FEM For 2D Elements3

Lecture Notes in 2D FEA, fundamentals/HL
1
J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Hirpa Lemu, PhD
Assoc. Professor of Mechanical Design
Department of Mechanical & Structural Engineering
and Material Technology, University of Stavanger (uis.no)
December 2011, Jimma University
Contact info: Hirpa.g.lemu@uis.no
or Hirpa@ux.uis.no
Home page: www.ux.uis.no/~hirpa
MEng5133 Finite Element Methods
2 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Contents
Some fundamentals of FEM
Definition of some material properties
Elasticity theory of 2D and 3D elements
2D and 3D stress-strain relations
Plane stress and plane strain
Initial strain due to temperature change
Axissymmetric stress condition
Strong and weak formulation for 1D elements
Striffness matrix of bar element formal approach
Striffness matrix of beam element formal approach
Exercises
3 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Finite Element Methods - Fundamentals
2
4 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
The physical world is too complex
It is complex to make algebraic equations for the entire domain
Divide the complex domain into a number of small, simple
elements (finite elements)
A field quantity is interpolated by a polynomial over an element
Loads and boundary conditions are modelled at nodes and adjacent
nodes share the DOF at connecting nodes
5 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Obtain the algebraic equation for each element
(element analysis this is an easy problem)
Put the element equations together (Assembly)
6 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
For 2- and 3D stress state, there are no simple
relations that give the relation between force and
deformations
We let the computer establish the relation for each element
based on the element properties (such as stiffness)
The simplest element models
for this construction
- Rectangular elements
- Irregular 4 sided plates
- Triangular elements
3
7 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Rectangular elements
Lead to geometrical errors for the given construction
The finer the element size, the smaller becomes the error
Fine mesh leads to larger number of unknowns
Triangular and 4-sided irregular plate give geometrically correct model
In general the triangular element model gives
A relatively good approximation
Good possibilities to vary the element mesh size
Element models with nodes at
the corners
Rectangular 2 x 4 = 8 DOF
4-sided irregular 2 x 4 = 8 --- // --
Triangular 2 x 3 = 6 -- // ---
8 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Definition of Material properties
Some Fundamentals Concepts
Material property definition in ANSYS
What does these material properties imply?
9 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Definition of Material properties
Some Fundamentals Concepts
Designation of stress components in
2D and 3D
xy
and
yx
Poissons ratio
Modulus of elasticity
Stress analysis in 2D
Plan stress condition
( z = yz = xz = 0)
Plan strain condition
( z = yz = xz = 0)
4
10 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Elastic theory of 2-D and 3D elements
Stresses and strains in a structure in 3D are composed of 6
components
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
+

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
zx
yz
xy
z
y
x
zx
yz
xy
z
y
x
E
) 1 ( 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 ) 1 ( 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 ) 1 ( 2 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
1
ratio s poisson s
elasticity of odulus
here
' i
M E
w
=
Stress strain relation for linear elastic & isotropic material
in 3D
11 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
=
(
(
(
(
zx
yz
xy
z
y
x
zx
yz
xy
z
y
x
E
5 , 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 5 , 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 5 , 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 ) 1 (
0 0 0 ) 1 (
0 0 0 ) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
Inverting the above matrix gives Hookes law for 3D.
= D where D is elasticity property of the material
) 1 ( 2 +
=
E
G
Normal stress are function of normal strains
Shear stresses are directly proportional to the respective
shear strains
The proportionality factor is shear module
12 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
U
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
3 2 1
4 4 3 4 4 2 1
w
v
u
x z
y z
x y
z
y
x
zx
yz
xy
z
y
x
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Strains and kinematical

compatibility
A plan surface exposed to (see fig.)
Normal strain (A A) and
Shear strains (A A)
Strain vectors
= [
x
y

z
xy

yz

zx
]
T
where
x,

y
&
z
are normal strains,and
xy
,
yz
&
zx
are shear strains
Normal and shear strains in matrix form
... ; ; ; ;
2 1
y
u
x
v
z
w
y
v
x
u
xy z y x
= + =
=
5
13 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
2D and 3D stress strain relations
Plane stress and plane strain conditions for isotropic material
Stress strain relation, plane strain
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
E
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2 = E
0
xz yz z
= = =
Plan stress condition
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
=
(
(
(
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
5 , 0 0 0
0 ) 1 (
0 ) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
E
= D
) (
y x z
+ =
0
xz yz z
= = =
Plan strain condition
Stress strain relation, plane stress
14 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
2D and 3D stress strain relations
Stress-strain relations with initial strain, e.g. due to temperature
Inverted relation
Initial strain due to
temprature change
15 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Axissymmetric stress condition
r
u
w u
v
r z
=
= =

