthebroadnumbersineachcategoryofoccupationandindustry.
Intermsofeconomicsector,themajorsectorsofemploymentareagriculture,forestryandfishing
(127,000 persons), wholesale and retail trade (44,000), education (15,000) and construction
(13,000). In terms of occupation, the main occupations are what are termed elementary
occupations (118,000), skilled agricultural workers (39,000), professionals (22,000), technicians
(19,000),andserviceandsalesworkers(also19,000).
From the crosstabulation one can identify the major groups as the 99,000 persons in elementary
occupationsengagedinagriculture,andthe26,000skilledagriculturalworkersinagriculture.Other
significant numbers are the 14,000 technicians engaged in wholesale or retail trade, the 13,000
professionalsworkingintheeducationsector,andthe12,000skilledagriculturalworkersengagedin
wholesaleorretailtrade.
Table4.4aEmployedpersonsbyoccupationandindustry
Occupation(ISCO08majorgroup)
TIMORLESTE
Industry(ISICRev.4)
Agriculture,forestry,fishing
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricityetc.
Watersupply
Construction
Wholesale&retailtrade
Transportation&storage
Accommodation&food
Info&communications
Financial&insurance
Professional&scientific
Administrative&support
Publicadministration
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Otherserviceactivities
Householdsasemployers
Internationalorganizations
Total
Managers
Profess
Tech
ionals nicians
Clerical
Service
&sales
Skilled
agric.
workers
Craft&
related Machine
trades operators
Elementary
occupations Total
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
4,000
1,000
*
1,000
*
7,000
*
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
*
*
13,000
1,000
3,000
*
*
*
22,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
14,000
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
1,000
19,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
*
*
2,000
*
*
*
7,000
*
1,000
*
*
6,000
2,000
*
*
*
*
1,000
19,000
26,000
*
12,000
39,000
6,000
*
*
5,000
2,000
*
*
*
*
*
14,000
*
1,000
*
*
*
6,000
*
*
*
1,000
8,000
99,000
1,000
*
*
6,000
8,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
118,000
127,000
1,000
8,000
*
*
13,000
44,000
8,000
2,000
2,000
*
2,000
6,000
6,000
15,000
3,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
*
248,000
TLLFS2010
34
Table4.4bEmployedpersonsbysex,occupationandindustry
Occupation(ISCO08majorgroup)
MALES
Industry(ISICRev.4)
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricityetc.
Watersupply
Construction
Accommodation&food
Info&communications
Financial&insurance
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Total
FEMALES
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricityetc.
Watersupply
Construction
Accommodation&food
Info&communications
Financial&insurance
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Total
Managers
Profe
ssionals
Technicians
Clerical
Service
&sales
Skilled
agric
workers
Craft&
related
trades
Machine
operators
Elementary
occupations Total
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
3,000
1,000
*
*
*
6,000
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
*
*
9,000
*
2,000
*
*
15,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
*
*
1,000
*
*
10,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
3,000
*
*
5,000
2,000
*
*
*
*
12,000
20,000
*
8,000
29,000
2,000
*
*
5,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
9,000
*
1,000
*
*
*
6,000
*
*
*
1,000
8,000
66,000
1,000
*
5,000
5,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
79,000
87,000
1,000
3,000
*
*
13,000
24,000
8,000
1,000
2,000
*
1,000
6,000
6,000
10,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
*
169,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
*
1,000
*
*
4,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
7,000
*
*
*
7,000
*
*
*
1,000
*
*
9,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
*
4,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
7,000
6,000
*
4,000
10,000
4,000
*
1,000
5,000
*
*
33,000
*
*
*
*
4,000
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
39,000
40,000
*
5,000
*
1,000
20,000
*
1,000
*
*
1,000
*
*
5,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
79,000
35
TLLFS2010
Table 4.5a shows the distribution of the employed population by sector of economic activity,
accordingtotheirlevelofeducation.Allthesectorshavebeenincludedinthistable,eventhough
someofthem(electricity,watersupply,financeandinsurance,andinternationalorganizations)have
veryfewemployedpersonsworkinginthem.Adash()indicatesthatnopersonswerefoundinthat
category, while a star (*) indicates that the number in the category, when grossed up to national
level, came to less than 500 persons. About half of those with university or polytechnic
qualificationsareemployedintheeducationsector,withtherestbeingspreadaroundmanyother
sectors.Amongthosewithlittleornoeducation,themajorityareworkinginagriculture,butwitha
sizeablenumberalsoinwholesaleorretailtrade.
Table4.5aEmployedpersons,byindustryandlevelofeducationcompleted
TIMORLESTE
Sectorofactivity(ISICRev4)
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricityetc.
Watersupply
Construction
Accommodation&food
Information&communication
Financial&insurance
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Total
None
orpre
primary
Primary
orpre
secondary
Secondary,
technical, Polytechnic,
vocational
university
85,000
1,000
4,000
*
*
5,000
24,000
1,000
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
1,000
124,000
33,000
*
3,000
*
6,000
13,000
4,000
1,000
*
*
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
70,000
10,000
*
1,000
*
*
3,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
3,000
3,000
9,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
48,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
4,000
*
1,000
*
*
9,000
128,000
1,000
8,000
*
*
13,000
44,000
8,000
2,000
2,000
*
2,000
6,000
7,000
16,000
3,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
*
251,000
TLLFS2010
Total
Table4.5bprovidesthesameinformation,butseparatelyformalesandfemales.Manyofthecells
inthistablehavehadtobeleftblankbecausethenumbersinvolvedaretoosmalltoestimate.
36
Table4.5bEmployedpersons,bysex,industryandlevelofeducationcompleted
MALES
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricityetc.
Watersupply
Construction
Accommodation&food
Financial&insurance
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Total
FEMALES
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricityetc.
Watersupply
Construction
Accommodation&food
Financial&insurance
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Total
Noneor
pre
primary
Primaryor
pre
secondary
54,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
4,000
12,000
1,000
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
76,000
31,000
*
3,000
*
*
12,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
48,000
25,000
*
1,000
*
6,000
8,000
4,000
*
*
*
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
53,000
7,000
*
1,000
*
5,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
*
1,000
*
17,000
37
Secondary, Polytechnic,
vocational
university
8,000
*
1,000
*
*
2,000
4,000
2,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
3,000
3,000
6,000
1,000
2,000
*
*
*
35,000
2,000
*
*
*
*
3,000
*
1,000
*
*
1,000
*
*
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
13,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
3,000
*
1,000
*
*
6,000
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
2,000
Total
88,000
1,000
3,000
*
*
13,000
24,000
8,000
1,000
2,000
*
1,000
6,000
6,000
11,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
*
171,000
40,000
*
5,000
*
1,000
20,000
*
1,000
*
*
1,000
*
1,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
80,000
TLLFS2010
Table4.6providesestimatesofthenumberofmalesandfemalesinemployment,accordingtothe
sectorinwhichtheyworkandwhetheritisinanurbanorruralarea.Intheruralareas,almosttwo
thirds of employment is in the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. Other sizeable sectors are the
wholesaleandretailtrade,whichprovidesemploymentfor27,000,andtheeducationsector,where
11,000 are employed. In urban areas the agriculture sector is obviously far less important, though
there are still 13,000 people who gave that as their sector of employment. About 17,000 people
(withequalnumbersofmenandwomen)areemployedinwholesaleorretailtradeinurbanareas,
andtherestoftheemploymentisspreadacrossawidevarietyofsectors.
Table4.6Employedpersons,bysex,industryandlocality
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricityetc.
Watersupply
Construction
Accommodation&food
Financial&insurance
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Total
Urban
Male Female
9,000
4,000
*
*
2,000
1,000
*
*
*
6,000
*
9,000
8,000
6,000
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
5,000
*
2,000
*
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
48,000 22,000
Rural
Female
36,000
*
4,000
*
*
12,000
*
*
*
*
3,000
1,000
*
*
1,000
58,000
Total
13,000
*
3,000
*
*
7,000
17,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
*
1,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
*
70,000
Male
79,000
1,000
2,000
*
*
7,000
15,000
2,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
4,000
8,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
123,000
Total
115,000
1,000
5,000
*
*
7,000
27,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
2*
1,000
5,000
11,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
181,000
TimorLeste
Male
Female
88,000
40,000
1,000
*
3,000
5,000
*
*
*
13,000
1,000
24,000
20,000
8,000
*
1,000
1,000
2,000
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
6,000
*
6,000
1,000
11,000
5,000
1,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
171,000
80,000
4.3Statusinemployment
The indicator status in employment, shown in Tables 4.7a and 4.7b, enables us to classify the
working population into three important subgroups: employees (i.e. wage and salaried workers),
ownaccountworkers(i.e.selfemployedworkers)andcontributingfamilyworkers(alsoknownas
unpaidfamilyworkers).ThecategoryemployersisalsoincludedintheTables,buttheirnumbers
arerathersmall.Thepercentagedistributionsarealsoshownforeachtypeofstatus.
AccordingtotheLFSresults,thereare71,000persons(55,000malesand16,000females)whoare
classifiedasemployees.Amongmales,thelargest numbersareworkingintheconstructionsector
(10,000)andintheeducationsector(10,000).Forfemales,thelargestgroupofemployeesisinthe
education sector (5,000). Twothirds of male ownaccount workers are found in agriculture, while
mostoftheremainderworkinwholesaleorretailtrades.Femaleownaccountworkersaredivided
fairly evenly between agriculture and wholesale/retail trade. Contributing family workers are
working almost exclusively in the agricultural sector (42,000 males and 23,000 females), with the
remaindermainlyengagedinwholesale/retailtrade.
38
Total
128,000
1,000
8,000
*
*
13,000
44,000
8,000
2,000
2,000
*
2,000
6,000
7,000
16,000
3,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
*
251,000
TLLFS2010
Table4.7aEmployedpersons,bysectorofeconomicactivityandstatusinemployment
Statusinemployment
Contrib
uting
family
worker
Total
Employer
Statusinemployment
Employee
Contri
Own
buting
account
family
worker
worker
Percentages
Employee
Employer
Own
account
worker
Agriculture,forestry,fisheries
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricityetc.
Watersupply
Construction
Accommodation&food
Financial&insurance
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
1,000
1,000
2,000
*
*
11,000
4,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
*
2,000
6,000
7,000
15,000
3,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
*
2,000
*
*
*
2,000
*
*
*
*
*
59,000
1,000
5,000
2,000
33,000
2,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
65,000
*
1,000
*
*
6,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
127,000
1,000
8,000
*
*
13,000
44,000
8,000
2,000
2,000
*
2,000
6,000
7,000
16,000
3,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
*
1.8
0.7
3.3
0.5
0.1
15.1
5.3
8.7
2.9
2.9
0.2
2.2
8.7
9.3
21.7
3.7
7.5
2.7
2.5
0.3
36.2
1.6
1.7
0.0
0.0
11.3
36.3
5.9
1.9
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.7
1.5
1.5
0.0
58.0
0.7
4.9
0.0
0.0
1.7
31.7
1.7
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.0
89.2
0.2
0.8
0.1
0.0
0.6
7.8
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.0
50.9
0.6
3.2
0.2
0.0
5.3
17.4
3.4
0.9
0.9
0.1
0.6
2.5
2.7
6.2
1.2
2.2
0.8
0.9
0.1
Total
71,000
4,000
103,000
73,000
250,000
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
BOTHSEXES
39
Total
Table4.7bEmployedpersons,bysectorofeconomicactivityandstatusinemployment
MALES
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricityetc.
Watersupply
Construction
Accommodation&food
Financial&insurance
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Total
FEMALES
Contrib
uting
family
worker
Total
Statusinemployment
Employer
Statusinemployment
Employee
Contri
buting
family
worker
Total
Employee
Employer
Own
account
worker
1,000
*
2,000
*
*
10,000
2,000
6,000
1,000
2,000
*
1,000
6,000
6,000
10,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
*
55,000
1,000
*
*
*
1,000
*
3,000
43,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
17,000
2,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
66,000
42,000
*
*
*
4,000
*
*
*
*
47,000
87,000
1,000
3,000
*
*
13,000
24,000
8,000
1,000
2,000
*
1,000
6,000
6,000
11,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
*
171,000
2.3
0.8
3.2
0.4
0.1
18.7
4.2
10.9
1.6
3.1
0.1
1.6
10.6
11.2
19.0
2.0
6.7
1.6
1.5
0.4
100.0
35.2
2.4
1.2
0.0
0.0
14.0
37.5
8.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
0.0
0.0
100.0
65.3
0.8
2.1
0.0
0.0
2.4
25.5
2.6
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
89.4
0.2
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.9
7.8
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.0
100.0
51.2
0.7
1.9
0.1
0.0
7.4
14.0
4.8
0.5
1.0
0.0
0.6
3.4
3.7
6.2
0.9
2.3
0.5
0.5
0.1
100.0
Own
account
worker
Percentages
*
1,000
16,000
23,000
40,000
0.2
38.6
44.8
88.8
50.1
Mining&quarrying
*
*
*
*
0.5
0.0
0.4
0.3
0.4
Manufacturing
1,000
*
4,000
*
5,000
3.6
2.9
9.9
1.8
5.9
0.3
0.3
Electricityetc.
*
*
*
1.0
0.0
0.0
Watersupply
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Construction
*
*
*
1,000
2.5
5.5
0.5
0.0
0.8
1,000
*
16,000
2,000
20,000
9.4
33.8
43.0
7.8
24.7
*
*
0.9
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.3
Accommodation&food
1,000
*
*
*
1,000
7.3
5.9
0.0
0.3
1.7
*
*
*
2.3
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.5
*
*
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
Financial&insurance
1,000
*
1,000
4.1
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.8
*
*
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
*
1,000
2.8
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.7
Education
5,000
5,000
30.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.1
Health&socialwork
2,000
2,000
9.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
Arts&entertainment
2,000
*
*
2,000
10.1
5.5
0.0
0.2
2.2
1,000
*
1,000
6.7
2.4
0.0
0.0
1.4
1,000
*
*
*
1,000
5.7
4.7
1.0
0.3
1.8
*
*
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0
Total
16,000
1,000
36,000
26,000
79,000
Note:Thecategorymemberofproducerscooperativehasbeenomittedfromthetable,sinceitcontainedlessthananestimated500persons.
40
4.4Vulnerableemployment
Ausefulnewindicatorthathasbeenproposedrecentlyistherateofvulnerableemployment.
This is calculated as the sum of ownaccount workers and contributing family workers, taken as a
proportion of total employment. It is a measure of those with relatively precarious working
situations. These two status groups are considered as more vulnerable, because these people are
unlikelytohaveformalworkarrangementsoraccesstobenefitsorsocialprotectionprogrammes,
andtheyaremoreatrisktotheeffectsofeconomiccycles.Theratesofvulnerableemploymentare
showninTable4.8,formalesandfemalesseparatelyinurbanandruralareas,andforeachsectorof
economicactivity.
Table4.8Numberofpersonsinvulnerableemployment,bysex,localityandsectorofeconomicactivity
Agriculture
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Construction
Accommodation&food
Information&
communication
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Total
Agriculture
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Construction
Accommodation&food
Information&
communication
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Allsectors
Male
8,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
18,000
93.9
0.0
31.2
19.2
71.1
20.7
0.0
0.0
10.3
1.9
0.0
0.0
14.6
6.0
3.6
9.5
37.3
Urban
Female
4,000
*
1,000
*
7,000
*
*
Total
12,000
*
1,000
1,000
13,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
12,000 30,000
94.5
94.1
100.0
64.0
84.2
50.7
1.8
18.0
84.3
77.3
8.1
20.4
7.4
4.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
13.5
53.9
Male
77,000
*
1,000
1,000
14,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
95,000
97.7
52.7
62.7
12.4
93.8
32.4
0.0
0.0
6.3
1.8
0.0
0.0
7.7
3.9
1.5
11.5
42.5
10.9
0.0
0.0
4.6
2.5
30.2
2.7
0.0
0.0
77.5
Rural
Female
Total
35,000 112,000
*
1,000
3,000
4,000
*
1,000
11,000
25,000
*
1,000
*
Male
85,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
21,000
2,000
TimorLeste
Female
Total
39,000 125,000
*
1,000
4,000
6,000
*
2,000
18,000
38,000
*
2,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
51,000 146,000
113,000 62,000 175,000
Percentageoftotalemploymentwithineachcell
98.6
98.0
97.4
98.6
97.8
71.5
57.9
56.6
72.1
59.7
87.8
80.3
46.3
87.1
70.3
86.5
14.5
15.7
26.5
16.2
93.5
93.7
85.9
90.2
87.8
100.0
33.9
24.2
32.7
24.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.0
3.6
75.5
0.0
0.0
21.3
0.0
0.0
18.4
0.0
52.5
87.2
19.9
0.0
0.0
5.8
1.8
14.3
5.9
0.0
45.2
80.6
3.6
8.9
1.5
3.2
1.8
24.4
4.8
2.3
8.4
66.2
16.5
0.0
0.0
13.2
0.0
0.0
3.6
0.0
31.3
78.4
6.1
5.3
1.4
3.9
1.3
12.0
4.5
1.0
22.3
70.1
TLLFS2010
Note:Foursectorshavebeenomittedfromthistable,becausethenumbersemployedinthemaretoofewforanalysis:Electricity,
Water,Financeandinsurance,andInternationalorganizations.
41
Acrossallsectors,thevulnerableemploymentrateis70percent.Twothirdsofemployedmales
(66%)andthreequartersofemployedfemales(78%)areinvulnerableemployment,withtherates
being particularly high in the two key sectors of agriculture and wholesale/retail trade. There are
125,000 persons working in agriculture, forestry or fishing who can be considered in vulnerable
employment,representing98percentofallemploymentinthatsector.Thereare38,000engagedin
wholesale or retail trade who can be considered as in vulnerable employment, representing 88
percentofallemploymentinthatsector.
Thevulnerableemploymentrateistwiceashighinruralareas(81%)asinurbanareas(42%),andin
bothareasisverymuchhigherforwomenthanitisformen.
The absence of data in the bottom half of the table is instructive. It is partly due to the fact that
employment in all these sectors is relatively small, but also (as indicated by the percentages) that
theyarenotsubjecttovulnerableemploymenttothesameextentasthesectorsatthetopofthe
table.
4.5Sizeofestablishment
The survey collected information on the size of the establishment in which each person worked.
Foursectors(electricity,water,financialandinsurance,andinternationalorganizations)havebeen
excludedfromTable4.9abecausetheyhadtoofewobservations.Occasionallythepersondidnot
haveanyideaofthesizeoftheestablishmentoragreedwiththecodemorethan9whichhadbeen
offeredasanalternative,andthesefewcaseshavenotbeenincludedintheTablesbelow.
Inthe caseofsmallestablishmentswithlessthan10persons,moredetailwascollectedastothe
exact size of the establishment in which the person worked. Tables 4.9a and 4.9b present the
following picture. Out of the million employed persons in TimorLeste, 80 percent work in
establishments containing less than 5 persons. In fact, according to Table 4.9b, a third of all
employed persons are working alone. In the case of those engaged in wholesale/retail trade, over
halfofthemareworkingalone.
As one would expect, education is one sector where employed persons tend to work in larger
establishments.Itistheonlysectorwhereoverhalfofallemployedpersonsworkinestablishments
with at least 10people. The percentages for all sectors have been included for completeness, but
theexactvaluesofthepercentagesarenotofgreatrelevance,sincethebasefiguresinmanyofthe
sectorsaresosmall.
42
Table4.9aEmployedpersonsbysectorofactivityandsizeofestablishmentinwhichtheywork
Sizeofestablishment
14
59
1019 2049 5099
100+
Total
TIMORLESTE
Sectorofactivity(ISICRev.4)
119,000
6,000
2,000
*
*
127,000
Mining&quarrying
1,000
*
*
1,000
Manufacturing
7,000
*
*
*
*
*
8,000
Construction
6,000
3,000
2,000 1,000
*
*
13,000
39,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
*
43,000
6,000
*
1,000
*
*
*
8,000
Accommodation&food
1,000
*
*
*
2,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
2,000
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
6,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
*
*
*
6,000
Education
3,000
4,000
6,000 2,000
*
*
15,000
Health&socialwork
2,000
*
*
*
*
3,000
Arts&entertainment
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
5,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
2,000
2,000
*
*
*
2,000
Total
196,000 21,000 19,000 5,000 2,000 1,000
245,000
Percentages
93.4
4.5
2.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
100.0
Mining&quarrying
80.2
8.9
10.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
Manufacturing
87.2
4.4
4.6
1.3
1.6
0.9
100.0
Construction
47.5
21.4
19.8
7.0
3.2
1.0
100.0
91.2
4.9
2.2
0.9
0.3
0.3
100.0
78.4
5.1
11.9
2.8
0.9
0.9
100.0
Accommodation&food
52.6
23.8
12.9
10.8
0.0
0.0
100.0
41.8
18.4
18.5
14.3
6.9
0.0
100.0
31.3
29.7
27.3
5.8
5.8
0.0
100.0
67.9
15.5
9.9
2.3
2.2
2.1
100.0
39.1
17.2
29.7
5.6
3.2
5.2
100.0
Education
20.4
27.7
37.7
13.2
0.6
0.5
100.0
Health&socialwork
64.1
16.1
13.5
6.2
0.2
0.0
100.0
Arts&entertainment
30.4
22.2
28.6
8.5
7.4
2.7
100.0
43.0
27.4
21.8
0.7
3.5
3.7
100.0
75.2
15.9
8.3
0.6
0.0
0.0
100.0
Total
79.9
8.8
7.8
2.2
0.8
0.5
100.0
TLLFS2010
Note:Foursectorswithhardlyanypersonsinthemhavebeenexcluded.Alsoexcludedaretwogroups:
(a)the2%ofpersonswhosaidtheydidnotknowhowmanypersonstherewereattheirplaceofwork,
and(b)asmallfractionof1%whosaidthatthereweremorethan9personsattheirplaceofwork.
43
Table4.9bEmployedpersonsinsmallestablishments,byindustryandsizeofestablishment
Sizeofestablishment
1
2
3
4
5
6
43,000 51,000 17,000
7,000
4,000 2,000
Mining&quarrying
1,000
*
*
*
*
Manufacturing
5,000 2,000 1,000
*
*
*
Construction
2,000 2,000 1,000
1,000 1,000 1,000
23,000 11,000 3,000
2,000 1,000
*
3,000 2,000
*
*
*
*
Accommodation&food
* 1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000 1,000 1,000
1,000
*
*
1,000 1,000
*
*
*
*
Education
1,000 1,000 1,000
*
* 1,000
Health&socialwork
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
Arts&entertainment
1,000 1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
Total
83,000 72,000 25,000 15,000
7,000 5,000
Aspercentageofallpersonsemployedinthatsector(seeprevioustable)
33.7
40.3
13.5
5.8
2.8
1.2
Mining&quarrying
44.6
27.2
1.1
7.2
0.0
3.8
Manufacturing
58.7
18.7
6.7
3.0
2.9
1.3
15.7
6.6
11.2
4.1
7.3
Construction
14.1
53.3
26.4
6.0
5.5
1.8
1.2
43.8
25.1
4.5
4.9
3.0
0.2
Accommodation&food
12.6
25.7
3.4
10.9
7.2
3.9
15.5
5.4
8.4
12.5
1.7
2.9
8.0
6.5
5.5
11.3
7.3
7.3
15.8
12.1
16.1
23.9
7.5
2.4
16.9
10.4
7.7
4.1
2.3
5.6
Education
8.0
4.2
5.1
3.2
0.8
3.7
Health&socialwork
42.7
5.4
9.2
6.8
1.4
5.5
Arts&entertainment
10.4
9.5
5.1
5.4
2.9
9.7
20.3
6.4
12.6
3.7
11.3
4.4
43.2
22.8
9.0
0.2
4.5
7.3
Total
34.0
29.6
10.2
6.2
2.9
2.2
44
7
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
*
2,000
8
*
*
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
*
*
*
4,000
9
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2,000
*
*
*
4,000
Allestabs
size19
124,000
1,000
7,000
9,000
42,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
7,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
217,000
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.3
0.5
0.2
3.9
12.4
0.0
0.4
0.0
4.1
4.1
4.2
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.2
5.1
0.0
5.7
0.6
1.3
3.9
0.0
15.2
2.0
5.2
6.8
1.6
3.1
11.8
0.6
1.5
0.3
0.0
0.3
3.1
0.8
0.5
5.0
1.4
0.0
3.3
4.0
12.3
3.4
2.2
0.0
3.5
1.6
97.8
89.1
91.6
69.0
96.2
83.5
76.4
60.3
61.0
83.5
56.3
48.0
80.2
52.6
70.4
91.0
88.7
TLLFS2010
Table4.10containsfurtherinformationaboutthedistributionofemploymentaccordingtothesize
of the establishment in which the person worked. Here, the data is provided according to the
persons status in employment. The great majority of ownaccount workers are working alone or
withonlyoneotherperson.Someemployeesareworkinginverysmallestablishments,butasmany
as25,000areemployedinestablishmentswithatleast10people.Inthecaseofemployers,theraw
dataareshownwithoutadjustment,eventhoughitisclearthattherecouldnotbe1,000employers
workingbythemselves,sincethatnegatesthedefinitionofwhatanemployeris.
Table4.10Employedpersons,bystatusinemploymentandsizeoftheestablishmentwheretheywork
Statusinemployment
Employee Employer
Sizeof
establishment
1
10,000
1,000
2
8,000
1,000
3
5,000
1,000
4
5,000
1,000
5
3,000
*
6
3,000
*
7
2,000
*
8
3,000
*
9
3,000
*
1019
17,000
*
2049
5,000
*
5099
2,000
*
100or
1,000
Statusinemployment
Own
account
worker
Contri
buting
family
worker
Total
56,000
32,000
7,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
*
16,000
31,000
13,000
6,000
4,000
1,000
*
*
*
2,000
*
83,000
72,000
25,000
15,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
19,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
15.5
11.7
7.0
8.2
3.8
4.6
2.4
4.6
4.4
25.3
7.9
2.8
1.8
27.0
27.2
11.7
11.8
0.1
6.5
3.7
1.7
1.7
5.3
1.7
1.7
0.0
Own
account
Employee Employer worker
Contri
buting
family
worker
Percentages
55.2
21.7
31.6
42.8
6.9
17.7
2.9
8.5
0.8
4.9
0.8
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.8
2.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
Total
66,000
4,000
102,000
73,000
245,000
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
34.0
29.5
10.2
6.2
2.8
2.2
0.7
1.4
1.6
7.9
2.2
0.8
0.5
100.0
TLLFS2010
4.6Placeofwork
Employedpersonswereaskedforinformationabouttheplacewheretheyworked.Table4.11shows
theresponses,separatelyformalesandfemales,andaccordingtotheiroccupation.Roughlyhalfof
allmenandwomenareemployedonafarmoragriculturalplot,whileaquarterworkinaplacesuch
as an enterprise, office, or shop. Only about 10 percent, mostly women, work at home. Smaller
numbersworkinotherplaces,suchasataclientsoremployershome,onaconstructionsite,ata
fixedstall,oraremobile.
Table4.12showsthesameinformationinrelationtosectorofeconomicactivity.Forsomesectors
ofeconomicactivity,suchaspublicadministrationoreducation,practicallyallemploymentwillbe
carriedoninaninstitutionalsettingsuchasanofficeorclassroom.Thoseengagedinwholesaleor
retailtrade,ontheotherhand,carryouttheirworkinavarietyofsettings.
Table 4.13 shows the distribution of places of work, according to each persons status in
employment.
45
Total
Table4.11Employedpersons,bysex,occupationandplaceofwork
Placeofwork
Atclient's
or
employer's
home
*
*
*
1,000
*
2,000
1,000
2,000
Enterprise,
shop,
office,etc.
6,000
21,000
5,000
2,000
12,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
6,000
Onafarm
oragricul
turalplot
*
*
1,000
*
29,000
*
*
100,000
Constr
uction
site
*
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
Fixedstall
inthe
market/
street
*
5,000
*
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
Without
fixed
location/
mobile
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
2,000
1,000
Other
*
*
*
3,000
*
*
1,000
Total
7,000
22,000
19,000
2,000
20,000
39,000
14,000
8,000
118,000
Occupation(ISCO08)
BOTHSEXES
Managers
Professionals
Technicians
Clerical
Service&sales
Skilledagricworkers
Craft&relatedtrades
Machineoperators
At
home
*
*
6,000
*
4,000
3,000
6,000
1,000
3,000
Total
23,000
6,000
59,000
131,000
5,000
13,000
7,000
5,000
249,000
*
*
2,000
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
2,000
1,000
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
14,000
3,000
1,000
9,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
5,000
*
*
1,000
*
20,000
*
*
66,000
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
*
3,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
2,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
2,000
1,000
*
*
*
3,000
*
*
*
6,000
15,000
10,000
1,000
12,000
29,000
9,000
8,000
79,000
MALES
Managers
Professionals
Technicians
Clerical
Service&sales
Skilledagricworkers
Craft&relatedtrades
Machineoperators
Total
9,000
4,000
45,000
88,000
5,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
170,000
FEMALES
Managers
1,000
1,000
Professionals
7,000
7,000
Technicians
4,000
2,000
2,000
9,000
Clerical
1,000
1,000
Service&sales
3,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
7,000
Skilledagricworkers
1,000
9,000
10,000
Craft&relatedtrades
5,000
5,000
Machineoperators
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
34,000
*
2,000
*
39,000
13,000
1,000
15,000
43,000
6,000
1,000
1,000
79,000
TLLFS2010
Total
46
Table4.12Employedpersonsbysex,industryandplaceofwork
At
home
Atclient's Enterprise,
oremploy
shop,
er'shome office,etc.
Onafarm
oragricul
turalplot
Construc
tion
site
Fixedstall
inmarket/
street
Nofixed
location/
mobile
Other
Total
BOTHSEXES
Agriculture
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Construction
Accommodation&food
Info&communication
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Total
3,000
*
4,000
*
12,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
23,000
*
*
*
2,000
*
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
6,000
1,000
*
2,000
5,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
5,000
6,000
15,000
2,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
60,000
116,000
*
*
*
14,000
*
*
*
*
132,000
1,000
*
*
3,000
*
*
*
*
*
5,000
2,000
*
1,000
1,000
8,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
13,000
1,000
*
*
*
2,000
2,000
*
*
*
*
7,000
3,000
*
*
*
1,000
*
*
*
*
5,000
128,000
1,000
8,000
13,000
44,000
8,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
6,000
7,000
16,000
3,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
251,000
MALES
Agriculture
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Construction
Accommodation&food
Info&communication
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Total
3,000
1,000
*
4,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
10,000
*
*
*
2,000
*
1,000
*
*
*
*
4,000
1,000
*
1,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
5,000
6,000
10,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
*
46,000
77,000
*
*
*
10,000
*
*
*
*
88,000
1,000
*
*
3,000
*
*
*
5,000
2,000
*
*
1,000
4,000
*
*
*
*
*
8,000
1,000
*
*
*
2,000
2,000
*
*
*
*
6,000
3,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
4,000
88,000
1,000
3,000
13,000
24,000
8,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
6,000
6,000
11,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
171,000
FEMALES
Agriculture
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Construction
Accommodation&food
Info&communication
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Total

1,000
*
4,000
*
8,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
13,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
*
*
*
2,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
15,000
39,000
5,000
43,000

1,000
*
*
*
4,000
*
*
*
*
6,000
1,000
*
40,000
*
*
5,000
*
1,000
*
20,000
*
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
80,000
TLLFS 2010
Note:Foursections(Electricity,Watersupply,Financialandinsurance,andInternationalorganizations)havebeenomittedfromthetable
becausetheyhadsofewreportedcases.
47
Table4.13Employedpersonsbysex,statusinemploymentandplaceofwork
Statusinemployment
Emplo
yee
Emplo
yer
BOTHSEXES
Intheirhome
Atclient'soremployer'shome
Enterprise,shop,office,etc.
Onafarmoragriculturalplot
Constructionsite
Fixedstallinthemarket/street
Withoutfixedlocation/mobile
Other
Total
MALES
Intheirhome
Constructionsite
Other
Total
FEMALES
Intheirhome
Constructionsite
Other
Total
1,000
5,000
56,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
71,000
1,000
4,000
43,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
56,000
1,000
1,000
13,000
*
*
*
*
*
16,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
3,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
Contri
Own buting
account family
worker worker
18,000
*
3,000
62,000
2,000
10,000
4,000
4,000
103,000
7,000
*
2,000
43,000
2,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
66,000
11,000
*
1,000
19,000
*
5,000
*
*
36,000
48
2,000
*
1,000
68,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
73,000
1,000
*
1,000
44,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
47,000
1,000
*
24,000
*
*
26,000
Total
23,000
6,000
61,000
132,000
5,000
13,000
7,000
5,000
252,000
10,000
4,000
46,000
89,000
5,000
8,000
7,000
4,000
172,000
13,000
1,000
15,000
43,000
*
6,000
1,000
1,000
80,000
Statusinemployment
Emplo Emplo
yee
yer
1.7
7.1
78.3
1.1
4.7
2.9
2.7
1.4
100.0
1.3
6.9
76.5
1.4
6.0
3.2
3.5
1.3
100.0
3.4
7.9
84.8
0.0
0.3
1.7
0.1
1.9
100.0
28.9
0.0
26.3
31.2
1.7
7.2
4.6
0.0
100.0
22.6
0.0
30.4
27.9
2.5
9.9
6.7
0.0
100.0
42.9
0.0
17.3
38.6
0.0
1.3
0.0
0.0
100.0
Contri
Own buting
account family
worker worker
Percentages
17.7
2.9
0.5
0.1
2.8
1.2
60.4
92.9
1.6
0.4
9.4
1.6
4.1
0.8
3.6
0.1
100.0
100.0
10.7
2.1
0.7
0.2
3.0
1.4
65.2
92.8
2.4
0.4
7.2
1.7
5.7
1.3
5.1
0.2
100.0
100.0
20.2
4.5
0.1
0.0
2.3
1.0
51.6
92.9
0.1
0.3
13.4
1.4
1.4
0.0
0.8
0.0
100.0
100.0
Total
9.1
2.2
24.2
52.4
2.1
5.3
2.8
1.9
100.0
5.6
2.5
26.8
51.5
3.0
4.5
3.8
2.4
100.0
16.7
1.6
18.5
54.4
0.2
7.2
0.6
0.8
100.0
TLLFS2010
Table4.14indicateswhereemployedpersonscarryouttheirworkactivities,accordingtotheirlevel
of education. The great majority of those with little or no education are working in rural areas,
usuallyonafarmoragriculturalplot,whilethosewithsecondaryandhigherlevelsofeducationare
tobefoundworkingmainlyinenterprises,shops,offices,andothersimilarplaces.
Table4.14Employedpersonsbylevelofeducationandusualworkplace
Usualplaceofwork
TimorLeste
Athome
Constructionsite
Other
Total
Urbanareas
Athome
Constructionsite
Other
Total
Ruralareas
Athome
Constructionsite
Other
Total
Noneorpre
primary
Primaryorpre
secondary
Secondary,
vocational
Polytechnic,
university
12,000
2,000
6,000
89,000
2,000
7,000
3,000
2,000
124,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
7,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
*
19,000
10,000
1,000
3,000
82,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
105,000
7,000
3,000
16,000
32,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
70,000
3,000
1,000
10,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
*
23,000
5,000
1,000
6,000
28,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
47,000
3,000
1,000
31,000
10,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
49,000
2,000
*
17,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
22,000
1,000
*
14,000
9,000
1,000
*
*
*
26,000
8,000
*
*
*
*
*
9,000
5,000
*
*
*
6,000
3,000
*
*
3,000
49
Total
23,000
6,000
61,000
132,000
5,000
13,000
7,000
5,000
252,000
7,000
3,000
34,000
12,000
2,000
7,000
5,000
1,000
70,000
16,000
3,000
27,000
120,000
3,000
7,000
2,000
4,000
181,000
TLLFS2010
Table 4.15 provides a useful summary of the distribution of the employed population, in terms of
theirageandoccupation.Itisnotablethat,amongthetwocentralworkingagegroups,coveringthe
yearsfrom25to54,over10percentoftheagegroupsareengagedinprofessionaloccupations.The
correspondingproportionsaremuchloweramongyoungerorolderworkers,whoaremostlikelyto
beinvolvedinelementaryoccupations.
Table4.15Employedpersonsbysex,agegroupandoccupation
Agegroup
BOTHSEXES
Managers
Professionals
Technicians
Clerical
Service&sales
Skilledagricworkers
Craft&relatedtrades
Machineoperators
MALES
Managers
Professionals
Technicians
Clerical
Service&sales
Skilledagricworkers
Craft&relatedtrades
Machineoperators
FEMALES
Managers
Professionals
Technicians
Clerical
Service&sales
Skilledagricworkers
Craft&relatedtrades
Machineoperators
1524
*
1,000
1,000
*
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
13,000
23,000
*
*
1,000
*
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
9,000
16,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
2,000
*
*
4,000
8,000
2534
3554
5564
65+
1,000
5,000 1,000
*
6,000 14,000 2,000
*
5,000 11,000 2,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
*
6,000
9,000 1,000
*
8,000 20,000 6,000 3,000
4,000
7,000 1,000
*
3,000
4,000
*
*
22,000 54,000 20,000 9,000
56,000 125,000 33,000 13,000
1,000
4,000 1,000
4,000 10,000 1,000

*
2,000
6,000 1,000
*
*
1,000
*
*
4,000
7,000 1,000
6,000 15,000 5,000 2,000

3,000
4,000 1,000
*
3,000
3,000
*
*
16,000 35,000 13,000 7,000
38,000 85,000 22,000 9,000
*
*
*
*
2,000
4,000
*
*
2,000
5,000 1,000
*
*
*
3,000
3,000
*
*
2,000
5,000 2,000 1,000
1,000
3,000
*
*
*
*
7,000 19,000 7,000 2,000

18,000 39,000 11,000 4,000
50
Agegroup
Total
1524
2534
3554
5564
65+
Total
Percentages
7,000
0.8
2.1
3.7
2.5
0.4
2.8
22,000
4.3
10.6
11.0
4.8
0.7
8.9
19,000
5.8
8.5
8.9
4.7
3.2
7.7
2,000
1.0
1.3
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.7
20,000
12.2
11.6
7.5
2.6
1.3
7.9
39,000
10.4
13.6
16.1
19.4
19.9
15.6
14,000
6.9
6.8
5.7
4.0
3.7
5.7
8,000
5.0
5.4
2.9
0.8
0.6
3.2
118,000
53.6
40.1
43.6
60.9
69.8
47.4
249,000 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
6,000
0.7
2.4
5.2
3.3
0.0
3.6
15,000
2.0
10.2
11.6
5.0
0.9
9.0
10,000
5.0
6.3
7.2
4.1
2.8
6.2
1,000
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.8
0.6
12,000
8.4
9.8
8.0
2.4
0.0
7.3
29,000
12.6
14.6
17.2
20.5
20.6
16.8
9,000
8.0
7.2
4.8
3.7
1.1
5.3
8,000
7.5
7.0
4.1
1.2
0.8
4.5
79,000
55.2
41.7
41.2
59.5
73.1
46.7
170,000 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1,000
0.9
1.6
0.5
0.9
1.3
0.9
7,000
8.8
11.4
9.6
4.4
0.1
8.8
9,000
7.5
12.9
12.5
6.1
4.4
10.9
1,000
2.1
2.7
0.6
0.0
0.0
1.1
7,000
20.1
15.3
6.5
3.1
4.5
9.3
10,000
5.8
11.5
13.5
17.1
18.2
13.0
5,000
4.5
6.0
7.8
4.7
10.2
6.8
*
0.0
1.9
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.5
39,000
50.2
36.7
48.8
63.9
61.4
48.8
79,000 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
TLLFS2010
4.7Conditionsofwork
Inthecaseofpaidemployees,additionalinformationwascollectedabouttheirconditionsofwork.
Paidemployeeswereaskedwhethertheywereemployedonthebasisofawrittenororalcontract,
andwhetherthecontractoragreementwasoflimitedorunlimitedtimeduration.Table4.16shows
the percentage responses for males and females, according to the type of institution in which the
personworked.Thenumbersofpersonswithdifferenttypesofcontractsareshownaspercentages
ofthetotalemploymentineachtypeofinstitution.Thus93percentofallgovernmentcontractsare
writtencontracts,and82percentofallgovernmentcontractsarewrittencontractswithunlimited
timeduration.
Among paid employees in government departments, stateowned enterprises, embassies and