0
0
, 0
{
{
u
u
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
=
w
u
r z
r
z r
rz
z
r
4 4 3 4 4 2 1
0
1
{
{
u
u
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
=
w
u
r z
r
z r
rz
z
r
4 4 3 4 4 2 1
0
1
We introduce cylindrical coordinates r, and z

Axissymmetric conditions imply
Stress - strain
relations
It follows that
0 = =
rz z

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
=
(
(
(
(
rz
z
r
rz
z
r
E

2
2 1
0 0 0
0 ) 1 (
0 ) 1 (
0 ) 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
6
16 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Strong and weak formulation for 1D elements
A unique solution requires that the
following are fulfilled
The 6 geometrical or essential
boundary conditions (V)
displacement and their derivatives
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
6
5
4
3
2
1
v
w v
u v
v
w v
u v
V
Notice that
dx
dw
=
The 6 Static/dynamic or
natural boundary
conditions (S)
Forces and moments
0
0 ; 0
:
2
2
= + =
= + = +
z
z x
q
x d
M d
Q
dx
dM
q
dx
dQ
q
dx
dN
m equilibriu Static
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
M S
Q S
N S
M S
Q S
N S
6
5
4
3
2
1
S
Lets consider a plane beam
element with 6 DOF
17 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Strong and weak formulation
axis neutral the of n orientatio
dx
dw
where =
z
dx
w d
dx
du
dx
du
Strain
x 2
2
0
: = =
z
dx
dw
u
z u x u
n deformatio Axial
.
. ) (
:
0
0
=
+ =
z
dx
w d
E
dx
du
E E law Material
x x 2
2
0
: = =
{
3 2 1
0
2
2
0
0
:
=
=

= =
A A A
x
zdA
dx
w d
E dA
dx
du
E dA N force Axial
Compatibility
3 2 1 3 2 1
I
A A
A
x
dA z
dx
w d
E zdA
dx
du
E
zdA M Moment
= =

=
=
2
2
2
0
0
:
Plane beam bending
18 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
The displacement fields u(x) and w(x) should satisfy the
following diff. equations:
bending beam for equation Diff
b L x for q
dx
w d
EI direction z In
z
.
) ( 0 0 :
4
4
=
Essential boundary conditions: u(x=0) = u(x=L) = 0
) ( 0 , 0 : direction x
2
2
a L x for q
dx
u d
AE In
x
= +
Essential boundary conditions: w(x=0) = w(x=L) = 0;
dw/dx = 0 ved x =L/2
Natural boundary conditions: Q(x=0) = M(x=0) =0 and Q(x=L) = M(x=L) =0
These expressions ((a) and (b)) describe the problem with
differensial equations and referred to as the strong formulation
7
19 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Alternative formulation using the principle of virtual works
Strains are expressed as
z
dx
w d
dx
du
2
2
=
z
dx
w d
dx
u d
2
2 ~ ~
~
=
Internal virtual work

= =
L
A V
i
dx dA dV W
0
~ ~
~

) (
~ ~ ~ ~
0 0
c v S dx w q dx u q dV
work virtual External
i
i
i
L
z
L
x
work virtual
Internal
v
4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 1 43 42 1