bilateralorganizations,andUnitedNationsandotherinternationalorganizations,morethanthree
quartersofallcontractsarewrittenones.Thisisincontrasttothesituationofthoseemployedby
privatelyowned businesses and by households, among who no more than a quarter have written
contracts.Therewouldappeartobelittledifferenceinthepositionofmaleandfemaleemployees;
theproportionhavingwrittencontractsisaboutthesame(70percent),asistheproportionhaving
contractsofunlimitedtimeduration(justover70percent).
Table4.16Typeofcontractheldbypaidemployees,byinstitutioninwhichtheywork
No.of
Writtencontract
Oralcontract
Allcontracts
paid
Limited Notime
Limited Notime
Limited Notime
time
limit Total
time
limit
Total
time
limit
Total employees
BOTHSEXES
Percentages
Government
11.0
81.5
92.6
4.3
3.1
7.4
15.3
84.7 100.0
39,000
Stateownedenterprise
12.4
72.1
84.5
1.9
13.5
15.5
14.3
85.7 100.0
1,000
Privatelyownedbusiness/farm
3.0
11.3
14.4
38.8
46.9
85.6
41.8
58.2 100.0
2,000
NGO/Nonprofitorgn.
13.0
52.4
65.4
17.1
17.5
34.6
30.1
69.9 100.0
5,000
Privatehousehold
4.6
19.7
24.3
53.9
21.8
75.7
58.6
41.4 100.0
9,000
Embassies&bilateralorgns
10.8
76.4
87.3
5.1
7.6
12.7
15.9
84.1 100.0
2,000
UN&otherinternationalorgns
32.9
46.3
79.3
8.8
12.0
20.7
41.7
58.3 100.0
3,000
Other
13.0
23.6
36.7
28.9
34.5
63.3
41.9
58.1 100.0
10,000
Total
11.3
59.2
70.5
16.5
13.0
29.5
27.8
72.2 100.0
71,000
MALES
Total
Government
11.3
80.6
92.0
4.8
3.2
8.0
16.2
83.8 100.0
30,000
14.9
67.1
82.0
1.8
16.3
18.0
16.7
83.3 100.0
1,000
0.0
12.3
12.3
42.5
45.2
87.7
42.5
57.5 100.0
2,000
NGO/Nonprofitorgn.
10.4
52.5
62.8
19.7
17.4
37.2
30.1
69.9 100.0
3,000
Privatehousehold
4.2
21.2
25.5
53.5
21.0
74.5
57.7
42.3 100.0
7,000
9.0
80.7
89.7
5.0
5.4
10.3
13.9
86.1 100.0
1,000
26.3
48.1
74.4
10.9
14.7
25.6
37.2
62.8 100.0
3,000
Other
11.6
23.0
34.6
29.9
35.5
65.4
41.5
58.5 100.0
8,000
Total
10.7
58.9
69.7
17.2
13.1
30.3
27.9
72.1 100.0
56,000
FEMALES
Total
Government
10.0
84.7
94.7
2.4
3.0
5.3
12.4
87.6 100.0
9,000
0.0
97.3
97.3
2.7
0.0
2.7
2.7
97.3 100.0
*
8.8
9.6
18.4
31.7
49.9
81.6
40.5
59.5 100.0
1,000
NGO/Nonprofitorgn.
20.0
52.2
72.2
10.0
17.8
27.8
30.0
70.0 100.0
1,000
Privatehousehold
6.2
13.9
20.2
55.5
24.4
79.8
61.7
38.3 100.0
2,000
19.9
56.1
76.0
5.6
18.5
24.0
25.4
74.6 100.0
*
60.1
39.1
99.2
0.0
0.8
0.8
60.1
39.9 100.0
1,000
Other
19.1
26.5
45.6
24.4
30.0
54.4
43.5
56.5 100.0
2,000
Total
13.4
60.0
73.4
13.9
12.7
26.6
27.3
72.7 100.0
16,000
TLLFS2010
51
Personswhohadcontractsoflimitedduration(estimatedtobe20,000,including16,000malesand
4,000females)wereaskedwhytheircontractwasoflimitedduration,andhowlongitwasfor.Itis
estimatedthat10,000malesand3,000femaleshavelimitedcontractsbecausetheyareengagedin
seasonalwork.Oftheremainder,2,000weredoingonthejobtrainingoraninternship,1,000were
on probation, and another 1,000 were employed on a daily basis. Asked about the length of
contract,29percentdidnotknowthelengthoftheircontract.Amongthosewhodidknow,athird
hadcontractsoflessthan3months,butafifthhadcontractslastingatleastayear.Shortcontracts
wereparticularlycommonintheconstructionindustry,whereoverhalfofthosewithcontractsof
limiteddurationhadcontractslastinglessthanthreemonths.
Paidemployeeswerealsoaskedwhethertheygotpaidannualleaveorpaymentforleavenottaken,
and whether they got sick leave in case of illness or injury. The results are shown in Table 4.17.
Overall, 59 percent of all paid employees receive paid leave, and 58 percent receive sick leave.
Femaleemployeesappeartodobetteroverallthanmaleemployees,butthismaybeareflectionof
the sectors in which they work. The sectors with the highest percentages for paid leave and sick
leave are the education sector, the professional, scientific and technical activities sector, and arts
andentertainment.
Table4.17Percentageofpaidemployeesineachsectorofactivityreceiving
(i)paidleaveand(ii)sickleave
Sectorofeconomicactivity
Agriculture
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Construction
Accommodation&food
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Allsectors
Paidleave
Males Females Bothsexes
35.1
3.7
45.2
39.5
37.3
43.4
51.6
48.3
87.4
54.9
67.3
81.8
70.7
79.6
70.4
56.0
58.2
83.3
100.0
25.1
82.0
16.1
46.3
55.4
100.0
69.5
50.5
81.7
84.1
63.4
70.1
34.8
28.7
62.2
36.0
18.9
40.2
41.1
29.0
43.4
53.8
57.4
79.8
54.6
68.3
82.5
66.5
76.7
50.9
41.9
59.1
Sickleave
Male Females Bothsexes
34.0
3.7
37.6
40.5
42.8
43.8
43.1
48.3
79.1
47.2
61.5
78.8
67.9
77.9
63.4
56.0
55.6
83.3
100.0
25.1
82.0
30.7
46.3
46.5
79.7
70.4
74.9
80.4
83.5
70.0
74.5
34.4
28.7
63.9
34.9
18.9
34.5
42.0
38.1
43.8
45.0
53.8
75.4
48.6
62.7
80.3
69.1
76.9
47.5
41.9
57.5
TLLFS2010
4.8Secondaryactivity
Allthoseinemploymentwereaskedwhethertheyhaddoneanysecondaryactivityinthelastweek.
About 6,000 people had done some secondary activity, but 1,000 of them were people who were
consuming raw or processed food that they had grown on their own agricultural land or that of
another household member. This latter group does not count as being in employment. Of the
remaining5,000whoseactivitiesdocountasasecondaryactivity(4,000inurbanareasand1,000in
rural areas), threequarters were engaged in agriculture, but were selling some or all of their
produce;thesepeopledocountasbeingemployedinasecondoccupation.
The total numbers involved in a secondary activity are too small to be able to present any
breakdownsofthetotalaccordingtothevariouscharacteristicsofemployment.
52
4.9Hoursworked
Detailedinformationwascollectedonbothusualhoursworkedperweekandactualhoursworked
in the last week. The data could be analysed in many different ways,and there is scope for much
moreanalysisofhoursworked.Herewepresentsomesummaryfiguresonusualhoursworked,to
illustratethekindsoftablesthatcanbeproduced.
Table4.18showstheaverageusualhoursthatmenandwomenwork,takingintoaccountalltheir
work activity. Those in employment work an average of 46 hours a week. The number of usual
hoursworkedisslightlyhigherformales(47hours)thanforfemales(45hours).Intermsofsectorof
economicactivity,thosewhosemainworkisinpublicadministrationworkslightlylongerhours(50
hoursaweekinalljobs)thanthoseinothersectors.Attheoppositeextreme,thoseineducation
appeartoworktheshortesthours(34hoursaweek).
Table4.18Meanusualhoursworkedperweekinalljobs/activities,bysexand
sectorofmainactivity(selectedsectorsonly)
Sector
Males
Females
Bothsexes
Manufacturing
Construction
Wholesale/retail
Education
47.3
50.5
48.3
46.9
50.3
33.9
44.5
35.7
44.0
50.2
45.5
35.3
46.4
41.8
48.1
48.4
50.0
34.3
Allsectors
(includingthosenotshown)
46.9
44.7
46.2
TLLFS2010
Table4.19showsthepercentagedistributionofusualhoursofwork,accordingtothepersonssex
andstatusintheirmainemployment.Wecanseefromthefinalcolumnthat71percentofthosein
employment usually work at least a 40hour week, and less than 10 percent work fewer than 25
hours a week. In terms of status in employment, contributing family workers appear to work the
longesthours;theiraveragehoursperweekis51hours,andinfact67ofthisgroupworkatleast50
hoursaweek.
Table4.19Distributionoftotalusualhoursworkedperweek,andmeanhours,bysexandstatusinmainemployment
Usualhoursper
week
<25
2534
3539
4048
4959
60+
Total
40+
50+
Meanusual
hoursperweek
Employee
M
F
Employer
M
F
Ownaccountworker
M
F
T
Contributing
familyworker
Allemployedpersons
M
F
T
M
F
T
8.9
5.1
5.6
54.5
11.6
14.3
15.9
6.4
6.8
52.1
11.4
7.3
10.5
5.3
5.9
54.0
11.6
12.8
8.1
9.2
13.3
25.8
29.2
14.5
3.3
5.5
19.1
35.3
20.9
15.8
6.6
8.0
15.1
28.7
26.7
14.9
11.0
7.5
19.1
28.9
18.8
14.6
15.9
11.6
18.8
21.0
12.5
20.2
12.8
9.0
19.0
26.1
16.6
16.6
2.9
1.8
11.3
10.2
35.5
38.3
5.5
2.3
22.4
14.2
19.1
36.5
3.8
2.0
15.2
11.6
29.7
37.7
8.0
5.2
12.5
32.2
21.1
21.0
Percentages
12.3
9.4
7.4
5.9
17.5
14.1
25.2
30.0
14.5
19.1
23.0
21.6
100
80.4
25.7
100
70.9
17.6
100
78.3
23.9
100
69.5
43.7
100
72.1
26.8
100
70.3
38.5
100
62.3
31.7
100
53.6
30.8
100
59.2
31.4
100
84.0
73.7
100
69.8
55.6
100
79.0
67.3
100
74.3
41.3
100
62.8
36.3
46.0
41.7
45.1
46.4
47.1
46.6
44.0
43.2
43.7
52.1
48.6
50.8
46.9
53
100
70.7
39.8
No.ofhours
44.7
46.2
TLLFS2010
4.10Wagesandsalaries
Itisdifficulttocollectgooddataonwagesandsalariesfromasurvey.ForthepurposesoftheLFS,
data on wages and salaries were collected only in respect of paid employees. All other forms of
income (remittances, rental income, bank interest, etc.) received by the paid employee were
excluded. Wage and salary earnings can be of two types, in cash or in kind, and information was
collected on both. Earnings paid in cash or by cheque or direct bank deposit are cash earnings.
Earnings in kind include the regular supply of food, clothing, housing, water, electricity, fuel,
transport,etc.onafreeorsubsidisedbasis.Nonregularearningssuchasgiftsincashorkindwere
excluded.
Informationonwagesandsalarieswasonlycollectedfromthosewhowereemployeesintheirmain
or secondary job. They were asked how much they received last month as wage or salary, after
deduction of taxes but before any other deductions are made. The following information was
collectedseparatelyforthemainandsecondaryjob:directregularwagesandsalariesincash;pay
fortimenotworked(i.e.paidleave,sickleave);bonuses(13thmonthofsalary);allowances;valueof
remunerationreceivedinkind;andarrearsoradvancepayments.AllamountswererecordedinUS
dollars.Herewepresentsomeresultsformainjobonly.
Table4.20presentssomesummaryinformationonthemonthlywagesreceivedbypaidemployees
of different ages. The 70,000 paid employees usually receive a total of 12 million US dollars a
month, which gives a mean average wage of 174 US dollars a month. Males and females receive
aboutthesamewage.Table4.21presentssimilarinformation,butbysectorofactivityratherthan
age.
Table4.20Totalmonthlywagesinmainjob,andmeanmonthlywages,receivedby
maleandfemalepaidemployeesindifferentagegroups
1524
Agegroup
3554
2534
5564
65+
Numberofpaidemployeesreportingwages
Male
4,000
16,000
31,000
3,000
Female
3,000
5,000
6,000
1,000
Bothsexes
7,000
21,000
37,000
4,000
Totalmonthlywagesreceivedinmainjob(USdollars)
Male
467,000 2,682,000 5,738,000 576,000
Female
320,000 1,028,000 1,065,000 278,000
Bothsexes
786,000 3,710,000 6,802,000 855,000
Meanmonthlywagesreported(USdollars)
Male
104
167
187
176
Female
111
192
166
437
Bothsexes
107
173
183
218
TimorLeste
1,000
*
1,000
55,000
15,000
70,000
71,000
12,000
83,000
9,534,000
2,703,000
12,237,000
128
121
127
173
176
174
54
TLLFS2010
Table4.21.Totalmonthlywagesinmainjob,andmeanmonthlywages,receivedbymaleandfemale
paidemployees,bysectorofactivityoftheirmainjob
No.ofpaidemployees
Agriculture
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricityetc.
Watersupply
Construction
Accommodation&food
Financial&insurance
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Total/Mean
Male
1,000
*
2,000
*
*
10,000
2,000
6,000
1,000
2,000
*
1,000
6,000
6,000
10,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
*
54,000
Female
*
*
1,000
*
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
*
1,000
*
*
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
15,000
Totalwagesreceived
Total
Male
Female
Total
1,000
183,000
4,000
186,000
1,000
40,000
13,000
54,000
2,000
413,000
224,000
637,000
*
43,000
19,000
61,000
*
9,000
9,000
10,000 1,872,000
63,000
1,936,000
3,000
295,000
152,000
448,000
6,000
813,000
22,000
835,000
2,000
81,000
111,000
192,000
2,000
369,000
111,000
479,000
*
16,000
23,000
38,000
1,000
227,000
91,000
318,000
6,000
768,000
53,000
821,000
7,000
804,000
88,000
893,000
15,000 1,949,000
894,000
2,843,000
3,000
183,000
248,000
431,000
5,000
911,000
419,000
1,329,000
2,000
177,000
101,000
277,000
2,000
185,000
63,000
248,000
*
57,000
2,000
60,000
70,000 9,396,000 2,700,000 12,096,000
Meanmonthlywages
Both
Male Female
sexes
143
147
143
93
166
105
249
392
285
192
125
165
145
145
184
198
185
137
115
128
139
164
140
105
102
103
219
308
234
204
310
256
259
158
219
132
165
134
131
197
135
187
183
186
164
162
163
248
261
252
203
96
144
222
76
149
273
200
269
173
176
174
TLLFS2010
The main features of Table 4.21 are as follows. As previously noted, there are about 70,000 paid
employeesinthecountry,ofwhom54,000aremaleand15,000arefemale.Thetotalmonthlywage
bill is about 12 million US dollars, of which males receive about 9 million and females almost 3
million US dollars. Across the sectors, the education sector is the major payer of wages (nearly 3
million US dollars), and construction is the second most important sector (2 million US dollars).
Another major sector is the arts and entertainment sector, which covers also libraries, sports and
recreation;themonthlywagebillinthatsectorisover1millionUSdollars.Otherimportantsectors
are public administration, transportation and storage, and administrative and support activities,
eachofwhichhasamonthlywagebillofovermillionUSdollars.Themanufacturingsectorcomes
inonlyseventhinthelistofsectors,withamonthlywagebillofovermilliondollars,butitisthe
sectorwiththehighestaveragemonthlywages(285USdollars).
4.11Informalemployment
Whenpresentingstatisticsonemployment,itishelpfultoprovideabreakdownofemploymentas
between the formal and informal sector. In many developing countries informal sector activities
accountforasignificantproportionoftotalemploymentandincomegeneration,andTimorLesteis
no exception. Persons can be defined as working in the informal sector in respect of their main
and/or their secondary job or activity. The total of informal sector workers is all those people
classified as working in the informal sector in either their main job or activity, or their secondary
activity,orinboth.
55
TheLFScloselyfollowstheILOinternationalstandarddefinitionoftheinformalsector. 8Becauseof
thedifficultyofdefininginformalsectoractivitiesintheagriculturalsector,theinformalsectorhas
beendefinedonlyinrespectofnonagriculture(i.e.ISICisnotcodedas01000321inQ22/43).One
smallbutspecificgroupthatisexcludedfromtheformalsectoristhosepersonswhoproducegoods
orservicesforthehouseholdsownuse(ISICcode9800)
Foroperationalpurposes,thoseintheinformalsectorineithertheirmainorsecondaryjobhasbeen
takenassatisfyingbothofthefollowingrequirements:
1. fewerthan5personsworkattheirplaceofwork(Q23/Q44=1or2);
2. eithertheirstatusinemploymentiscontributingfamilyworker(Q10/Q31=4)
orthepersonhasadifferentstatusinemployment(Q10/Q31noteq.4)and
theplacewheretheyworkisnotregistered(includingdontknows)withthe
Ministry of Justice or the Ministry of Tourism, Commerce and Industry
(Q19/40=3or4)
Althoughemploymentintheinformalsectorisausefulmeasureforpolicypurposes,itwasrealized
thatsomepeopleworkingintheinformalsectorhaveformaljobs,andsomepeopleintheformal
sector have informal jobs. Figure 4.1 shows, in simplified form, the relationship between the two
measures.Whileemploymentintheinformalsectorisdefinedmainlyintermsofthecharacteristics
oftheestablishmentswherepeoplework,informalemploymentisdefinedintermsofthejobsthat
peopledo.Themeasureofemploymentintheinformalsectorattemptstomeasurethetotalshown
asC+D,whilethemeasureofinformalemploymentattemptstomeasurethetotalB+D.
Figure4.1Relationshipbetweenemploymentintheinformalsector,
andinformalemployment
JOBS
FORMAL
INFORMAL
FORMAL
A
B
SECTOR
INFORMAL
C
D
C+D
B+D
Forinformalemployment,wetakethenumberofpeopleshownaboveasworkingintheinformal
sector; we then include the group of persons who produce goods or services for the households
ownuse(ISIC9800)thathadbeenexcludedabove,butexcludeanyonewhosetermsofconditionsat
work suggest that they have a fairly permanent relationship to their job. For this survey we have
excluded those employees whose contracts of work allow them to have paid annual leave
(Q16/Q37)orpaidsickleave(Q17/Q38).
InternationalLabourOrganization(BureauofStatistics),Resolutionconcerningstatisticsofemploymentin
theinformalsector,adoptedattheFifteenthConferenceofLabourStatisticians,Geneva,1993
56
Theactual numbersofpersonsemployedin the informalsector,andininformalemployment,are

very similar. The main difference (numbering only about 1,000 in the main job) appears to be the
inclusion in the informal employment of those persons (mainly domestic servants) who produce
goods or services for the households own use. We shall therefore concentrate on presenting in
Table 4.22 only the data for informal employment. We have also not included those who are in
informalemploymentintheirsecondactivity;thesepeoplenumberlessthan1,000,andaremainly
foundinthewholesale/retailsector.
Table4.22Personsininformalemploymentintheirmainactivity,bysex,localityandsectorofactivity
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricityetc.
Construction
Accommodation&food
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Total
Urban
Rural
Male Female
Total
Male Female
Total
*
*
*
*
* 1,000
*
1,000 1,000
1,000
3,000 4,000
*
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
* 1,000
5,000
6,000 11,000
13,000 10,000 23,000
1,000
* 1,000
1,000
* 1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
7,000
7,000 14,000
16,000 15,000 31,000
57
Total
Male Female
Total
1,000
* 1,000
1,000
4,000 5,000
*
*
2,000
* 2,000
18,000 16,000 34,000
1,000
* 1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000 1,000
23,000 22,000 45,000
TLLFS2010
4.12Mainactivityinthelast12months
Quiteoftenlabourforcesurveysattempttomeasureeachpersonsusualactivitystatus,basedon
theiractivitiesoverafull12monthperiod.Generatingtheactivitystatusoftenprovesproblematic,
because it is difficult to get a person to recall accurately what they were doing during specific
periods during the year. In the TimorLeste LFS a simpler approach was adopted, with a single
questionbeingaskedabouteachpersonsmainactivityduringthelast12months,wherethatwas
takentobeaspecifictimeperiod(July2008toJune2009).Thisquestiondoesnotenableoneto
calculateapersonsusualactivitystatusinthewaythatitisnormallycalculated,butitnevertheless
providesausefulindicatorofwhateachpersonsmainactivitywasduringtheyear.Table4.23gives
thedetails.
Table4.23Mainactivityover12monthsofallpersonsaged15andover,bysexandlocality
Mainactivityover12months
Employee
Employer
Ownaccountworker
Contributingfamilyworker
Memberofproducers'cooperative
Availableandlookingforwork
Availablebutnotlookingforwork
Student
Householdwork
Pensioner,retired,elderly
Pregnant,ill,disabled
Other
Total
Mainactivitystatusover12months
Employed
Unemployed,availableforwork
Inactive
Total
Employed
Unemployed,availableforwork
Inactive
Total
Urban
Male Female
Total
Male
Rural
Female
Total
TimorLeste
Male
Female
29,000
1,000
11,000
6,000
*
6,000
3,000
26,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
92,000
9,000 39,000
1,000
2,000
8,000 19,000
4,000
9,000
*
*
3,000
9,000
2,000
5,000
25,000 51,000
29,000 32,000
4,000
7,000
3,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
88,000 180,000
25,000
6,000 31,000
*
*
1,000
49,000 23,000 71,000
63,000 35,000 98,000
*
*
*
3,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
5,000
54,000 48,000 103,000
9,000 79,000 88,000
12,000 17,000 28,000
6,000
9,000 14,000
2,000
2,000
4,000
225,000 222,000 448,000
55,000
2,000
60,000
69,000
*
9,000
6,000
81,000
12,000
15,000
8,000
3,000
317,000
48,000
9,000
35,000
92,000
52.2
9.9
37.9
100.0
22,000 70,000
5,000 14,000
61,000 96,000
88,000 180,000
24.6
38.7
5.7
7.9
69.7
53.5
100.0
100.0
137,000 64,000 201,000

6,000
3,000
9,000
83,000 155,000 238,000
225,000 222,000 448,000
60.8
28.9
44.9
2.6
1.4
2.0
36.6
69.7
53.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
185,000
15,000
117,000
317,000
58.3
4.7
37.0
100.0
15,000
1,000
31,000
39,000
*
5,000
3,000
74,000
108,000
21,000
11,000
3,000
310,000
70,000
3,000
90,000
107,000
*
13,000
10,000
154,000
120,000
35,000
19,000
6,000
628,000
86,000 271,000
8,000 23,000
216,000 334,000
310,000 628,000
Percentages
27.7
43.1
2.6
3.7
69.7
53.2
100.0
100.0
TLLFS2010
Overall, out of the 628,000 persons aged 15 and over, over half (334,000) describe themselves as
mainly inactive. The inactive include 154,000 students, 120,000 (nearly all of them females) who
reportthattheyaremainlyengagedinhouseholdwork,35,000personswhoarepensioners,retired
orelderly,and19,000whoarepregnant,illordisabled.Thosewhoaremainlyemployedduringthe
12month period number about 271,000 (or 43 percent of the total aged 15 and over), leaving
23,000(nearly4percentofthetotal)whocanbeclassifiedasmainlyunemployedandavailablefor
work.
58
Total
Chapter5
Unemploymentandunderemployment
5.1Theunemployed
InthestrictILOdefinitionofunemployment,wecountasunemployedthosewhoarewithoutany
work,areavailableforwork,andareactivelyseekingwork.Indevelopingcountriesthisdefinitionis
oftenrelaxed,byremovingtherequirementthatthepersonshouldbeactivelyseekingwork.Thisis
because work opportunities are often limited, and potential workers may well give up after a few
daysoflookingforwork.ThisrelaxeddefinitionhasbeenusedhereinthecaseofTimorLeste.
In fact, the results would have been little different if the strict definition had been used, since
nearlyallthoseclassifiedasrelaxedunemployedwereactuallylookingforwork.
UnemploymentratesinTimorLesteformajorgroupsareshowninTable5.1.About9,000persons
canbeclassifiedascurrentlyunemployed,andthenumbersareevenlyspreadbetweenmalesand
females, and between urban and rural areas. The overall unemployment rate (defined as the
unemployedasapercentageofthelabourforce)is3.6percent.
Table5.1Numbersunemployed,andunemploymentrate,bysexandlocality
Numberunemployed
TimorLeste
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
9,000
5,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
Unemploymentrate
3.6%
6.9%
2.2%
3.1%
4.6%
TLLFS2010
Thisrateofunemploymentmaybeconsideredverylow,butweneedtobearinmindwhatisthe
definitionofwork.Accordingtotheinternationaldefinition,apersonisconsideredasemployedif
heorshedidanyworkatall(paidorunpaid)duringthereferenceweek.Apersondoingaslittleas
onehoursworkthereforecountsasbeingemployed.Thisdefinitionisusedsothatthecontribution
ofallworkactivitycanbemeasured,sinceitcontributestotheoverallproductivityofthecountry.
Mostpeoplecannotaffordtoremainunemployedandtodonoworkatall,soitistobeexpected
that the unemployment will be fairly low. In a country like TimorLeste, the unemployment rate
should not be considered as a key indicator. Other indicators, such as the underemployment rate
andthevulnerableemploymentrate(discussedearlier),aremoreusefulasindicatorsofthestateof
thelabourmarket.
Table5.2showsthedistributionoftheunemployedbyage.Some3,000youngpeopleaged1524
areunemployed,andthereareasimilarnumberunemployedintheagegroup2534.Therearealso
about2,000peopleaged3554,butveryfewolderpeople,whoareclassifiedasunemployed.
Table5.2Numberofunemployedpersons(ILOrelaxeddefinition)bysex,ageandlocality
Male
Agegroup
1524
1,000
2534
1,000
3554
1,000
5564
65+
Total
3,000
Urban
Female Total

1,000 2,000
1,000 2,000
* 1,000

*
*
2,000 5,000
Male
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
2,000
59
Rural
Female Total
1,000 2,000
* 1,000
1,000 1,000
*
*
*
2,000 4,000
Total
Male Female Total
2,000
2,000 3,000
2,000
1,000 3,000
1,000
1,000 2,000
*
*
*
*
*
5,000
4,000 9,000
TLLFS2010
Table 5.3 shows the distribution of the unemployed in terms of their educational background. Of
those who were unemployed, about 4,000 had completed secondary, and a similar number had
finishedtheireducationatalowerlevel.Therewerealso1,000orsograduatesofpolytechnicsand
universitieswhowereclassifiedasunemployed.
Table5.3Numberofunemployedpersons(ILOrelaxeddefinition)bysex,locality,andeducationlevel
Urban
Male Female
Total
Highestlevelof
educationcompleted
None/Preprimary
Primary/Presecondary
Secondary/Technical
Polytechnic/University
Total
*
1,000
1,000
*
3,000
*
1,000
3,000
1,000
5,000
None/Preprimary
Primary/Presecondary
Secondary/Technical
Polytechnic/University
Total
*
*
1,000
*
2,000
Total
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
*
4,000
4.6
35.0
45.9
14.5
100.0
8.4
16.3
69.6
5.8
100.0
6.0
27.7
55.2
11.1
100.0
Rural
Male Female
1,000
*
1,000
2,000
34.1
28.4
33.7
3.8
100.0
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
5,000
46.2
7.9
46.0
0.0
100.0
TimorLeste
Male Female
Total
16.9
32.2
40.8
10.1
100.0
39.4
19.4
39.1
2.1
100.0
1,000
*
2,000
*
4,000
Percentages
26.0
12.4
58.6
3.1
100.0
2,000
2,000
4,000
1,000
9,000
20.6
24.1
48.1
7.2
100.0
TLLFS2010
5.2Lookingforwork
Thosewhowereunemployedwereaskedwhethertheycouldstartworkwithinthenext15days,if
offeredajobnoworanopportunitytostartabusiness.Ofthe9,000unemployed,virtuallyeveryone
saidtheycouldstartworkimmediately.
Theunemployedwerealsoaskedwhattheyhaddoneinthelastfourweekstolookforworkorstart
a business (Table 5.4). Some 28 percent asked friends, relatives or other for help, 22 percent
searched adverts or looked on the Internet, 20 percent placed or answered job adverts, and 13
percentregisteredatanemploymentcentre.
Table5.4Unemployedpersons,bysexandmethodofsearchingforwork
Male Female
Total
Male Female
Methodofsearchingforwork
Registeredatemploymentcentre
Placed,answeredjobadvert
Askedatworkplacesetc.
Searchedadverts/internet
Askedfriendsetcforhelp
Waitedonthestreetforcasualwork
Soughtfinancialhelptostartbusiness
Lookedforland,building,etc.forbusiness
Appliedforpermit
Othermethod
Nomethod
Total
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
5,000

1,000
2,000
*
2,000
2,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
9,000

21.3
13.7
2.9
22.1
29.0
4.2
4.0
1.4
1.1
0.3
100.0
60
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
4,000
Total
Percentages
2.1 13.3
30.0 20.5
1.7
22.8 22.4
26.9 28.1
2.4
8.0
5.7
2.1
0.9
2.1
1.7
0.6
6.1
2.7
100.0 100.0
TLLFS2010
Inanotherquestion,theunemployedwereaskedhowlongtheyhadbeenwithoutworkandtrying
tofindajoborstartabusiness.Thegreatmajorityhadbeenwithoutworkforlessthanayear,but
aboutathousandpeoplehadbeenwithoutworkforayearormore(Table5.5).
Table5.5Unemployedpersons,bysexandlocality,andlengthoftimewithoutwork

TimorLeste
Urban
Rural
Male
Male
Male Female Total

Female Total
Female Total
Howlongwithoutwork
Percentages
Lessthan3months
*
1,000 1,000
*
* 1,000
1,000
1,000 2,000
3mths<6mths
1,000
1,000 2,000 1,000
* 1,000
2,000
1,000 2,000
6mths<9mths
*
* 1,000
*
* 1,000
1,000
* 1,000
9mths<1year
1,000
* 1,000
*
* 1,000
1,000
1,000 2,000
1year<3years
*
* 1,000
*
*
*
*
1,000 1,000
3years5years
*
*
Donotknow/missing
*
*
* 1,000
* 1,000
1,000
1,000 1,000
3,000
2,000 5,000 2,000
2,000 4,000
5,000
4,000 9,000
Howlongwithoutwork
Lessthan3months
15.0
33.4
22.2
16.1
14.4
15.3
15.4
24.6
19.2
3mths<6mths
33.8
26.9
31.1
23.0
8.2
16.5
29.3
18.2
24.7
6mths<9mths
13.5
6.5
10.8
11.0
19.3
14.7
12.5
12.4
12.5
9mths<1year
20.8
7.7
15.7
16.6
27.4
21.4
19.1
16.9
18.2
1year<3years
7.4
14.2
10.0
5.8
12.1
8.5
6.7
13.2
9.4
3years5years
2.8
0.0
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.6
0.0
1.0
Donotknow/missing
6.7
11.3
8.5
27.6
18.6
23.6
15.4
14.7
15.1
100.0
100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0
100.0 100.0
TLLFS2010
Theunemploymentrateof3.6percentshowninTable5.1mightappearlow,butitiscomparableto
the unemployment rates in other South East Asian countries. For instance, the 6th edition of the
ILO'sKeyIndicatorsoftheLabourMarket(KILM)givesthelatestunemploymentfiguresforseveral
countries as follows: Indonesia (2008) 8.4 %, Lao PDR (2005) 1.4 %, Malaysia (2007) 3.2 %, Papua
NewGuinea(2000)2.8%,Philippines(2008)7.4%,Singapore(2008)3.2%,Thailand(2008)1.4%,
and Vietnam (2004) 2.1 %. For a developing country like TimorLeste, the vulnerable employment
rateisamoreusefulindicatorofthestateofthelabourmarket
5.3Previousemploymentexperienceoftheunemployed
Outofthe9,000unemployed,fewerthan1,000haveeverworkedbefore.
Thosewhowereunemployedwereaskedabouttheirprevioustrainingexperience.Responseswere
obtained only in respect of about 5,000 out of the 9,000 unemployed. About 1,000 of the
unemployed have been trained in crafts or related trades, and about 1,000 have been trained for
professionalwork.Smallernumbershavebeentrainedforeachoftheotheroccupationalgroups.
In response to the question (Q70) about how they had been trained, a quarter said they had
attendedavocationaltrainingprogramme,aquartersaidtheyhadlearnedfromparents,relatives
andfriends,andnearlyaquartersaidtheywereselftaught.Veryfewmentionedtheyhadreceived
formalschoolingfortheirwork,orhadbeentrainedbyNGOs,andhardlyanyonementionedonthe
jobtraining.
61
5.4Timerelatedunderemployment
Everyoneinemploymentwasaskedthequestion:Wouldyouhavelikedtoworkmorehoursthan
you actually worked provided the extra hours had been paid?. Surprisingly, hardly anyone said
Yes. Fewer than a thousand people would be classified as underemployed under this measure.
This is even without separating out those whose usual hours of work are already above some
thresholdforhoursworkedfromthosewhoarebelowthethreshold.
Everyone in employment was then asked: Would you like to change your current employment
situation?. Theresultsareshownin Table5.6. Overall,about10,000peopleexpresseda wishto
change their employment. The desire for change was especially apparent in urban areas.
Approximately 12 percent of those working in urban areas want to change their current
employment, compared with only 1 percent in rural areas. The group containing most people
wantingtochangewasamongthoseworkinginthewholesaleandretailsector.
These people who wanted to change their current employment were asked the main reason for
wantingtochange.Theresponsesmostoftengivenweretohavehigherpayperhour(3,000men
and1,000women),toimprovetheirworkingconditions(1,000menand1,000women),ortowork
morehoursattheircurrentrate(1,000menand1,000women).Thesepeoplewereaskedwhether,
duringthelastfourweeks,theyhadlookedforanotherjoboractivitytoreplacetheircurrentone,
orhadlookedforadditionalworkinadditiontotheircurrentactivity.Almosteveryone(94%)said
theyhadnotdoneso.
Table5.6Personswishingtochangetheircurrentemploymentsituation,bysex,localityandsectorofactivity
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricityetc.
Construction
Accommodation&food
Education
Arts&entertainment
Total
Urban
Male Female
Total
*
* 1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* 1,000
2,000
2,000 4,000
1,000
* 1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
5,000
3,000 8,000
Rural
Male Female
Total
1,000
* 1,000
1,000
* 2,000
62
Total
Male Female
Total
1,000
1,000
2,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,000
2,000
2,000
4,000
1,000
*
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
6,000
4,000
10,000
TLLFS2010
Chapter6
Youthemployment
Figuresforyouthaged1524havealreadybeenpresentedinseveraltablesinthisreport.Herein
Table6.1weshowtheeconomicactivitystatusofpeopleaged15to29,splitintothreefiveyearage
groups.Therearealmostaquarterofamillionyouthaged15to29.Ofthese,some51,000are
employed,andafurther6,000areunemployed.Thismeansthatthelabourforceinthisagegroup
totals57,000,givingalabourforceparticipationrateofabout22percent.Malesoutnumberfemales
2to1amongtheemployedpopulation,althoughthereareaboutequalnumbersofmalesand
femaleswhoareunemployed.
Table6.1Economicactivitystatusofyouthaged1529,bysexandlocality
Agegroup
POPULATION
1519
2024
2529
Total
EMPLOYED
1519
2024
2529
Total
Urban
Male Female
UNEMPLOYED
1519
2024
2529
Total
INACTIVE
1519
2024
2529
Total
Rural
Male Female
Total
40,000 83,000
24,000 51,000
22,000 39,000
85,000 172,000
Male
60,000
42,000
29,000
132,000
TimorLeste
Female
58,000
39,000
33,000
130,000
Total
18,000
15,000
12,000
44,000
18,000
15,000
12,000
45,000
36,000
30,000
24,000
90,000
43,000
27,000
17,000
87,000
1,000 1,000
2,000 6,000
3,000 10,000
6,000 17,000
3,000
8,000
11,000
23,000
2,000
3,000
6,000
11,000
5,000
12,000
17,000
34,000
4,000
12,000
19,000
35,000
2,000
5,000
9,000
16,000
6,000
18,000
27,000
51,000
1,000
4,000
7,000
12,000
Total
118,000
81,000
62,000
262,000
*
1,000
1,000
2,000
*
1,000
1,000
2,000
*
1,000
1,000
3,000
*
*
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
2,000
*
1,000
1,000
3,000
*
2,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
6,000
17,000
11,000
4,000
31,000
18,000
12,000
8,000
38,000
34,000
23,000
12,000
69,000
39,000
19,000
5,000
63,000
37973 77,000
19322 38,000
15680 21,000
72975 136,000
56,000
29,000
9,000
94,000
55,000
32,000
24,000
111,000
111,000
61,000
33,000
205,000
TLLFS2010
ThetableabovethereforeresultsintheratesforyouthsetoutinTable6.2.
Table6.2Variouslabourstatisticsforyouth,bysexandagegroup
Agegroup
1519
2024
2529
1529
1524
Labourforceparticipationrate
Male
Female Bothsexes
7.5
4.4
6.0
31.0
18.3
25.0
69.7
28.1
47.4
28.8
14.6
21.7
17.2
9.9
13.7
Employmenttopopulationratio
Male
Female
Bothsexes
6.7
3.9
5.3
28.5
14.1
21.7
64.6
25.5
43.7
26.5
12.5
19.5
15.7
8.0
12.0
63
Unemploymentrate(relaxed)
Male
Female
Bothsexes
Percentages
10.7
10.7
10.7
8.1
22.9
13.3
7.4
9.1
7.9
8.0
14.5
10.2
8.8
19.7
12.6
TLLFS2010
ItcanbeseenthattheLFPRandemploymenttopopulationratiosincreasesharplyforbothmales
andfemalesasonemovesfromtheyoungertotheolderyouth.Withtheunemploymentrate,
thereisageneralloweringoftheratewithadvancingyears,asthenumberinemploymentgrows.
Theexceptionisyoungwomenaged2024,amongwhomtheunemploymentrateis23percent.
Table6.3showsthedistributionofemployedyouthaged15to29byoccupation,andTable6.4
showsthedistributionbyindustry.
Table6.3Employedyouthaged15to29,bysex,locality,andoccupation
Male
Occupation(ISCO08)
Managers
Professionals
Technicians
Clerical
Service&sales
Skilledagriculturalworkers
Craft&relatedtrades
Machineoperators
Total
*
2,000
1,000
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
11,000
Urban
Female Total
*
*
1,000 3,000
* 2,000
*
*
2,000 4,000
* 1,000
* 1,000
* 1,000
2,000 5,000
6,000 17,000
Male
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
13,000
23,000
Rural
Female Total
*
*
1,000 2,000
1,000 2,000
*
*
1,000 2,000
1,000 5,000
* 2,000
* 1,000
5,000 19,000
10,000 33,000
Male
*
2,000
2,000
*
3,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
16,000
34,000
Total
Female Total
* 1,000
2,000 4,000
2,000 4,000
* 1,000
3,000 6,000
1,000 6,000
1,000 3,000
* 3,000
7,000 23,000
16,000 50,000
TLLFS2010
Table6.4Employedyouthaged15to29,bysex,locality,andsectorofactivity
Sectorofactivity(ISICrev4)
Agriculture
Mining&quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricityetc.
Watersupply
Construction
Accommodation&food
Financial&insurance
Education
Health&socialwork
Arts&entertainment
Total
Male
2,000
*
*
*
1,000
2,000
2,000
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
*
*
1,000
*
*
*
11,000
Urban
Female Total

1,000 3,000
*
*
*
*

* 2,000
1,000 4,000
* 2,000
1,000 1,000
* 1,000
*
* 1,000
* 1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
* 1,000
* 1,000
*
*
*
*
6,000 17,000
64
Male
14,000
*
*
*
*
2,000
3,000
1,000
*
*
1,000
*
*
*
23,000
Rural
Female
5,000
*
1,000
*
*
2,000
*
*
*
1,000
*
*
*
*
11,000
Total
20,000
*
1,000
*
*
2,000
5,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
*
*
33,000
Male
16,000
*
1,000
*
*
4,000
5,000
3,000
*
1,000
*
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
*
*
*
34,000
Total
Female
6,000
*
1,000
*
*
3,000
*
1,000
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
16,000
Total
22,000
*
1,000
*
*
4,000
9,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
51,000
TLLFS2010
65
Chapter7
Somekeyindicatorsfordistricts
Formanyindicators,suchasunemployment,itisnotmeaningfultogivefiguresatthedistrictlevel
becausethefiguresaresosmall.HereweshowinTable7.1theemploymentfiguresbydistrictand
by15yearagegroup.
Table7.1Employedpersonsbyagegroupanddistrict
BOTHSEXES
Ainaro
Aileu
Baucau
Bobonaro
Covalima
Dili
Ermera
Liquica
Lautem
Manufahi
Manatuto
Oecusse
Viqueque
Total
MALES
Ainaro
Aileu
Baucau
Bobonaro
Covalima
Dili
Ermera
Liquica
Lautem
Manufahi
Manatuto
Oecusse
Viqueque
Total
Agegroup
Agegroup
1529
3044
4559
60+
Total
1529 3044 4559
4,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
19,000
19.1
39.7
20.3
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
10,000
30.3
31.2
28.0
2,000
7,000
4,000
2,000
15,000
12.4
46.4
28.4
4,000
10,000
9,000
5,000
27,000
15.3
35.8
31.0
3,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
15,000
20.7
37.3
23.8
14,000
27,000 13,000
3,000
58,000
25.0
46.9
23.3
8,000
12,000
9,000
4,000
33,000
24.4
37.3
26.2
4,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
15,000
23.4
34.7
34.5
1,000
6,000
3,000
1,000
12,000
9.6
53.7
27.6
3,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
15,000
16.8
37.1
29.2
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
8,000
21.2
38.8
26.4
3,000
7,000
4,000
2,000
16,000
16.9
44.3
27.3
1,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
8,000
11.3
56.4
19.9
51,000 105,000 66,000 30,000 252,000
20.2
41.5
26.3
2,000
5,000 2,000 3,000 12,000
19.7
40.4
18.0
2,000
2,000 2,000 1,000
6,000
36.6
27.5
27.5
1,000
5,000 3,000 1,000 10,000
11.7
49.9
25.3
3,000
6,000 5,000 3,000 18,000
18.1
33.1
29.4
2,000
4,000 3,000 2,000 11,000
20.4
35.8
24.3
10,000 19,000 10,000 2,000 40,000
23.5
47.7
23.6
5,000
8,000 6,000 2,000 21,000
23.3
39.4
25.9
2,000
4,000 3,000 1,000 11,000
21.8
36.1
31.7
1,000
5,000 2,000 1,000
8,000
10.1
57.9
20.9
2,000
4,000 3,000 2,000 10,000
19.0
36.1
27.3
1,000
3,000 2,000 1,000
7,000
21.5
38.6
24.9
2,000
5,000 3,000 1,000 11,000
17.1
44.5
26.8
1,000
4,000 1,000 1,000
6,000
9.1
59.3
20.6
35,000 73,000 43,000 22,000 173,000
20.2
42.2
25.1
FEMALES
Ainaro
Aileu
Baucau
Bobonaro
Covalima
Dili
Ermera
Liquica
Lautem
Manufahi
Manatuto
Oecusse
Viqueque
Total
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
3,000
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
16,000
3,000 2,000
1,000 1,000
2,000 2,000
4,000 3,000
2,000 1,000
8,000 4,000
4,000 3,000
1,000 2,000
2,000 2,000
2,000 2,000
1,000 1,000
2,000 1,000
1,000
*
32,000 23,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
*
*
1,000
*
*
*
9,000
7,000
4,000
5,000
10,000
4,000
17,000
12,000
5,000
4,000
6,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
80,000
66
18.3
20.0
14.1
9.9
21.4
28.7
26.4
27.1
8.6
12.8
20.0
16.6
18.2
20.3
38.6
37.2
38.8
40.9
41.8
45.1
33.4
31.3
44.7
38.8
39.6
43.7
47.3
40.0
24.2
28.8
35.4
34.1
22.1
22.6
26.8
41.1
41.8
32.5
31.9
28.8
17.8
28.8
60+
20.8
10.6
12.7
17.9
18.2
4.7
12.1
7.5
9.1
17.0
13.6
11.5
12.4
12.0
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
22.0
8.5
13.1
19.4
19.5
5.2
11.4
10.4
11.1
17.6
15.0
11.7
11.0
12.5
18.9
14.0
11.8
15.1
14.6
3.6
13.5
0.6
5.0
15.8
8.5
10.9
16.8
10.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Also shown in the Table are the employment to population ratios for each district for males and
females,andforbothcombined.Itissignificantthattheemploymenttopopulationratioformenis
twiceashighasthatforwomen.Theindividualfiguresforparticulardistrictsshouldbetreatedwith
some caution, because of the relatively small sample sizes at district level and because of other
technicalissues.
Table7.2providessomebasicinformationaboutthesizeofthelabourforceineachdistrict.
Table7.2Populationaged15andover,labourforce,andlabourforceparticipationrates,bydistrict
Populationaged15andover
Ainaro
Aileu
Baucau
Bobonaro
Covalima
Dili
Ermera
Liquica
Lautem
Manufahi
Manatuto
Oecusse
Viqueque
Total
Male
Female
Total
Labourforce
Male
Female
Total
18,000
12,000
34,000
26,000
18,000
79,000
30,000
22,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
19,000
17,000
17,000
10,000
31,000
26,000
18,000
76,000
30,000
21,000
18,000
14,000
11,000
20,000
18,000
35,000
23,000
64,000
52,000
36,000
154,000
61,000
43,000
34,000
28,000
23,000
40,000
35,000
12,000
7,000
11,000
18,000
11,000
44,000
21,000
11,000
8,000
10,000
7,000
11,000
6,000
7,000
4,000
5,000
10,000
4,000
19,000
12,000
5,000
4,000
6,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
20,000
12,000
15,000
28,000
15,000
63,000
34,000
16,000
12,000
16,000
9,000
15,000
8,000
318,000
311,000
628,000
178,000
84,000
262,000
67
Labourforce
participationrates
Both
Male Female
sexes
70.1
42.1
56.2
58.3
40.8
50.3
31.7
15.3
23.9
69.9
37.5
53.6
63.9
22.3
42.9
55.4
25.1
40.6
70.5
40.3
55.4
51.0
23.5
37.6
48.3
20.3
33.5
68.9
40.0
54.7
56.2
17.7
38.0
58.6
20.9
39.4
36.7
11.1
23.5
56.1
25.7
41.7
TLLFS2010
AnnexA
Sampledesignandimplementation
A.1
Sampledesign
Duringtheplanningphaseforthissurvey,DNEhadprovidedthevisitingILOteamfromGenevawith
threepossiblesamplingoptionsforthesurvey,involvingdifferentsamplesizes,rangingfrom7,000
to15,000households. 9TheDNEsampleof7,000households,forinstance,wouldhaveinvolvedthe
useofeightfieldteams,eachwithfourinterviewers,withthefieldworkspreadoveraperiodoftwo
months.Itwasassumedthattherewouldbeoneinterviewperhousehold,lasting45minutes,and
that five households could be completed by an interviewer in one day. The sample of 15,000
householdswouldhaveinvolvedtheuseof16fieldteamsratherthaneight.
BasedontheDNEsuggestions,thevisitingILOteampreparedthreeproposalswithsamplesizesthat
weresimilartothoseofferedbyDNE,butwiththefieldworkspreadoverafull12months.Theteam
evaluatedthesethreesamplesizesintermsoftheprecisiongainedintheestimationofthreekey
indicators (unemployment rate, relaxed unemployment rate, and share of the population
employedinnonagriculture)atvariousgeographiclevels.Thecostbenefitevaluationrevealedthat
a doubling of the sample size (from 7,200 households to 14,400 households) would not lead to a
significantreductioninthemarginoferrorsassociatedwithkeyindicators.
Moregenerally,theevaluationalsoshowedthatahouseholdsurveyisnotthemostappropriatetool
to generate reliable estimates for the selected labour market indicators at the lowest geographic
level (i.e. district), given the relatively small size of the total population and the low levels of
unemployment in the country, particularly in rural areas. In fact, to generate reliable districtlevel
estimatesoftheselectedkeyindicators,itwouldbenecessarytointerviewallhouseholdsinTimor
Leste(i.e.conductacensus).
The original sample design proposed by the ILO team had envisaged a total sample of 480
enumeration areas (EAs), of which 300 would be rural and 180 urban. With 15 households being
selectedineachEA,thiswouldhavegivenanoverallsamplesizeof7,200households.Inthisdesign
the urban areas were oversampled (using the square root method of allocation) since the labour
force characteristics of the urban population are more varied than those of the rural population.
Within the urban and rural domains the sample was then allocated proportionally to the districts
accordingtotheirpopulationsizes.
Therecommendedsampledesignwasexpectedtogiveresultsthatwouldberepresentativeatthe
national level, for urban and rural areas, and for Dili and the rest of the country. The proposal to
spreaddatacollectionovera12monthperiodwasbasedontheneedtocaptureandtakeaccount
of seasonal and other temporal variations in employment. Accordingly, the ILO team had
recommended that the annual sample be divided into independent monthly subsamples of equal
size(40EnumerationAreas,or600households),witheachdistrictbeingvisitedeverymonth.Given
the expected rate of completion of interviews, the ILO team estimated that two teams would be
abletocompletealltheinterviewsinthecourseofayear.
RalfHussmannsandElisaBenes,Designofthe2010TimorLesteLabourForceParticipationSurvey:Mission
Report,ILO,April2009
68
TheactualmonthlyallocationsofruralEAsinthesampleproposedbyILOweretobeasfollows:
Aileu,Ainaro,Dili,ManatutoandManufahi1permonth;
Covalima,Lautem,Liquica,OecussiandViqueque2permonth;
BobonaroandErmera3permonth;and
Baucau4permonth.
The numbers of urban EAs (outside Dili) were relatively small, and these were therefore allocated
onlyataregionallevel:
Dili10permonth;
West(Bobonaro,Covalima,LiquicaandOecusse)2permonthintotal;
Central(Aileu,Ainaro,Ermera,ManatutoandManufahi)2permonthintotal;
East(Baucau,LautemandViqueque)1amonthintotal.
A.2
Sampleimplementation
As it turned out, DNE had insufficient resources to implement the sample design as originally
proposed.Instead,thedecisionwasmadetoreducethesamplesize,bymakinguseofthesetof300
enumeration areas that had been covered in the 2007 Survey of Living Standards (SLS). Virtually
every EA that was used in the SLS has been used again, and in general where an EA was selected
severaltimesfortheSLSitwasselectedseveraltimesfortheLFSaswell(thoughnotalwaysexactly
thesamenumberoftimes).ThedifferencesbetweentheSLSsampleandthatusedinLFSaresmall,
andcanbesafelyignored.
The households selected for interview in the LFS do not represent a simple random sample of all
householdsinthecountry,anditisthereforenecessarytoapplyweightsattheindividualhousehold
level before the data from different households can be combined. To work out what weighting
schemetousefortheLFS,oneneedstoappreciatehowtheSLSsamplewasselected.Thepublished
reportofSLS(FinalStatisticalAbstract:TimorLesteSurveyofLivingStandards2007)containsavery
usefulsectiononsampling(pp.612),whichindicatesthefollowing.
ThesampledesignfortheSLSinvolvedatwostageprocess.Atthefirststage,300EAswereselected
astheprimarysamplingunits(PSUs),andatthesecondstage15householdswereselectedwithin
eachEA.Tenexplicitstratawererecognized(theurbanandruralareasineachofthefivedistrict
groupsthat hadbeenusedinthe censusanalysis),andacertainnumberofEAswereallocatedto
eachstratum,asshowninTableA.1: 10
TableA.1DistributionofsampleEAsfortheSLS2007
Urban
Districtgroup1:Baucau,LautemandViqueque
Districtgroup2:Ainaro,Manatuto,andManufahi
Districtgroup3:Aileu,Dili,andErmera
Districtgroup4:Bobonaro,CovalimaandLiquica
Districtgroup5:Oecusse
TimorLesteTotal
NumberofEAs
Rural
Total
25
25
37
25
20
35
35
35
35
28
60
60
72
60
48
132
168
300
10
Thetermregionwasusedinthecensusanalysis,butherethetermdistrictgrouphasbeenpreferred.
69
WhentheseEAsallocatedtoeachdistrictgroupfortheSLSweredistributedacrosstheDistrictsin
proportiontotheirsize(numberofcensushouseholds),itresultedinthedistributionofEAsshown
inTableA.2.AlsoshowninTableA.2istheallocationofEAsfortheLFS.Itcanbeseenthatthetwo
distributionsarealmostidentical.
TableA.2EAworkloadsselectedforSLSandLFS,bydistrictandlocality
District
SLS2007
LFS200910
No.ofEAsworkloads
No.ofEAsworkloads
Urban
Rural
Total
Urban
Rural
Total
Ainaro
Aileu
Baucau
Bobonaro
Covalima
Dili
Ermera
Liquica
Lautem
Manufahi
Manatuto
Oecusse
Viqueque
11
0
6
9
10
35
2
6
13
12
2
20
6
13
8
16
16
10
4
23
9
8
10
12
28
11
24
8
22
25
20
39
25
15
21
22
14
48
17
13
0
6
10
12
35
2
6
13
13
3
20
5
13
10
16
17
10
4
23
10
8
11
12
27
12
26
10
22
27
22
39
25
16
21
24
15
47
17
Total
132
168
300
138
173
311
Atthefirststageofsampling,therequirednumberofurbanandruralEAsfortheSLSwasselected
withinregionswithprobabilityproportionaltosize(PPS),wherethemeasureofsizewasthenumber
ofhouseholdsrecordedinthe2004PopulationCensus.Thesefiguresformeasureofsizeareshown
inTableA.3.Theappropriatedesignweights(WT1)touseforreweightingtheLFSsurveydatacan
thereforebe calculatedbydividing the respective numberofurbanandruralhouseholdsfoundin
eachDistrictinthe2004Censusbythenumberofhouseholdsactuallyinterviewedineachstratum.
Taking the actual number of households, rather than the number originally planned, makes an
allowancefornonresponse,thoughinfacttherewasnomeasurablenonresponseonthissurvey.
For the LFS, the take in each selected EA was 15 households. There was no nonresponse, since
interviewers were allowed to replace households that were absent or otherwise noncontactable
withhouseholdstakenfromtheirreservelist.Inafewcases,asintheSLS,alargeEAwasselected
morethanonce,andthesamplewasincreasedto30,45etc.householdsasrequired.TheSLSreport
notes that there was no combining of small EAs before selecting the sample, and there was no
segmenting of large EAs. The same system was followed in the LFS, so each selected EA can be
treatedasitis,withoutadjustment.
There was an important extra stage in the SLS. Once the EAs were selected, using the number of
households in the 2004 Census as the measure of size, interviewers carried out an exhaustive
household listing operation in the selected EAs during 2006, to update the list of households. The
finalsamplewasthenselectedbycircularsystematicsamplingfromthisnewlist.Thecomparisonof
these two measures of size (MOS*/MOS) provides an additional weight (WT2) for each EA to
incorporateintotheestimationprocess.
UnfortunatelynolistingexercisewascarriedoutfortheLFS,sothecurrentsizeoftheselectedEAs
(intermsofhouseholdsorindividuals)isnotknown.Sinceitisessentialtoincorporateanelement
70
intotheestimationprocesstotakeaccountofthechangesinpopulationbetween2006and2010,
thefollowingapproachhasbeenadopted.
Since all eligible persons have been interviewed in each household, the household weight (WTH),
whichisthemultipleofWT1andWT2,shouldbeappliedtobothhouseholdsandindividuals,toget
thebestpossibleestimatesofthenumberofhouseholdsandindividualsaged10andoverin2006.
The urban WTH weights ranged from 3 to 67, and the rural weights from 11 to 270. All the large
urban weights occurred in Dili, and reflected the fact that a lower sampling rate was used there
(because of its much larger population) than was used in other urban areas. There were 10 rural
weights that were over 100, and these were trimmed back to 100. This will greatly reduce the
samplingerrorsforruralareas,butatthecostofintroducingaslightbiasintheestimates.
AsetofpopulationprojectionshasbeenpreparedforTimorLestebyDNEandUNFPAProjesaun
PopulasaunbaDistritus20042012(2008).Fromthispublicationitispossibletoobtainamedium
levelprojectionofthemaleandfemalepopulationaged10andoverfortheyear2010,separately
for each district, though there is no breakdown by urban and rural. These projected figures are
showninTableA.3. 11
TableA.3.Censushouseholdsin2004bylocality,andprojectedpopulationin2010aged10+bysex
District
HouseholdsinPopulationCensus2004
Urban
Rural
Total
2010projectedpopulationaged10+
Male
Female
Total
Ainaro
Aileu
Baucau
Bobonaro
Covalima
Dili
Ermera
Liquica
Lautem
Manufahi
Manatuto
Oecusse
Viqueque
1,981
448
1,084
1,968
1,891
27,153
1,389
1,155
2,551
2,016
250
2,230
1,006
9,546
7,297
21,575
16,429
9,929
4,422
19,776
9,908
10,447
6,885
8,088
11,429
14,109
11,527
7,745
22,659
18,397
11,820
31,575
21,165
11,063
12,998
8,901
8,338
13,659
15,115
21,355
15,235
38,748
31,581
22,472
97,191
39,414
25,759
20,630
19,220
14,509
23,403
23,552
20,939
14,683
39,793
32,896
22,626
82,683
39,249
25,422
22,656
18,612
14,276
24,513
25,786
42,294
29,918
78,541
64,477
45,098
179,874
78,663
51,181
43,286
37,832
28,785
47,916
49,338
Total
45,122
149,840
194,962
393,069
384,134
777,203
Sourcesofdata:
NationalStatisticsDirectorate(2008),Total,urbanandruralpopulations,pages7691,Table3.4
NationalStatisticsDirectorate(2007),GeneralPopulationCensusofTimorLeste2004:Analysisofcensusresults
Report1,Populationprojections20042050,page56,TableA,2010mediumlevelprojection.
11
Ithadbeenhopedthatitmightbepossibletomakeuseofthefiguresfromthe2010PopulationCensus,but
therequireddetailedbreakdownsofthosefiguresbyagearenotyetavailable.Thepreliminarycensusresults
werereleasedinOctober2010,andindicatedapreliminarycensustotalof1,066,582personsinTimorLesteat
censustime(July2010).Thisis82,447fewerthantheprojected2010figureof1,149,029.However,the
preliminaryreportoftheDemographicandHealthSurvey20092010,publishedinApril2010,states(page7)
thattherehasbeenamorethan2childdeclineinfertilityoverthe7yearsbetweenthe2003DHSandthe
20092010TLDHS.Thisdeclineinfertilitywillhavehadamajoreffectonthenumbersintheunder10age
group,butwillofcoursehavehadnoeffectonthe10+agegroup.Itthereforeseemsreasonabletousethe
projectedfiguresforthe10+agegroupsavailableinthepopulationprojectionsreport.
71
Using the weighted totals obtained as described earlier, the figures for urban and rural areas are
combined separately for males and for females, and then compared with the corresponding
projections. This will yield a new weight for males and females (WT3M and WT3F) at the district
level(accountingmainlyforchangesintheperiod2006to2010).Theseweightsweregenerallyvery
similar for males and females. Overall, the combined figures for urban and rural areas (which
represent2006estimates)neededtobeincreasedbyabout9percenttobringthemuptothelevels
projected for 2010. This implies an annual growth rate between 2006 and 2010 among this age
group (those aged 10 and over) of about 2.2 percent, which seems reasonable. The only district
requiring a substantial positive adjustment was Dili (42 percent). At the other extreme, Aileus
estimateneededadjustingdownwardsby31percent.Alltheotherdistrictshadadjustmentsinthe
rangefrom0.80to1.20.
Theseweights(WT3MandWT3F)canthenbemultipliedbythehouseholdweight(WTH)togetan
overallweight(WTP)foreachindividual.Thetotalweighteddatafromthesurveyshouldthenmatch
upexactlywiththepopulationprojectionsformalesandfemalesaged10andoverineachdistrict.
In the event, the arrangement of having separate weights for males and females proved
inconvenient for the data processing operation. Since the male and female weights were very
similar,anaverageofthemaleandfemaleweightswasappliedtotheindividualrecords.
No similar projection can be made for the numbers of households, because households are not
coveredintheofficialpopulationprojections.Thereferencepointforthesurveydataonhouseholds
istherefore2006,aswasthecasewithhouseholddatafromSLS2007.
72
73
AnnexB
Labour Force Survey 2009-2010

A.
Household questionnaire
Part 1.
Household identification particulars
Sub-district
District
Enumeration
Building number
Area
Household
Aldeia:______________________
number
Name of head of household: ________________________________________________
Suco
Total number of persons in the household:

Females
Males
Total
Total number of persons aged 10 years and above in the household:

Females
Males
Part 2.
Total
Interview Control Section
Visit(s)
1
2
3
4
Date
___/___/______
___/___/______
___/___/______
___/___/______
Time
____:____
____:____
____:____
____:____
Total number of persons aged 10 years and above in the household who completed an
individual questionnaire:
Females
Total
Males
Main language of interview:
Portugues
Tetun
English
Bahasa
e
Interview results:
Family problems
Completed (Fully responding household)
Vacant/demolished dwelling or change of
Partly completed (one or more individual
status
questionnaires missing)
Non-contact
Listing error
Other reasons
Refused
(specify):______________________________
Interviewers Comments:
Supervisors Comments:
Name
Code Checked
Interviewer:
_______________________________
Supervisor:
________________________________
Data coder:
________________________________
Data entrant:
______________________________
Signature
Date
________________________ ___/___/______
________________________ ___/___/______
________________________ ___/___/______
________________________ ___/___/______
74
Part 3.
List of household members (usual residents)
Who is the head (or acting head) of the household?

(Record that person in column 01.)
First name
01
02
03
Person No.
04
05
Surname
H1
Is male or female?
Male = 1
Female = 2
H2
Which is s date of birth (day, month and

year)?
What is s age in completed years?
H3
(Write 00 if less than 1 year.)

What is s relationship to the head (or
acting head) of the household?
Household head = 01
Spouse/Partner = 02
Son/daughter = 03
Son-/daughter-in-law = 04
Foster-/Stepchild = 05
Mother/Father = 06
Sister/Brother = 07
Grandchild = 08
Grandparent = 09
Other relative = 10
Unrelated = 11
NOTE:Therewasacontinuationpageforrecording
anothersevenhouseholdmembers.
Timor-Leste -Labour Force Survey Report - 2010 - v1.doc
75
06
07
08
Question continuation
01
H4
02
Person No.
04
05
03
06
07
08
For persons aged 15 years or more:

What is s current marital status?
H5
Married = 1
Living together like husband and wife = 2
Widowed = 3
Divorced/Separated = 4
Single/Never married = 5
Can speak, read and write complete
sentences in the following languages?
a. Tetun Yes = 1 No = 2
b. Portuguese Yes = 1 No = 2
c. Bahasa Yes = 1 No = 2
d. English Yes = 1 No = 2
e. Any other language(s) Yes = 1 No = 2
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
76
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
H6

Which is the highest level of education that
has successfully completed?
Pre-primary = 1
Primary = 2
Pre-secondary = 3
Secondary = 4
Technical Secondary = 5
Vocational course = 6
Polytechnic/Diploma = 7
University = 8
None = 9
anothersevenhouseholdmembers.
Person No.
Question continuation
01
H7
H8
H9
02
03
04
05

Is currently attending school?
Yes = 1
No = 2
Where was born?
(Record suco code if born in Timor Leste; record
country code if born abroad.)
(If born in this suco go to Q11.)
When did (last) come to live in the current
suco? (month and year)
How many years has been living in the
current suco?
(Write 00 if less than 1 year.)
77
06
07
08
H10
Where was last living before moving to this

suco?
(Record suco code if previous residence was in
Timor Leste; record country code if previous
residence was abroad.)
H11
Which is/are s current citizenship(s)?

1. ..
2. ..
3. ..
H12
(Record corresponding country code.)

Which citizenship(s) did have at birth?
1. ..
2. ..
3. ..
(Record corresponding country code.)
anothersevenhouseholdmembers
78
Person
number
Part 4.
Age
Household income
Q13. Which sources of cash income does the household, or its members, have?
Mark all that apply
Income from the sale of own agricultural, livestock

or fishing products
....
Income from self-employment in other activities (non-agricultural)

...
Income from wage employment

...
Old-age pension
....
Subsidies/allowances from government

...
Donations, scholarships, charity from churches, NGOs,

international organizations, etc.
.....
Remittances, alimony, gifts from family members or other

households.
Property income (rent, interests, dividends, etc.)

.
Other (specify):
______________________________________________
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
Q14. On average, how much income does the household receive in cash per
month (after payment of taxes, if any)?
No cash income
Less than 50 USD

.
50 99 USD
.
100 199 USD
.
200 299 USD
.
300 399 USD
.
400 499 USD
.
500 749 USD
.
750 999 USD
.
1,000 USD or more
..
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
79
Labour Force Survey 2009-2010

B.
Individual questionnaire
An individual questionnaire is to be completed for each household member aged 10

years or above, who has been listed in Part 3 of the Household Questionnaire.
To the extent possible, each household member should respond by him/herself to

his/her individual questionnaire (self-response).
The reference period for survey questions referring to the last week comprises the 7
days from Monday to Sunday of the calendar week preceding the interview date.
Unless mark all that apply is indicated, you should write down only one answer to
the question.
Answer the questions by marking closed boxes with x, inserting figures in open
boxes |__|__| and writing text in spaces marked by a solid line ________________.
Numbers shown after the sign ) indicate the number of the question to be asked
next.
In cases where there is no sign ) after the box in which the answer has been
marked, continue with the question that follows immediately afterwards.
Part 1.
Personal identification particulars
Data are to be taken from the Household Questionnaire
Subdistrict
Building
number
Aldeia
District
Enumeration Area
Household number
Person number in
household
Age
Persons name: ____________________________________
80
Part 2.
Identification of employed persons
Q1. In the last week, did you work for a wage or salary, or for other income in cash or in kind
(including income obtained from your own or a family business, farm or subsistence
agriculture)?
Yes
..............................
No
1
2
) Q3
Q2. Last week, did you do any paid or unpaid work for at least one hour (even if you are student,
unemployed, housewife or elderly person and work only part-time or occasionally)?

Examples:
Paid work as part-time or temporary employee;
Paid work as occasional worker, assistant, substitute;
Military service;
Missionary work;
Unpaid work in subsistence agriculture, in a business or on a farm of another household

member;
Work compensated through an exchange of labour;
Production or sale/barter of raw or processed products from agriculture, forestry or fishing;
Sale/barter of foodstuffs, beverages, clothes, handicrafts, etc. on the street, in the market or at
home;
Construction or renovation of houses, repair of cars or durable goods for other persons
for payment;
Transportation of passengers or goods for payment;
Paid security services;
Paid consultations, private tuition (foreign languages, computers, etc.);
Housekeeping, washing clothes, baby-sitting, etc. for payment in cash or in kind (e.g. food and
lodging).
ATTENTION! Unpaid housework provided by household members for their own household or other
households should not be taken into consideration.
Yes
..............................
No
1
2
) Q5
Q3. Has this work been done on your own agricultural land (or that of another household
member)?
Examples: livestock farming, land cultivation and other agricultural work, selling/bartering products
obtained from the land.
Yes
...............................
No
.
1
2
) Q10
Q4. In general, are the raw or processed products obtained from this land produced exclusively
for your households own consumption or also for sale/barter?
Only for own consumption

..............................
Mostly for own consumption and some for sale or barter
81
1
2
) Q10
...
Mostly for sale or barter and some for own
consumption....
Only for sale or barter
..............................
) Q10
) Q10
Q5. Last week, did you have work, from which you were temporarily absent because of vacation,
illness, off-season, bad weather, economic reasons, etc., and to which you will definitely return?
Yes
...............................
No
.
1
2
) Q59
) Q10
) Q10
) Q10
) Q7
) Q7
) Q10
) Q10
) Q59
) Q8
10
) Q10
11
) Q10
12
) Q10
13
) Q10
) Q10
) Q59
) Q59
Q6. What was the main reason why you did not work last week?
Vacation, holidays
...
Maternity leave
Medical (illness, injury)

..............................
Technical (breakdown of infrastructure, vehicles, machinery or equipment, lack of
transport facilities, energy cuts, etc.)
...
Economic (lack/high cost of raw materials, energy or equipment, lack of orders or
clients, etc.)
Strike or labour dispute
Schooling or training
...
Seasonal work (self-employment)
...
Seasonal work (wage employment)
.
Family responsibilities (other than maternity leave)
...
Community obligations
Bad weather conditions
Other (specify):
____________________________________________________________
Q7. Are you sure that you will have returned to work:
Within 3 months?
.
After 3 months?
...
Not sure to return
.
82
Person
number
Age
Q8. Are you sure that you will have returned to work:
Within 6 months?
.
After 6 months?
...
Not sure to return
.
1
2
) Q59
) Q59
1
2
) Q59
Q9. Does your employer continue to pay you a wage or salary during the off-season?
Yes
...............................
No
Part 3. Employed persons: characteristics of main job

The following questions refer to the respondents main job/activity (if more than one) during the last
week. The main job/activity is the one in which the respondent usually works the largest number of
hours per week. If the usual hours of work are the same in each job/activity, the main job/activity is the
one that generates the largest income.
Q10. In the job/activity that you had during the last week, were you
Read
Employee (working for someone else for pay in cash or in kind)
...
Employer (employing one or more employees)
..............................
Own-account worker (not employing any employee)
.
Contributing family worker (working without pay in the business or farm of another
household/family member)
..
Member of a producers cooperative
.
On military service
...
1
2
) Q19
) Q19
) Q19
) Q19
) Q25
Q11. Were you employed on the basis of
a written contract? ...........................

an oral agreement? ...
1
2
Q12. Was your contract or agreement of
a limited time duration?

...
an unlimited time duration?
.
) Q14
Q13. How long have you been employed in this job?

Timor-Leste -Labour Force Survey Report - 2010 - v1.doc.doc
83
Less than 1 year

...
1 to 2 years
...
3 to 5 years
...
6 to 10 years
.
11 to 20 years
...
21 to 30 years
...
31 or more years
..............................
) Q16
) Q16
) Q16
) Q16
) Q16
) Q16
) Q16
Q14. Why is your contract or agreement of limited duration?
On-the-job training, internship, traineeship

.
Probation period
...
Seasonal work
..
Occasional work
..
Daily work
...
Work as a replacement/substitute
Public employment programme

...
Project work (UN, NGOs, etc.)
Specific service or task (lecturer, artist, etc.)

...
Chain contract (succession of temporary contracts with same
employer)....
Other (specify):
____________________________________________________________
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Q15. What is the duration of your contract or agreement?
Daily contracts/agreements
..
Less than 1 month
1 to 2 months
3 to 6 months
7 to 12 months
..
More than 12 months
84
1
2
3
4
5
6
Person
number
...
Do not know
.
Age
Q16. Do you get paid annual leave or payment for leave not taken?
Yes
...
No
.
Do not know
.
1
2
3
Q17. Would you get paid sick leave in case of illness or injury?
Yes
...
No
Do not know
1
2
3
Q18. In which sector were you employed?
Read
Government
.
State-owned enterprise (e.g. TVTL, EDTL)
Privately-owned business or farm
Non-governmental/non-profit organization
.
Private household
.
Embassies and bilateral institutions (e.g. USAID, CIDA)
..
United Nations and other international org.
Other (specify):
____________________________________________________________
) Q20
) Q20
3
4
) Q20
) Q20
) Q20
) Q20
) Q20
Q19. Was your business/farm (or the business/farm where you worked)
registered at the Ministry of Justice or Ministry of Tourism, Commerce and
Industry?
Yes
...
Is in the process of being registered
.
No
.
Do not know
1
2
3
4
85
.
Q20. Where do you usually work?
Read
In your home
Structure attached to your home

..
At the clients or employers home
..
Enterprise, plant, factory, office, shop, workshop etc. (separate from the house)
...
On a farm or agricultural plot
..
Construction site
..
Fixed stall in the market or on the street
.
Without fixed location/mobile
.
Other (specify):
____________________________________________________________
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Q21. What kind of work do you usually do in the job/activity that you had last
week?
a. Occupational title:
____________________________________________________
b. Short description of the main tasks or duties:
____________________________________________________
Code
ISCO
Q22a. What kind of industry, business, service or activity is carried out at your place of work?
____________________________________________________
Q22b. What are the main goods or services produced at your place of work or its main
functions?
____________________________________________________
Code
ISIC
Q23. How many persons including yourself work at your place of work?
1-4
5-9
10-19
86
1
2
3
) Q25
Person
number
Age
20-49
50-99
100 or more
..
more than 9 persons
.
Do not know
.
) Q25
) Q25
) Q25
) Q25
) Q25
Q24. Please specify the exact number of workers
Number of workers:
.
Q25. In which suco is your place of work located?

____________________________________________________
Code
Suco
Interviewer: If 10 to 14 years old then ) Q28, otherwise continue with Q26.

Q26. What kind of work have you been trained for or learned to do?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Code
ISCO
Q27. How have you been trained/did you learn?
Formal schooling
.
Vocational training programme
...
Training programme provided by NGO, etc.
..
On-the-job training provided by an enterprise/employer
Learning from parent, relative, friend

..
Self-taught
1
2
3
4
5
6
87
Part 4. Employed persons: characteristics of secondary activity

The following questions refer to the respondents secondary job/activity, if any, during the last week.
Q28. Under current conditions in Timor-Leste, with low incomes and high prices, many people
have a secondary job/activity in addition to the main one. Last week, did you have any
secondary job/activity from which you or your household obtain any income in cash or in kind?
Interviewer: Include jobs/activities from which the person was temporarily absent during the last week.
Examples:
Paid work as part-time or temporary employee even if only for one or a few hours;
Paid work as occasional worker, assistant, substitute;
Military service; Paid security services;
Missionary work;
Unpaid work in subsistence agriculture, in a business or on a farm of another household

member;
Work compensated through an exchange of labour;
Production or sale/barter of raw or processed products from agriculture, forestry or fishing;
Sale/barter of foodstuffs, beverages, clothes, handicrafts, etc. on the street, in the market or at
home;
Construction or renovation of houses, repair of cars or durable goods for other persons for
payment;
Transportation of passengers or goods for payment;
Paid consultations, private tuition (foreign languages, computer, etc.);
Housekeeping, washing clothes, baby-sitting, etc. for payment in cash or in kind (e.g. food and
lodging).
ATTENTION! Unpaid housework provided by household members for their own household or other
households should not be taken into consideration.
Yes
...............................
No
.
1
2
) Q49
Q29. Was this secondary job/activity done on your own agricultural land (or that of another
household member)?
Examples: livestock farming, land cultivation and other agricultural work, selling/bartering products
obtained from the land.
Yes
...............................
No
.
1
2
) Q31
88
Person
number
Age

..
...
consumption....
..
Q31. In this secondary job/activity, were you

Read

...

..............................

.
..
Q32. In this secondary job/activity, were you employed on the basis of
a written contract? ...........................

an oral agreement? ...
) Q49
2
3
4
1
2
) Q40
) Q40
) Q40
) Q40
1
2
Q33. In this secondary job/activity, was your contract or agreement of
a limited time duration?

...
an unlimited time duration?
.
) Q35
Q34. How long have you been employed in this secondary job/activity?
Less than 1 year
1 to 2 years
.
3 to 5 years
6 to 10 years
..
11 to 20 years
21 to 30 years
31 or more years
) Q37
) Q37
) Q37
) Q37
) Q37
) Q37
) Q37
Q35. Why is your contract or agreement, in this secondary job/activity, of limited duration?
89
On-the-job training, internship, traineeship

.
Probation period
...
Seasonal work
..
Occasional work
..
Daily work
...
Work as a replacement/substitute
Public employment programme

...
Project work (UN, NGOs, etc.)
Specific service or task (lecturer, artist, etc.)

...
Chain contract (succession of temporary contracts with same
employer)....
Other (specify):
____________________________________________________________
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Q36. What is the duration of your contract or agreement in this secondary job/activity?
Daily contracts/agreements
..
Less than 1 month
1 to 2 months
3 to 6 months
7 to 12 months
..
More than 12 months
...
Do not know
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Q37. In this secondary job/activity, do you get paid annual leave or payment for leave not
taken?
Yes
...
No
.
Do not know
.
1
2
3
Q38. In this secondary job/activity, would you get paid sick leave in case of illness or injury?
90
Person
number
Yes
...
No
.
Do not know
.
Age
1
2
3
Q39. In which sector were you employed in your secondary job/activity?

Read
Government
.
.
Private household
.
..
.
Other (specify):
____________________________________________________________
) Q41
) Q41
3
4
) Q41
) Q41
) Q41
) Q41
) Q41
Q40. Was your business/farm (or the business/farm where you worked)
registered at the Ministry of Justice or Ministry of Tourism, Commerce and
Industry?
Yes
...
Is in the process of being registered
No
.
Do not know
.
1
2
3
4
Q41. Where do you usually work to perform your secondary job/activity?
Read
In your home
Structure attached to your home

..
At the clients or employers home
.
Enterprise, plant, factory, office, shop, workshop etc. (separate from the house)
...
On a farm or agricultural plot
..
1
2
3
4
5
91
Construction site
..
Fixed stall in the market or on the street
..
Without fixed location/mobile
.
Other (specify):
____________________________________________________________
6
7
8
9
Q42. What kind of work do you usually do in this secondary job/activity?

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Code
ISCO
Q43a. What kind of industry, business, service or activity is carried out at the place of work
where you had your secondary job/activity?
____________________________________________________
Q43b. What are the main functions, or goods or services produced, at the place of work where
you had your secondary job/activity?
____________________________________________________
Code
ISIC
Q44. How many persons including yourself work at the place of work where you had your
secondary job/activity?
1-4
5-9
10-19
20-49
50-99
100 or more
..
more than 9 persons
.
Do not know
.
92
1
2
3
) Q46
) Q46
) Q46
) Q46
) Q46
) Q46
Person
number
Age
Q45. Please specify the exact number of workers
Number of workers:
.
Q46. In which suco is your secondary job/activity located?

____________________________________________________
Code
Suco
Q47. Besides your main and secondary job/activity, last week, did you also work on your own
agricultural land (or that of another household member)?
Yes
...
No
.
1
2
) Q49

..............................
...
consumption....
..............................
1
2
3
4
Part 5. Hours of work and underemployment

Interviewer: Questions Q49 and Q50: Other job(s)/activities exclude work on subsistence agriculture
producing only for own consumption (Q30=1 or Q48=1).
Q49. How many hours do you usually work per week?

a. Main job/activity
.....
b. Other job(s)/activity(ies)
.....
c. Total for all jobs/activities
...
Q50. Thinking of each day last week, how many hours did you actually work
a. Main job/act.
b. Other
c. Total all
93
job(s)/act.(s)
jobs/activities
Monday?
Tuesday?
Wednesday?
Thursday?
Friday?
Saturday?
Sunday?
Total
Q51. Last week, would you have liked to work more hours than you actually worked provided
the extra hours had been paid?
Yes
...
No
.
1
2
) Q54
Q52. How many additional hours could you have worked last week?
Number
of
additional
.
hours
Q53. How would you have liked to increase your working hours?
Read
Increase
number
of
hours
in
current
job(s)/activity(ies)
..
Take
an
additional
job/activity
Replace current job(s)/activity(ies) with another job/activity with more hours

.
1
2
3
Q54. Would you like to change your current employment situation?
Yes
...
No
1
2
) Q60
Q55. What is the main reason why you want to change your current employment situation?
To work more hours paid at your current rate . 1
To have a higher pay per hour . 2
Fear or certainty of loosing the present job . 3
Present job is temporary or occasional 4
To use qualifications/skills more adequately ... 5
To have more convenient working time, shorter commuting time .. 6
To improve working conditions ... 7
To work less hours with a corresponding reduction in pay . 8
Other reason (specify): ______________________________________________________ 9

Q56. During the last four weeks, did you look for another job/activity to replace your current
one(s)?
94
Person
number
Yes
...
No
.
Age
1
2
Q57. During the last four weeks, did you look for extra work in addition to your current
job(s)/activity(ies)?
Yes
...
No
.
1
2
Part 6. Employees: Wages and salaries

The following question applies only to persons who are employees in their main or secondary job.
Interviewer: If Q10=1 or Q31=1 (employees) then continue with Q58, else go to ) Q59
Q58. How much did you receive last month as wage or salary (after deduction of taxes, if any,
but before any other deductions)?
a. Main activity
b. Secondary activity
Wage and salary includes:

-Direct regular wages and
salaries in cash
-Pay for time not worked (i.e.
paid leave, sick leave)
-Bonuses (13th month salary)
-Allowances
-Value of remuneration in-kind
-Arrear or advance payments
TOTAL
USD
USD
Go to ) Q79
Part 7: Unemployed or economically inactive persons

Q59. In the last four weeks,
Q59a. were you looking for a job?
Yes
...
No
.
) Q60
Q59b. were you trying to start a business?

95
Yes
...
No
1
2
) Q61
Q60. In the last four weeks what have you done to look for work or to start a business?
Read and mark all that apply
Registration at the employment center 1
Placed or answered job advertisement(s) 2
Enquired at workplaces, farms, factories, markets, or contacted

other possible employers)
Searched through job advertisment(s) / searched on the internet ............................................ 4
Asked friends, relatives, colleagues for assistance .. 5
Waited on the street to be recruited for casual work ............................................................... 6
Sougth financial assistance to look for work or start a business ............................................. 7
Looked for land, building, equipment, machinery to start own business or farming
..
8
Applied for permit or license to start a business ..................................................................... 9
Other (specify): ____________________________________________________________ 10
No method 11
)Q64
)Q64
)Q64
)Q64
)Q64
)Q64
)Q64
)Q64
)Q64
)Q64
)Q62
Q61. Last week, would you have liked to work if there had been an opportunity to work?
Yes
...
No
1
2
) Q67
Q62. What was the main reason why you did not seek work or try to start a business in the last
four weeks?
Mark only one answer

Had already found a job to start at a later date
Have undertaken all necessary steps to start a business at a later date
Was waiting for the results of a vacancy competition or an interview (no other
employment option available) .
Have been requested to return to old job ................................................................................

Have a wish to return to old job .............................................................................................
Awaiting the season for work ..
Attended school or training courses .
Family responsibilities or housework ..
Lack of consent from family ....................................................................................................
Pregnancy, illness or disability
Does not know how and where to look for work .
Unable to find work requiring his/her skills ............................................................................
Had looked for job(s) before but had not found any
Too young or too old to find a job ...
No jobs available in the area/district
Other reason (specify): ______________________________________________________
1
2
)Q64
)Q64
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
)Q65
)Q65
)Q65
)Q65
)Q65
)Q65
)Q65
)Q65
)Q65
)Q65
Q63. During the last 12 months, did you do anything to look for work or to start a business?
96
Person
number
Yes
...
No
Age
1
2
) Q65
) Q65
Note: The two codes in Q62 shown in italics were late additions to the questionnaire.
Q64. For how long have you been without work and trying to find a job or start a business?
Less than 3 months ..

3 months to less than 6 months
9 months to less than 1 year .
1 year to less than 3 years
3 years to 5 years .
More than 5 years
Do not know
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Q65. If you were offered a job now, could you start working within the next 15 days?
Yes
...
No
.
) Q69
Q66. If you had the opportunity to open a business, could you start working in it within the next
15 days?
Yes
...
No
1
2
) Q69
) Q68
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
) Q79
) Q79
) Q79
) Q79
) Q79
) Q79
) Q79
) Q79
Q67. What was the main reason why you did not want to work last week?
In school or training .
Retired or too old for work ..
Too young to work ...................................................................................................................
No desire to work .
Off-season
Q68. What is the main reason why you would not be available for work within the next 15 days?
In school or training .
1
2
3
) Q79
) Q79
) Q79
97
Retired or too old for work ..

Too young to work ...................................................................................................................
No desire to work .
4
5
6
7
) Q79
) Q79
) Q79
) Q79
Interviewer: If 10 to 14 years old then ) 71, otherwise continue with 69.

Q69. What kind of work have you been trained for or learned to do?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Code
Q70. How have you been trained/did you learn?
ISCO
Formal schooling
.
Vocational training programme
...
Training programme provided by NGO, etc.
..
On-the-job training provided by an enterprise/employer
Learning from parent, relative, friend

.
Self-taught
1
2
3
4
5
6
Q71. Have you ever worked for a wage or salary, or for other income in cash or in kind
(including income obtained from your own or a family business, farm or subsistence
agriculture)?
Interviewer: Work includes unpaid work in a family business, farm or fishing.
Yes
...
No
1
2
Q72. What was the main reason why you stopped working in your last job/business?
Temporary job ended

...
End of season
...
Dismissal or staff reduction
.
Business/farm/institution closed down/stopped operating
..
Changed residence, displaced
..
98
1
2
3
4
5
) Q79
Person
number
Age
Started or resumed school, studies, training
Family responsibilities or housework

..
Community responsibilities
.
Resignation for other reasons

..
Retirement
Other reason (specify):

______________________________________________________
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Q73. Where was your last job/activity located?

Record name and suco code if located in Timor Leste; record name and country code if located abroad.
____________________________________________________
Suco/Country Code
Q74. When did you stop working?
Less than 3 months

..
6 months to less than 1 year

.
1 year to less than 3 years
3 years to less than 5 years

...
5 years to 10 years
...
More than 10 years
..
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
) Q79
Q75. What kind of work did you do in your last job/activity?

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Code
ISCO
99
Q76a. What kind of industry, business, service or activity was carried out at the place of work
where you had your last job/activity?
____________________________________________________
Q76b. What were the main functions, or goods or services produced, at the place of work where
you
had your last job/activity?
____________________________________________________
Code
ISIC
Q77. In your last job/activity, were you
Read
...
..............................
.
..
1
2
) Q79
) Q79
) Q79
) Q79
Q78. In which sector were you employed in your last job/activity?
Read
Government
.
.
Private household
.
..
.
Other (specify):
____________________________________________________________
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Q79. Last week, were you registered with an Employment Center?
Yes
...
100
Person
number
No
.
Age
) Q81
Q80. What type of assistance have you received from the Employment Center?
Mark all that apply

Information
about
job
vacancies
..
Referral
to
microfinance
schemes
Referral
to
training
providers
...
Other
(specify):
____________________________________________________________
1
2
3
4
Q81. What were you doing mainly during the last 12 months, that is, from July 2008 to June
2009?
Read
Employed
o Employee (working for someone else for pay in cash or in kind)
1
o Employer
(employing
one
or
more
employees)
...
2
o Own-account
worker
(not
employing
any
employee)
..
3
o Contributing family worker (working without pay in the business or farm
of another household/family member)
..
4
o Member
of
a
producers
cooperative
5
Not employed, available for work
o Looking
for
work
..
6
o Not
looking
for
work
7
Not employed, not available for work
o Student
...
8
o Household
work
.
9
o Pensioner,
retired,
elderly
person
..
10
o Pregnant,
ill,
disabled
.
11
o Other
(specify):
___________________________________________________
12
READ: This is the end of the interview. Thank you for your cooperation.
101
To be answered by the interviewer

Q82. How was the information for this questionnaire obtained?
Self-response
Proxy-response
.
102
1
2
AnnexC
FlowChartofTimorLesteLabourForceSurvey2010
A.Householdquestionnaire
Part1.Householdidentificationparticulars
District,Subdistrict,Suco,EnumerationArea,Census
buildingnumber
Householdnumber,Aldeia
NameofHOH,Totalpersonsinhousehold(MFT)
Totalpersonsinhouseholdaged10+(MFT)
Part2.Interviewcontrolsection
Dates/timesofvisits
Totalpersonsaged10+completingindividualquestionnaire(MFT)
Mainlanguageofinterview:Tetun,Portuguese,Bahasa,English
Interviewresults:Completed,Partlycompleted,Noncontact,Refused,
Familyproblems,Vacant/Demolished,Listingerror,Otherreasons
Part3.Listofhouseholdmembers
H.1Sex
H.2Age
H.3(RelationshiptoHOH
H.4(15+)Maritalstatus
H.5(10+)Literacy(Tetum,Portuguese,Bahasa,English
H.6(10+)Highestlevelofeducationcompleted
H.7(6+)Whethercurrentlyattendingschool?
H.8Placeofbirth(suco,country)
H.9Whencametoliveincurrentsuco
H.10Wherelivingbefore(suco,country)
H.11Currentcitizenship
H.12Citizenshipatbirth
Part4.Householdincome
P.13Sourcesofhouseholdincome(multicode)9codes
P.14Averageincomeincashpermonth(aftertax)9groups
Q.1
99
B.Individualquestionnaire
Part1.Personalidentificationparticulars
District,Subdistrict,EnumerationArea,Aldeia,Buildingnumber,
Householdnumber,Personnumberinhousehold,Age
Part2.Identificationofemployedpersons
Q.1Inthelastweek,didyouworkforawageorsalary,orforother
incomeincashorinkind(includingincomeobtainedfromyourownor
afamilybusiness,farmorsubsistenceagriculture)?
No
Q.2Lastweek,didyoudoanypaidorunpaidworkforatleastone
Yes
hour(evenifyouareastudent,unemployed,housewifeorelderly
personandworkonlyparttimeoroccasionally)?
Yes
Q.3Hasthisworkbeendoneonyourownagriculturalland
(orthatofanotherhouseholdmember)?
Yes
No
No
Q.4Ingeneral,aretheraworprocessedproductsobtained
Someor
fromthislandproducedexclusivelyforyourhouseholds
allsold
ownconsumptionoralsoforsale/barter?
Onlyforownconsumption
Q.5.Lastweek,didyouhavework,fromwhichyouwere
temporarilyabsentbecauseofvacation,illness,off
season,badweather,economicreasons,etc.andto
No
whichyouwilldefinitelyreturn?
Q.59
Yes
Allotherreasons
Q.6Whatwasthemainreason
Q.59
whyyoudidnotworklastweek?
Seasonalwork
Technicalreason(selfemployment)
SeasonalworkEconomicreason
(wageemployment)
NoQ.59
Q.7Areyousurethatyouwillhave

returnedtoworkwithin3months?
Q.8Areyousurethatyouwillhave
NoQ.59
returnedtoworkwithin6months?
Yes
Yes
No
Q.59
Q.9Doesyouremployercontinuetopayyoua
wageorsalaryduringtheoffseason?
Yes
Q.10Q.10Q.10
100
Part3.Characteristicsofmainjob
Q.10Employmentstatusincurrentjob/activity
Employee
MilitaryOthers
Q.11Typeofcontractoragreement
service
Q.12Lengthofcontractoragreement
Limitedtimeduration
Unlimitedtimeduration
Q.13Lengthofemploymentincurrentjob
Q.14Whycontractoragreementoflimitedduration
Q.15Durationofcontract
Q.16Paidannualleave
Q.17Paidsickleave
Allothers
Q.18Sectorofemployment
Privatelyownedbusinessorfarm
Q.19Whetherbusiness/farmregistered
Q.20Locationofworkplace
Q.21Occupation(ISCO)
Q.22Sectorofeconomicactivity(ISIC)
10+
Q.23Numberofpersonsatwork(grouped)
19
Q.24Numberofworkers(exact)
Q.25Sucowhereworkplacelocated
Ifage1014
Ifage15
Q.26Kindofworktrainedfor
Q.27Methodoftraining
Q.28Q.28
101
Part4.Characteristicsofsecondaryactivity
Q.28...Lastweek,didyouhaveanysecondaryjob/activityfromwhichyour
No
oryourhouseholdobtainanyincomeincashorinkind?
Yes
Q.29Wasthissecondaryjob/activitydoneonyourown
agriculturalland(orthatofanotherhouseholdmember)?
Yes
No

Own
Q.30Ingeneral,aretheraworprocessedproductsobtainedfromthisland
consumption
producedexclusivelyforyourhouseholdsownconsumptionoralsoforsale/barter?
Someorallsold
Q.31Employmentstatusinsecondaryjob/activity
Employee
Others
Q.32Typeofcontractoragreement
Q.33Lengthofcontractoragreement
UnlimitedtimedurationLimitedtime
duration
Q.34Lengthofemploymentincurrentjob
Q.35Whycontractoragreementoflimitedduration
Q.36Durationofcontract
Q.37PaidannualleaveQ.38Paidsickleave
Allothers
Q.39Sectorofemployment
Privatelyownedbusinessorfarm
Q.40Whetherbusiness/farmregistered
Q.41Locationofworkplace
Q.42Occupation(ISCO)Q.43Sectorofeconomicactivity(ISIC)
Q.44Numberofpersonsatwork(grouped)
10+
19
Q.45Numberofworkers(exact)
Q.46Sucowhereworkplacelocated
Q.47Besidesyourmainandsecondaryjob/activity,lastweek,didyoualsoworkon
No
yourownagriculturalland(orthatofanotherhouseholdmember)?
Yes
Q.48Ingeneral,aretheraworprocessedproductsobtainedfromthislandproduced
exclusivelyforyourhouseholdsownconsumptionoralsoforsale/barter?
Q.49Q.49Q.49
102
Part5.Hoursofworkandunderemployment
Q.49Howmanyhoursdoyouusually workperweek?Main,other,total
Q.50Thinkingofeachdaylastweek,howmanyhoursdidyouactually work?
Hourseachday,bymain,other,total
Q.51Lastweek,wouldyouhavelikedtoworkmorehoursthanyouactuallyworked,
providedtheextrahourshadbeenpaid?
Yes
No
Q.52Howmanyadditionalhourscouldyouhaveworkedlastweek?
Q.53Howwouldyouhavelikedtoincreaseyourworkinghours?
Q.54Wouldyouliketochangeyourcurrentemploymentsituation?
Yes
Q.55Whatisthemainreasonwhyyouwanttochangeyourcurrentemploymentsituation?
Q.56Duringthelastfourweeks,didyoulookforanother job/activity toreplace yourcurrentone(s)?
Q.57Duringthelastfourweeks,didyoulookforextraworkinadditiontoyourcurrentjob(s)/activity(ies)?
Part6.Employees:Wagesandsalaries
Note:Part6onlyappliestoemployees(i.e.ifQ.10=1orQ.31=1).Othersgoto>>Q.79
Q.58Howmuchdidyoureceivelastmonthaswageorsalary(afterdeductionoftaxes,ifany,
butbeforeanyotherdeductions)?Separatelyformainactivityandsecondaryactivity,and
separatelyfor:(i)Directregularwagesandsalariesincash;(ii)Payfortimenotworked(i.e.paid
leave,sickleave);(iii)Bonuses(13thmonthsalary);(iv)Allowances;(v)Valueofremuneration
inkind;(vi)Arrearoradvancepayments
103
No
>>Q.79
Part7.Unemployedoreconomicallyinactivepersons
FromQ.5,6,7,8,and9
Q.59(a)Inthelastfourweeks,wereyoulookingforajob?
YesNo
Q.59(b)Inthelastfourweeks,wereyoutryingtostartabusiness?
YesNo
Q.60Inthelastfourweeks,whathaveyoudone
tolookforworkortostartabusiness?(multicode)
AllmethodsNomethod
Q.61Lastweek,wouldyouhavelikedtowork
iftherehadbeenanappropriateopportunitytowork?
YesNo
Q.62Whatwasthemainreasonwhyyoudidnotseekworkortrytostartabusinessinthe
lastfourweeks?
Unabletofindwork
requiringhis/herskills
HavefoundjoborLookedbefore,butdidnotfindanyOther
business(startsoon)Tooyoung/toooldtofindajobreasons
Nojobsavailableinthearea
Q.63Duringthelast12months,didyoudoanything
tolookforworkortostartabusiness?
Q.64Forhowlonghaveyoubeenwithoutwork
andtryingtofindajoborstartabusiness?
Q.65Ifyouwereofferedajobnow,couldyoustartworkingwithinthenext15days?
No
Q.66Ifyouhadanopportunitytoopenabusiness,
couldyoustartworkinginitwithinthenext15days?
YesYesNo
Q.67Whatwasthemainreasonwhyyoudidnotwanttoworklastweek?
Q.68Whatisthemainreasonwhyyouwouldnot
beavailableforworkwithinthenext15days?
Q.69Q.69Q.79Q.79
104
(Part8Previoustrainingandemployment)
Agefilter
15+
Q.69Whatkindofworkhaveyoubeentrainedfororlearnedtodo?(ISCO)
1014
Q.70Howlonghaveyoubeentrained/didyoulearn?
Q.71Haveyoueverworkedforawageorsalary,orforotherincomeincashorinkind(includingincome
obtainedfromyourownorafamilybusiness,farmorsubsistenceagriculture)?
Yes
No
Q.72Whatwasthemainreasonwhyyoustoppedworkinginyourlastjob/business?
Q.73Wherewasyourlastjob/activitylocated?(suco/country)
Q.74Whendidyoustopworking?
LessthanMorethan
10yearsago10yearsago
Q.75Whatkindofworkdidyoudoinyourlastjob/activity?(ISCO)
Q.76(a)and(b)Sectorofeconomicactivity?(ISIC)
Q.77Employmentstatus
EmployeeOthers
Q.78Inwhichsectorwereyou
employedinyourlastjob/activity?
FromQ.58,67and68
Q.79Lastweek,wereyouregisteredwithanEmploymentCenter?
YesNo
Q.80WhattypeofassistancehaveyoureceivedfromtheEmploymentCenter?
Q.81Whatwereyoudoingmainlyduringthelast12months,thatis,fromJuly2008toJune2009?
Q.82Questiontointerviewer:Howwastheinformationforthisquestionnaireobtained:selfresponseorproxy?
105
106
AnnexD
Classificationsystems
Weincludeherethecodingsystemsthatwereusedforclassifyingoccupationandsectorofeconomicactivityin
theLabourForceSurvey.Whilethesurveywasinprogresstheseclassificationsystemsunderwentfurtherreview.
Therevisedclassificationsystemscouldbeassessedforpossibleuseinafuturelabourforcesurvey.
Frame(innumericorder)usedforcodingSectorofEconomicActivityintheLFS
Index husi Klasifikasaun Internasional Setor Industria ninian ba Timor-Leste
(bazeia ba International Standard Industrial Classifications of All Economic Activities ISIC Rev 4)
Lista Numeru
0100
0112
0113
0115
0119
0119
0126
0127
0129
0129
0141
0141
0142
0144
0144
0145
0146
0149
0220
0311
0321
0610
0810
0810
0893
1010
1020
1020
1040
1040
1071
1071
1312
1410
1410
1520
1629
1811
1920
1920
2591
2593
3100
Agriculutura
Kuda, hare
Kuda, modo, fehuk, aifarina, etc
Kuda, tabaco
Kuda, fore mungu
Kuda, fore rai
Kuda, aikameli
Kuda, kafe
Kuda, kami
Tua mutin
Haburas, krau (sapi paron)
Hakiak, krau
Hakiak-Kuda
Hakiak, bibi
Hakiak, bibi malae
Hakiak, fahi
Hakiak, manu
Hakiak - seluk
Ai sunu, Anar
Peska
Hakiak, ikan
Mina rai
Pertambangan
Estrasaun fatuk, rai henek no arjila
Estrasaun masi
Koa, Naan
Hamaran, Ikan
Koa, Ikan
Operador, makina kami
Operador, makina mina nu
Kulinario
Tunu dosi
Soru, tais
Alfaiate
Kustura
Suku, sapatu
Halo, bote
Print
Produtor, mina nu
Operador, makina mina rai
Badaen, besi
Tuku, besi
Karpinteiro, marcenario
3312
3312
3312
3312
3510
3510
3511
3512
3513
3600
3700
3830
4100
4100
4100
4210
4210
4210
4210
4210
4210
4210
4210
4290
4321
4322
4322
4330
4330
4330
4330
4390
4520
4520
4600
4600
4710
4710
4710
4711
4711
4741
4780
107
Mekaniko, produsaun
Mekaniko, tractor
Operador, makina motor
Produtor, mina rai
Electricidade, Gerador
Operador, gerador
Gerador
Operador, komputador
Operador, kulkas
Kuru, bee
Tanki septik
Resiklasen
Karpinteiro, konstrusaun
Konstrusaun
Tekniko, konstrusaun
Estradas
Hamos estrada
Inginiero sivil/ estradas
Konstrusaun, estradas
Loke estrada foun
Tekniko, sivil
Tekniko, sivil/ estradas
Trabalhador, infrastruktur
Hamos valetas
Electricidade
Kanalizador
Operador, AC
Kahur, tinta
Nahe, asulesu
Pintor
Susun, keramik
Pedreiro
Mekaniko, otomotif
Operador, makina kareta
Fila-liman
Negosiante
Hein, loja
Vendedor, geral
Vendedor, loja
Supermerkadu
Vendedor, supermerkadu
Loja, komputer
Merkadu
4799
4921
4921
4921
4922
4922
4923
4923
5010
5100
5210
5310
5510
5510
5610
5610
5610
5630
5800
5900
6000
6000
6010
6020
6100
6201
6201
6201
6202
6202
6202
6202
6300
6410
6411
6419
6920
7490
8010
8130
8411
8411
8411
8411
8422
8422
8422
8423
8423
8500
8510
8510
8510
8510
8510
8510
8521
8521
8521
8522
8530
8541
8542
Vendedor, iha estrada ninin

Angguna
Bis
Mikrolet
Kareta
Taksi
Truk
Van
Ro
Transporte aviao
Armajen
Coreios
Hotel
Housekeeping, hotel
Kosinheiro
Kosinheiro
Servidor da mesa
Barman
Publisidade
Record musica, radio, TV, etc.
Media
Produtor, media
Produtor, radio
Produtor, televizaun
Telecomonikasaun
Analista, komputer
Desenvolvedor, software
Programador, website
Administrador, sistema
Analista, database
Analista, rede
Webmaster
Prosesu dadus, colecta noticia
Banku
Banku Geral
Banku Sentral
Acontabilidade
Tradutor
Seguranca, Sivil
Jardineiro
Administrador distritu
Administrador, sub-distritu
Xefe, aldeia
Xefe, suku
Defesa
Militar
Polisia militar
Bombeiro
Polisia
Eskola
Eskola, pre-eskola
Eskola, primariu
Mestra, pre-eskola
Mestri, pre-eskola
Mestri, primariu
Profesor, primariu
Eskola, sekundariu
Mestri, sekundariu
Profesor, sekundariu
Instrutur
Universidade
Treinador
Eskola, musika
8542
8549
8600
8620
8620
8629
8629
8629
8629
8629
8700
8890
9000
9000
9000
9000
9000
9000
9310
9310
9310
9310
9310
9310
9319
9319
9400
9521
9521
9529
9601
9602
9602
9602
9602
9602
9602
9602
9602
9700
9700
9700
108
Profesor, musika
Eskola, komputer
Saude
Mediko
Mediko, spesialista
Dayang
Infermeira
Infermeira, tekniko
Parteira
Tekniko, infermeira
Alugar
Hare habarik
Hakerek, musika
Jornalista
Kantor
Musika
Reportajen
Tokador, musika
Basket Boll
Fute Boll
Futesal
Judo
Karate
Kroser
Kurida, bero
Kurida, bisiceta
Organizasaun
Hadia, elektronika
Operador, Televizaun
Mekaniko, bisikleta
Eme nebe fase ropa
Dada, fuuk
Haircuts
Fasi, fuuk
Kumu, Ain ho Isin
Manikure
Pedikure
Salon
Tesi, fuuk
Babysistter
Empregado, Uma nian
Hadia uma laran
Frame(inalphabeticalorder)usedforcodingSectorofEconomicActivityintheLFS
Index husi Klasifikasaun Internasional Setor Industria ninian ba Timor-Leste
(bazeia ba International Standard Industrial Classifications of All Economic Activities ISIC Rev 4)
Lista Alfabeto
0100
6920
8411
6202
8411
0220
1410
8700
6202
6201
6202
4921
5210
9700
2591
6410
6411
6419
5630
9310
4921
8423
5310
9602
8629
8422
6201
4321
3510
9601
9700
8500
8549
8542
8510
8510
8521
4210
0810
0893
9602
4600
9310
9310
3511
0141
9700
9521
9602
9000
0144
0144
0145
Agriculutura
Acontabilidade
Administrador distritu
Ai sunu, Anar
Alfaiate
Alugar
Analista, database
Analista, komputer
Analista, rede
Angguna
Armajen
Babysistter
Badaen, besi
Banku
Banku Geral
Banku Sentral
Barman
Basket Boll
Bis
Bombeiro
Coreios
Dada, fuuk
Dayang
Defesa
Electricidade
Electricidade, Gerador
Eme nebe fase ropa
Empregado, Uma nian
Eskola
Eskola, komputer
Eskola, musika
Eskola, pre-eskola
Eskola, primariu
Eskola, sekundariu
Estradas
Estrasaun fatu, rai renek no arjila
Estrasaun masi
Fasi, fuuk
Fila-liman
Fute Boll
Futesal
Gerador
Hadia uma laran
Hadia, elektronika
Haircuts
Hakerek, musika
Hakiak, bibi
Hakiak, bibi malae
Hakiak, fahi
0321
0141
0146
0142
0149
1629
1020
4210
4290
8890
4710
5510
5510
8629
8629
4210
8522
8130
9000
9310
4330
4322
9000
9310
4922
4100
3100
1020
1010
4100
4210
5610
9310
0126
0119
0119
0112
0127
0129
0113
0113
0150
1071
9602
9319
9319
3600
1410
4741
4210
9602
6000
8620
109
Hakiak, ikan
Hakiak, krau
Hakiak, manu
Hakiak-Kuda
Hakiak - seluk
Halo, bote
Hamaran, Ikan
Hamos estrada
Hamos valetas
Hare habarik
Hein, loja
Hotel
Housekeeping, hotel
Infermeira
Infermeira, tekniko
Inginiero sivil/ estradas
Instrutur
Jardineiro
Jornalista
Judo
Kahur, tinta
Kanalizador
Kantor
Karate
Kareta
Koa, Ikan
Koa, Naan
Konstrusaun
Konstrusaun, estradas
Kosinheiro
Kroser
Kuda, aikameli
Kuda, fore mungu
Kuda, fore rai
Kuda, hare
Kuda, kafe
Kuda, kami
Kuda, modo, fehuk, aifarina, etc.
Kuda, tabaco
Kuda-hakiak
Kulinario
Kumu, Ain ho Isin
Kurida, bero
Kurida, bisiceta
Kuru, bee
Kustura
Loja, komputer
Loke estrada foun
Manikure
Media
Mediko
8620
9529
4520
3312
3312
8510
8510
8510
8521
4921
8422
0610
0700
9000
4330
4600
4322
3510
3512
3513
1040
4520
1040
1920
3312
9521
9400
8629
9602
4390
0700
0311
4330
8423
8422
1811
6000
1920
3312
6010
6020
8542
8510
8521
6201
6300
5800
5900
9000
3830
Mediko, spesialista
Mekaniko, bisikleta
Mekaniko, otomotif
Mekaniko, produsaun
Mekaniko, tractor
Mestra, pre-eskola
Mestri, pre-eskola
Mestri, primariu
Mestri, sekundariu
Mikrolet
Militar
Mina rai
Minas
Musika
Nahe, asulesu
Negosiante
Operador, AC
Operador, gerador
Operador, kulkas
Operador, Televizaun
Organizasaun
Parteira
Pedikure
Pedreiro
Pertambangan
Peska
Pintor
Polisia
Polisia militar
Print
Produtor, media
Produtor, mina nu
Produtor, mina rai
Produtor, radio
Produtor, televizaun
Profesor, musika
Profesor, primariu
Prosesu dadus, colecta noticia
Publisidade
Record musica, radio, TV, etc.
Reportajen
Resiklasen
5010
9602
8600
8010
5610
1312
1520
4711
4330
4922
3700
8629
4100
4210
4210
6100
9311
9311
9602
9311
9000
4210
7490
5100
8541
4923
0129
2593
1071
8530
4923
4710
4799
4710
4780
4711
9311
6202
8411
8411
110
Ro
Salon
Saude
Seguranca, Sivil
Servidor da mesa
Soru, tais
Suku, sapatu
Supermerkadu
Susun, keramik
Taksi
Tanki septik
Tekniko, infermeira
Tekniko, sivil
Tekniko, sivil/ estradas
Telecomonikasaun
Tenis Lantai
Tenis Meja
Tesi, fuuk
Tinju
Tokador, musika
Trabalhador, infrastruktur
Tradutor
Transporte aviao
Treinador
Truk
Tua mutin
Tuku, besi
Tunu dosi
Universidade
Van
Vendedor, geral
Vendedor, loja
Vendedor, merkadu
Volly Ball
Webmaster
Xefe, aldeia
Xefe, suku
FrameusedforcodingoccupationintheLFS
Index husi Klasifikasaun Internasional Okupasaun ninian ba Timor-Leste
(bazeia ba International Standard Classifications of Occupations -ISCO-08)
1112
1112
2522
2611
5112
5112
5112
2411
7531
2521
2511
2523
5211
5223
5311
7319
5132
3421
5411
2434
3421
3421
3421
3421
5141
3222
0
2512
1345
1323
1322
1342
7411
3213
9121
9111
2142
5141
3323
3421
3421
6121
7127
5152
7412
7412
7421
5141
2652
6121
6120
6121
Administrador, distritu
Advogado
Ajudante, angguna
Ajudante, bis
Ajudante, mikrolet
Akontabilidade
Alfaiate
Analista, database
Analista, komputer
Analista, rede
Assistente, merkadu
Assistente, supermerkadu
Babysistter
Badaen, besi
Barman
Basket Boll
Bombeiro
Boss, komputer loja
Karate
Kross
Kurida, bero
Kurida, bisiceta
Dada, fuuk
Dayang
Defesa
Diretor, eskola
Diretor, konstrusaun
Diretor, minas
Diretor, saude
Electricidade
Ema nebe fahe aimoruk
Eme nebe fase ropa
Empregado, Uma nian
Engineer, konstrusaun
Fase, fuuk
Fila-liman
Fute Boll
Futesal
Hadia, AC
Hadia uma laran
Hadia, gerador
Hadia, kulkas
Hadia, elektronika
Haircuts
Hakerek, musika
Hakiak, bibi malae/faan
Hakiak, bibi malae/konsumo uma laran
Hakiak, bibi/ faan
6320
6121
6320
6221
6121
6320
6122
6320
6130
6130
7317
7511
5311
5221
5151
3221
2221
2151
2142
2146
2142
2320
6113
2642
3421
7131
3521
7126
2652
7115
7522
5230
7511
7511
8331
8322
8322
8321
8322
8342
8341
8332
8322
5120
6112
6111
6111
6112
6112
6310
6111
6111
111
Hakiak, bibi/ konsumo uma laran

Hakiak, fahi/ faan
Hakiak, fahi/ konsumo uma laran
Hakiak, ikan/ faan
Hakiak, karau/ faan
Hakiak, karau/ konsumo uma laran
Hakiak, manu/ faan
Hakiak, manu/ konsumo uma laran
Hakiak-Kuda/ faan
Hakiak-Kuda/ konsumo uma laran
Halo, bote
Hamaran, Ikan
Hare habarik
Hein, loja
Housekeeping
Infermeira, tekniko
Infermeira, profisional
Inginiero, electricidade
Inginiero, konstrusaun
Inginiero, minas
Inginiero, sivil
Instrutur
Jardineiro
Jornalista
Judo
Kahur, tinta
Kameraman
Kanalizador
Kantor
Kasir
Koa, Ikan
Koa, Naan
Kondutor, bis
Kondutor, kareta
Kondutor, makina kareta
Kondutor, motor
Kondutor, taksi
Kondutor, bulldozer
Kondutor, tractor
Kondutor, truk
Kondutor, van
Kosinheiro
Kuda, aikameli
Kuda, fore mungu
Kuda, fore rai
Kuda, kafe
Kuda, kami
Kuda, modo/ konsumo uma laran
Kuda, modo/ faan
Kuda, tabaco
6130
6330
7512
5142
9624
7533
8331
8322
8321
8322
8341
8332
8322
1411
3123
3121
5222
5142
2211
2211
2212
7234
7412
7412
7231
7233
7231
2342
2341
2330
2342
2341
2330
0
8111
7122
3323
7127
7412
3512
7127
8160
7231
8160
8160
7231
3151
3521
3522
3521
3521
3222
2222
5142
7112
8111
6340
6222
7131
5412
0
Kuda-Hakiak/ faan
Kuda-Hakiak/ konsumo uma laran
Kulinario
Kumu, Ain ho Isin
Kuru, bee
Kustura
Lori, bis
Lori, kareta
Lori, motor
Lori, taksi
Lori, tractor
Lori, truk
Lori, van
Manager, hotel
Mandor, konstrusaun
Mandor, minas
Mandor, supermerkadu
Manikure
Mediko
Mediko, geral
Mediko, spesialista
Mekaniko, bisikleta
Mekaniko, gerador
Mekaniko, makina elektrika
Mekaniko, otomotif
Mekaniko, produsaun
Mekaniko, tractor
Mestra, pre-eskola
Mestra, primariu
Mestra, sekundariu
Mestri, pre-eskola
Mestri, primariu
Mestri, sekundariu
Militar
Mineiro
Nahe, asulesu
Negosiante
Operador, AC
Operador, Gerador
Operador, kulkas
Operador, makina ro
Operador, musika
Operador, radio
Operador, Reciver
Operador, Televisao
Parteira
Parteira, profisional
Pedikure
Pedreiro
Pertambangan
Peskador/ konsumo uma laran
Peskador/ faan
Pintor
Polisia
Polisia militar
5419
2654
8160
8160
2654
2654
2354
2342
2341
2330
2310
2513
7127
7412
7412
2642
4226
9612
5141
4120
4120
7317
5131
5414
7212
7317
7318
7533
7533
7536
7122
4110
3113
3114
3221
3512
3112
3117
3512
3210
3112
3421
3421
5141
3421
2652
9000
9211
9333
4211
4110
9212
9212
9216
9212
9212
9213
9312
9312
9312
9313
112
Polisia, forestal
Produtor, media
Produtor, mina nu
Produtor, mina rai
Produtor, radio
Produtor, televisaun
Profesor, musika
Profesor, pre-eskola
Profesor, primariu
Profesor, universidade
Repara, AC
Repara, gerador
Repara, kulkas
Reportajen
Resepsionista
Resiklasen
Salon
Sekretaria
Sekretariu
Serbisu, human
Servidor da mesa
Siguranca, Sivil
Soldador
Soru, tais
Soru, tais
Suku, bordado
Suku, renda
Suku, sapatu
Susun, keramik
Tekniko, administrtivu
Tekniko, elektricidade
Tekniko, elektronika
Tekniko, infermeira
Tekniko, komputador
Tekniko, minas
Tekniko, printer
Tekniko, saude
Tekniko, sivil
Tenis Lantai
Tenis Meja
Tesi, fuuk
Tinju
Tokador, musika
Traballador
Traballador, agriculutura
Traballador, armajen
Traballador, banku nian
Traballador, escritoiu nian
Traballador, hakiak bibi
Traballador, hakiak bibi malae
Traballador, hakiak ikan
Traballador, hakiak krau
Traballador, hakiak manu
Traballador, hakiak-kuda
Traballador, hamos estrada
Traballador, hamos valetas
Traballador, infrastructur
Traballador, konstrusaun
9412
9211
9211
9211
9211
9211
9211
9211
9213
9312
9311
9216
9333
2643
3422
7221
7512
7512
5212
9520
5223
9520
5223
5211
5223
3421
3514
1113
3434
1113
Traballador, kosinheiro
Traballador, kuda aikameli
Traballador, kuda fore mungu
Traballador, kuda fore rai
Traballador, kuda kafe
Traballador, kuda kami
Traballador, kuda modo
Traballador, kuda tabaco
Traballador, kuda-hakiak
Traballador, loke estrada foun
Traballador, minas
Traballador, peska
Traballador, ro
Tradutor
Treinador
Tuku, besi
Tunu dosi
Tunu, paun
Vendedor, faan hahan iha estrada ninin
Vendedor, agua/estrada
Vendedor, geral
Vendedor, loja
Vendedor, merkadu
Volly Ball
Webmaster
Xefe, aldeia
Xefe, kosinheiro
Xefe, suku
113
PossibleclassificationforcodingsectorofeconomicactivityinafutureLFS
DRAFTLISTINENGLISH.EquivalenttermsinTetumneedtobeassigned.
ISICrev4
section
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
class
code
0111
0112
0113
0115
0122
0125
0126
0127
0128
0129
0141
0142
0144
0145
0146
0149
0150
0161
0163
0220
0240
0311
0312
0321
B
B
B
B
0610
0710
0810
0893
Miningandquarrying
Extractionofcrudepetroleum
Miningofironores
Quarryingofstone,sandandclay
Extractionofsalt
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
1010
1020
1030
1040
1071
1312
1410
1520
1629
1811
1920
2593
3100
3312
Manufacturing
Processingorpreservingmeat
Processingorpreservingfish
Processingorpreservingfruitorvegetables
Manufacturingvegetableandanimaloilsandfats(e.g.coconutoil)
Manufacturingbakeryproducts
Weavingtextiles
Makingclothes
Makingshoes
Makingbasketsandmatsetc.
Printing(newspapers,books,etc.)
Manufacturingrefinedpetroleumproducts
Forgingmetal(blacksmith)
Makingfurniture
Repairingindustrialmachineryandequipment(tractor,pump,machinetools)
E
E
E
E
3510
3600
3700
3811
3830
4100
Electricity,gas,steamandairconditioningsupply
Electricitypowergeneration,transmissionanddistribution
Watersupply;sewerageandwastemanagement
Fetchingwater
Clearingdrainsandseptictanks(sewerage)
Rubbishcollection
Recyclingwastematerial
Construction
Constructingbuildings
Englishdescription
Agriculture,forestryandfishing
Growingmaize,beans,soyabeans,groundnuts,etc.
Growingrice
Growingvegetables,rootcrops,etc.(e.g.cabbage,cassava,sweetpotato)
Growingtobacco
Growingtropicalfruits(e.g.mangoes,bananas)
Growingtreefruitsandnuts(e.gcandlenut)
Growingcoconuts,oilpalms,etc.
Growingcoffee,tea,etc.
Growingvanillaandotherspicesandaromaticcrops
Growingtreesforextractionofsap(e.g.localwine)
Raisingcattle
Raisinghorses
Raisingsheeporgoats
Raisingpigs
Raisingpoultry
Raisingotheranimals
Mixedfarming(cropsandanimals)
Supportactivities(paid)forcropproduction(e.g.preparingfields,transplantingrice,harvesting)
Postharvestcropactivities(cleaningcropformarket,preparingtobaccoleaves,sundryingfruit
andvegetables)
Gatheringfirewoodormakingcharcoal
Forestprotection,etc.
Catchingfishincoastalwaters,tosell
Catchingfishinriversandlakes,tosell
Fishfarmingincoastalwaters
114
F
F
F
F
F
F
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
I
I
I
I
I
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
K
K
4210
4220
4290
4322
4330
4390
4510
4520
4530
4540
4600
4711
4719
4721
4722
4723
4730
4740
4750
4760
4770
4781
4782
4789
4790
4921
4922
4923
5011
5012
5110
5120
5210
5224
5310
5320
5510
5590
5610
5629
5630
5810
5910
5920
6010
6020
6110
6120
6130
6201
6311
6391
6410
6490
Constructingroads
Constructingutilityprojects(pipelines,irrigationsystem,etc.)
Constructingotherprojects(waterways,dams,sportsfacilities,etc.)
Installingplumbing,heatingandairconditioningequipment
Finishingbuildingconstruction(painting,tiling,carpentry,electrical,etc.)
Otherspecializedbuildingactivities(layingfoundations,bricklaying,roofing,etc.)
Wholesaleandretailtrade;repairofmotorvehiclesandmotorcycles
Saleofmotorvehicles
Maintenanceandrepairofmotorvehicles
Saleofmotorvehicleparts
Sale,maintenanceandrepairofmotorcycles
Wholesaletrade(buyingandselling)
Retailsalesinsupermarketsetc.:food,drinksandtobacco
Retailsalesinsupermarkets,etc.:otheritems
Retailsalesinstores:food
Retailsalesinstores:drinks(alcoholicornonalcoholic)
Retailsalesinstores:tobacco
Retailsales:fuelformotorvehiclesandmotorcycles
Retailsalesinstores:computers,radios,CDplayers,etc.
Retailsalesinstores:householdequipment
Retailsalesinstores:books,magazines,music,sportsgoods,toys
Retailsalesinstores:othergoods(clothing,medicalgoods,etc.)
Retailsalesinastall,marketorstreet:food,drinksandtobacco
Retailsalesinastall,market,orstreet:textiles,clothingandfootwear
Retailsalesinastall,market,orstreet:othergoods
Directsales(e.g.bytelephone,internet)
Transportationandstorage
Urbanpassengerlandtransport(e.g.localbus)
Otherpassengerlandtransport(e.g.longdistancebus,taxi)
Freighttransport(inlorries,tankers,etc.)
Seaandcoastalpassengerwatertransport
Seaandcoastalfreightwatertransport
Passengerairtransport
Freightairtransport
Warehousingandstorage
Loadingandunloadingcargo
Postalactivities(lettersandparcels)
Courieractivities(privateagencies)
Accommodatonandfoodserviceactivities
Hotels,guesthouses,etc.
Otheraccommodation(studentresidences,workershostels,etc.)
Restaurantsandmobilefoodservices
Otherfoodservices(e.g.workers'canteens,atsportsmatches,etc.)
Bars,lounges,etc.
Informationandcommunication
Publishingbooks,magazines,posters,etc.
Producingfilms,video,TV
Musicrecordingandpublishing
Radiobroadcasting
TVprogrammingandbroadcasting
Wiredtelecommunicationsactivities(landlines,wiredinternet,etc.)
Wirelesstelecommunicationsactivities(cellular,wirelessinternet,etc.)
Satellitetelecommunicationsactivities
Computerprogrammingactivities
Dataprocessingandwebhostingactivities
Newsagencyactivities
Financialandinsuranceactivities
Banking
Otherfinancialservicesactivities,exceptinsuranceandpension
115
K
K
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
N
N
N
N
N
N
O
O
O
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
S
S
S
S
S
S
6510
6530
6800
6910
6920
7110
7210
7220
7310
7420
7480
7490
7500
7700
7800
7900
8000
8100
8200
8410
8422
8423
8510
8521
8522
8530
8541
8542
8549
8610
8620
8690
8800
9000
9100
9300
9400
9500
9601
9602
9603
9609
Insuranceactivities
Pensionfunding
Realestateactivities
Buying,selling,orrentingpropertyorland
Professional,scientificandtechnicalactivities
Legalactivities
Accountingandbookkeepingactivities
Architectandengineeringactivities
Scientificresearch
Socialscienceresearch
Advertising
Photographicactivities
Translationandinterpretationactivities
Otherprofessional,scientificandtechnicalactivities
Veterinaryactivities
Administrativeandsupportserviceactivities
Rentingoutandleasingequipment(cars,machines,etc.)
Employmentactivities(employmentagencies,personnelfunction,etc.)
Travelagenciesandtouroperators
Security,securitysystems,andinvestigation
Careandmaintenanceofbuildingsandland(e.g.cleaning,gardening)
Administrativeandothersupporttooffices(e.g.photocopying,reception)
Publicadministrationanddefence
Generaladministrationatalllevels(inc.education,health,socialservices,etc.)
Defenceactivities(armyetc.)
Publicorderandsafety(police,lawcourts,prisonetc.)
Education
Preprimaryandprimaryeducation
Generalsecondaryeducation
Technicalandvocationalsecondaryeducation
Highereducation
Sportsandrecreationeducation
Culturaleducation(music,art,dance,drama,photography,etc.)
Othereducation(computers,language,literacyandnumeracy,etc.)
Humanhealthandsocialworkactivities
Hospitalactivities
Medicalanddentalpracticeactivities
Otherhumanhealthactivities(occupationaltherapy,nursing,etc.)
Othersocialworkactivities
Arts,entertainmentandrecreation
Artsandentertainment(musicgroups,individualartists,writers,etc.)
Libraries,archives,museums,etc.
Sportsandrecreationactivities
Membershiporganizations(business,tradeunions,religious,etc.)
Repairofcomputersandpersonalandhouseholdgoods
Washing,laundrycollectionanddelivery,etc.
Hairdressingandotherbeautytreatment(manicure,pedicure,etc.)
Funeralactivities
Otherpersonalserviceactivities(shoeshiners,massagesalons,etc.)
T
T
9700
9800
Activitiesofhouseholdsasemployers
Domesticstaff(maid,cook,babysitter,etc.)employedbythehousehold
Producingsubsistencegoodsandservicesforownhomeuse
9900
Activitiesofextraterritorialorganizationsandbodies
Internationalbodies,embassies,etc.
116
PossibleclassificationforcodingoccupationinafutureLFS
ISCO08
unit
group
0001
1112
1113
1322
1323
1342
1345
1411
2142
2146
2151
2211
2212
2221
2222
2310
2320
2330
2341
2342
2354
2411
2434
2511
2512
2513
2521
2522
2523
2611
2642
2643
2652
2654
3112
3113
3114
3117
3121
3123
3151
3210
3213
3221
3222
3323
3421
DRAFTLIST
Tetumtitle(TL)
Defesa/Militar/Polisia
Administrador,distritu/subdistritu
Xefe,suku/aldeia
Diretor,minas
Diretor,konstrusaun
Diretor,saude
Diretor,eskola
Manager,hotel
Inginiero,sivil/konstrusaun
Inginiero,minas
Inginiero,electricidade
Mediko,geral
Mediko,spesialista
Infermeira,profisional
Parteira,profisional
Profesor,universidade
Instrutur
Mestra/mestri/profesor,sekundariu
Mestra/mestri/profesor,primariu
Mestra/mestri/profesor,preeskola
Profesor,musika
Akontabilidade
Boss,komputerloja
Analista,komputer
Desenvolvedor,software
Programador,website
Analista,database
Administrador,sistema
Analista,rede
Advogado
Jornalista/reportajen
Tradutor
Tokador/kantor/hakerek,musika
Produtor,radio/TV/media
Tekniko,sivil/konstrusaun
Tekniko,elektricidade
Tekniko,elektronika
Tekniko,minas
Mandor,minas
Mandor,konstrusaun
Operador,makinaro
Tekniko,saude
Emanebefaheaimoruk
Infermeira,tekniko
Dayang/parteira
Filaliman/negosiante
Basketboll/futeboll/futesal/judo/karate/kross/
kurida/tenis/tinju/vollyboll
Englishtitle
ARMEDFORCESOCCUPATIONS
Armedforces
MANAGERS
Administrator,district/subdistrict
Villagedistricthead/Villagechief
Manager,mine
Manager,construction
Manager,healthservice
Director,school
Manager,hotel
PROFESSIONALS
Engineer,civil/construction
Engineer,mining
Engineer,electrical
Doctor,medical/generalpractice
Doctor,specialist
Nurse,professional
Midwife,professional
Teacher,university
Teacher,vocationaleducation
Teacher,secondaryeducation/highschool
Teacher,primaryeducation
Teacher,nursery/kindergarten/preprimary
Teacher,music(privatetuition)
Accountant
Salesperson,informationtechnology
Analyst,systems/computers
Analystprogrammer
programmer,website
Analyst,database
Systemsadministrator
Administrator,network
Lawyer
Journalist/reporter
Translator
Musician/singer/composer
Producer,radio/TV/media
TECHNICIANSANDASSOCIATEPROFESSIONALS
Technician,engineering/civil
Technician,engineering/electrical
Technician,engineering/electronics
Technician,mining
Supervisor,mining
Supervisor,construction
Ship'sengineeer
Technician,health
Assistant,pharmaceutical
Nurse,associateprofessional
Midwife,traditional
Buyer,trading
Sportsplayer
117
3422
3434
3512
3514
3521
3522
4110
4120
4211
4226
4323
5112
5120
5131
5132
5141
5142
5151
5152
5211
5212
5221
5222
5223
5230
5311
5411
5412
5414
5419
6111
6112
6113
6121
6122
6130
6221
6222
6310
6320
6330
6340
7112
7115
7122
7126
7127
7131
7212
7221
7231
7233
7234
Treinador
Xefe,kosinheiro
Tekniko,komputador/printer
Webmaster
Operador,TV/musika/reciver/kamera
Operador,radio
Tekniko/traballador,escritoiunian
Sekretaria/secretariu
Traballador,bankunian
Resepsionista
Transporte/lorisasan
Ajudante,angguna/bis/mikrolet
Kosinheiro
Servidordamesa
Barman
Fuuk,dada/fase/tesi/salon
Kumu,AinhoIsin/manikure/pedikure
Housekeeping
Hadiaumalaran
Vendedor/asistente,merkadu/faannaan
Vendedor,faanhahanihaestradaninin
Hein,loja
Mandor,supermerkadu
Vendedor/asistente,geral/loja/supermerkadu
Kasir
Babysistter/harehabarik
Bombeiro
Polisia
Siguranca,Sivil
Polisia,forestal
Kuda,foremungu/forerai/modo/faan/tabaco
Kuda,aikameli/kafe/kami
Jardineiro
Hakiak,krau(sapiparon)/bibi/bibimalae/fahi/karau,
faan
Hakiak,manu/faan
KudaHakiak/faan
Hakiak,ikan/faan
Peskador/faan
Kuda,modo/konsumoumalaran
Hakiak,bibi/bibimalae/fahi/karau/manu,konsumo
umalaran
KudaHakiak/konsumoumalaran
Peskador/konsumoumalaran
Pedreiro
Karpinteiro,konstrusaun
Susun,keramik/nahe,asulesu
Kanalizador
Hadia/repara,AC/kulkas
Pintor/tintakahur
Soldador
Tuku,besi
Mekaniko/operador,otomotif/tractor/makinakareta/
motor
Mekaniko,produsaun
Mekaniko,bisikleta
Coach,sports
Chef
Technician,computerandotherITequipment
Webmaster
Technician,video/sound/broadcasting/camera
Operator,radioequipment
CLERICALSUPPORTWORKERS
clerk,generalclerical/officeduties
Secretary
Teller,bank
Receptionist
Transportclerk
SERVICEANDSALESWORKERS
Collector,money/bus
Cook
Waiter
Barman
Hairstylist/washer/barber
Manicurist/pedicurist
Housekeeper
Housekeeper,domestic
Vendor/salesperson,(meat)market
Vendor,Streetfoodsalespersons
Retailer
Supervisor,supermarket
Salesperson/assistant,sales/shop
Cashier,checkout
Babysitter/childcarer
Firefighter
Policeman
Guard,security
Warden,forest
SKILLEDAGRICULTURAL,FORESTRYANDFISHERYWORKERS
Farmer,smallbush/groundnuts/vegetablesformarket/tobacco
Farmer,tree(oil)/coffee/kami
Gardener
Farmer,livestockproduction
Farmer,chicken/marketproduction
Farmer,mixedcropandanimal/marketproduction
Farmer,fish
Fisherman,coastalwaters/marketproduction
Grower,vegetables/subsistence
Farmer,livestock/subsistence
Farmer,mixedcropandanimal/subsistence
Fisherman,subsistence
CRAFTANDRELATEDTRADESWORKERS
Bricklayer,construction
Carpenter,construction
Tiler,floorandwall
Plumber
Mechanic,refrigerationandairconditioningequipment
Painter/paintmixer
Welder
Blacksmith
Mechanic,motorvehicle/tractor/car/motorcylce
Mechanic,industrialmachinery
Mechanic,bicycle
118
7317
Halo,bote/serbisu,homan
Basketmaker,handicraftworker
7318
7319
7411
7412
7421
7511
7512
7522
7531
7533
7536
8111
8160
8160
8321
8322
8331
8332
8341
8342
9111
9121
9211
Soru,tais
Badaen,besi
Electricidade
Hadia/mekaniko/repara,Gerador/makinaelektrika
Hadia,elektronika
Koa/hamaran,naan/ikan
Kulinario/tunudosi/tunupaun
Karpinteiro,marsineiru
Alfaiate
Suku,bordado/renda/kustura
Suku,sapatu
Mineiro/pertambangan
Operador,makinaminanu/minarai
Produtor,minanu/minarai
Kondutor/lori,motor
Kondutor/lori,kareta/taksi/van/
Kondutor/lori,bis
Kondutor/lori,truk
Kondutor/lori,tractor
Kondutor,bulldozer
Empregado,Umanian
Emenebefaseropa
Traballador,agriculutura/aikameli/foremungu/forerai/
kafe/kami/modo/tabaco
Traballador,hakiakbibi/bibimalae/fahi/krau/manu
Traballador,kudahakiak
Traballador,hakiakikan/peska
Traballador,minas
Traballador,infrastructur/lokeestradafoun/hamos
estrada/hamosvaletas
Traballador,konstrusaun
Traballador,ro/armajen
Traballador,kosinheiro
Vendedor,ihaestradaninin
Resiklasen
Kuru,bee
Weaver,cloth
Worker,handicraft/metalarticles
Electrician
Fittermechanic,electrical
Repairer,electronicsequipment
Butcher,fishpreparer
Baker/pastrycook
Cabinetmaker
Dressmaker
Sewing,embroideryandrelatedworkers
Cobbler
PLANTANDMACHINEOPERATORS,ANDASSEMBLERS
Miner
Machineoperator,coconutoil/keroseneoilproduction
Producer,coconutoil/keroseneoil
Driver,motorcycle
Driver,car/taxi/van
Driver,bus
Driver,truck
Driver,tractor
Driver,bulldozer
ELEMENTARYOCCUPATIONS
Helper,domestic
Launderer,hand
Cropfarmlabourer
9212
9213
9216
9311
9312
9313
9333
9412
9520
9612
9624
Livestockfarmlabourer
Mixedcropandlivestockfarmlabourer
Fishinglabourer
Labourer,mining
Labourer,engineeringconstruction
Labourer,buildingconstruction
Shiploader/warehouseporter
Helper,kitchen
Vendor,street/nonfoodproducts
Recycler
Fetchingwater,collectingfirewood
119
120
AnnexE
Personsinvolvedinthelabourforcesurvey
Fieldoperations
Fieldsupervisors
TeamA
AlipioSoaresdaCruz
TeamB
AmeliaC.Fatima
Interviewers
Drivers
DataProcessing
Dataediting
Dataentry
Surveymanagement
DNEDirector
TeamC
DomingosGuterres
PedroBraga
AngelinoAbreudaSilva
MartinhoGusmao
GermanodosAnjosMarques RohanioXimenes
RoseninoMendona
JosefaMariaSoares
DilvadoRosariodeF.B.daCosta FranciscaX.C.Silva
DulciaM.C.Conceio
MondegodaConceio
DomingosGomesFereira
MarcioXimenesCarvalho
DomingosGuterres
AdrianodeAraujo
HelenaGastoFereira
FranciscaX.C.Silva
TerezinhadeAraujoBaptista
DelfinaP.Martins
FilipiedaSilva
MartinhoXimenes
EliasdosSantosFerreira
Headofoperationsandmethodology
AmericoSoares
Headofdatamanagementandpublicity
SilvinoLopes
Surveycoordinator
RodolfoSoares
Datamanager
LourenoSoares
InternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)Specialists
RalfHussmanns
ElisaM.Benes
DavidHunter
PeterWingfieldDigby
ILOLMISpecialist
AntonioIndartJunior
121

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1

According to thesurveydata,itis estimatedthatthenumberofpeopleaged15andoverineach

Population aged 15+

employment conditions, in terms of job permanency, public/private sector, hours worked,

informal sector and informal employment, in terms of contractual conditions, size of

The concept of underemployment has been introduced to complement the statistics of

153,000 152,000 305,000

226,000 223,000 449,000

108,000 141,000 249,000

318,000 311,000 628,000

3,000 10,000 21,000 207,000 242,000

5,000 130,000 142,000

8,000 21,000 209,000 241,000

Since thepercentagesacrosstherowsaddup tomorethan100percent,itisclearthattherehas

74,000 73,000 147,000

9,000 24,000 33,000

3,000 18,000 21,000

5,000 20,000 24,000

4,000 16,000 20,000

3,000 12,000 15,000

4,000 11,000 15,000

7,000 15,000 22,000

108,000 98,000 206,000

4,000 10,000 1,000

6,000 15,000 5,000 2,000

7,000 19,000 7,000 2,000

Among paid employees in government departments, stateowned enterprises, embassies and

Theactual numbersofpersonsemployedin the informalsector,andininformalemployment,are

137,000 64,000 201,000

Male Female Total

Labour Force Survey 2009-2010

Household identification particulars

Total number of persons in the household:

Total number of persons aged 10 years and above in the household:

Interview Control Section

List of household members (usual residents)

Who is the head (or acting head) of the household?

Which is s date of birth (day, month and

(Write 00 if less than 1 year.)

Timor-Leste -Labour Force Survey Report - 2010 - v1.doc

For persons aged 15 years or more:

For persons aged 10 years or more:

For persons aged 6 years or more:

Timor-Leste -Labour Force Survey Report - 2010 - v1.doc

Where was last living before moving to this

Which is/are s current citizenship(s)?

(Record corresponding country code.)

Income from the sale of own agricultural, livestock

Income from self-employment in other activities (non-agricultural)

Income from wage employment

Subsidies/allowances from government

Donations, scholarships, charity from churches, NGOs,

Remittances, alimony, gifts from family members or other

Property income (rent, interests, dividends, etc.)

Less than 50 USD

Timor-Leste -Labour Force Survey Report - 2010 - v1.doc

Labour Force Survey 2009-2010

An individual questionnaire is to be completed for each household member aged 10

To the extent possible, each household member should respond by him/herself to

Personal identification particulars

Data are to be taken from the Household Questionnaire

Persons name: ____________________________________