+ + =
Virtual
displacement
Virtual strain
Virtual displacements
20 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
These expressions ((d) and (e)) describe the problem by a global
integral formulation and referred to as the weak formulation
Inserting the strain relations into eq. (c)

|
|
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
L
M
A
N
A
L
A
dx zdA
dx
w d
dA
dx
u d
dx dA
0
2
2
0
~ ~
~
43 42 1 3 2 1

i
i
i
L
z
L
x
L L
xx x
v S dx w q dx u q dx w M dx u N
~ ~ ~
,
~
,
~
0 0 0 0

+ + =
( ) ) ( 0
~ ~ ~
0 0
,
d dx dx
a
L
x
T
L
T
x
=

S v q u N u
T
a
The axial terms
(in matrix form)
( ) ) ( 0
~ ~ ~ T
0
T
0
T
xx ,
e dx dx
b b
L
z
L
= + +

S v q w M w
The bending terms
(in matrix form)
21 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Differential equations are said to state a problem in the strong form strong form. An
integral expression that implicitly contains the differential equations is
called the week form week form.
The strong form states conditions that must be met at every material
point, whereas the weak form states conditions that must be met only in
an average sense.
Finite element method is based on the weak form.
The weak form has certain advantages
It contains derivatives of lower order than the strong form. The VDP
expression in the weak form contains derivatives of order 1 while the
strong form contains derivatives of 2
nd
order.
For beams and plates the weak form contains derivatives of 2
nd
order
while the strong form contains derivatives of 4
th
order.
The weak form is more general since it is also valid for discontinuities
For an approximate methods like FEM, the weak form assures equilibrium
in an average or general sense
8
22 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Stiffness matrix of bar element - Formal approach
Lets approximate the displacement inside the bar
element using a linear functions of nodal
displacements V = [v
1
v
4
]
T
in the form
a a a
a
a a a
a
dx
d
dx
x d
dx
x du
v B v
N
v B v
N
~ ~ ~
(x)
) ( ) (
= = = = =
Strain
Displacement: u(x) = N
1
v
1
+ N
4
v
4
= N
a
v
a
Inserting into the weak formulation
( )
( ) ( ) 0
~ ~ ~
0
~ ~ ~
0 0
0 0
,
=
=

a
L
x
T
a
L
a
T
a
a
L
x
T
L
T
x
dx dx AE
dx dx
S v q v N v B v B
S v q u N u
T
a a a a
T
a
Note that
N = axial force and
N
a
= vector of shape functions
Where B is the strain-displacement matrix (B
a
is for axial components)
23 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Rearranging the above equation
0
~ ~ ~
0
=
a
L
x
dx dx AE S v q N v v B B v
T
a
T
a
T
a a a
T
a
T
a
0 dx dx AE
~
a
L
0
x
L
0
=
|
|
\
|

S q N v B B v
T
a a a
T
a
T
a
or
0
a a a
S
T
a a
k
a
T
a
S v k S N v B B S
0
a a
+ = =
a
L
x
L
a
dx q dx AE
43 42 1 4 4 3 4 4 2 1
0 0
That is
Either
Or the expression in
parenthesis is zero
0
~
=
T
a
v

= =
L
x
L
dx q and dx AE
0 0
T
a
0
a a
T
a a
N B B k S where
Now remains only deciding the expression for N
a
24 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Method 1: Direct inspection
Assume that u(x) can be completely decided by linear functions of 2
coefficients. u(x) = N
1
v
1
+ N
4
v
4
= N
a
v
a
( )
4 1 4 1
1 ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( v v u v
L
x
v
L
x
x u + = + =
The requirement from the shape functions
1. Completeness: N
i
= N
1
+ N
4
= 1 for all x
N
1
(x)x
1
+ N
4
(x)x
2
= x for all x and
2. Kronecker delta property:
N
i
= 1 at x = x
i
and
N
i
= 0 at x = x
j
(for j i).
Rigid body
condition
Constant strain
condition
set BC: u(x = 0) = v
1
N
1
(0) = 1; N
4
(0) = 0
u(x = L) = v
4
N
1
(L) = 0; N
4
(L) = 1
9
25 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
4
1 2
1
1 2
1
4
1 2
1
1
1 2
2
0
v
x x
1
v
x x
1
v
x x
x
v
x x
x
Alternatively: Lets approximate the displacement inside the bar element

using a linear polynomial A straight line is defined by two points (2 DOF)
x u(x)
1 0
+ =
How to obtain
0
and
1
?
4 2 1 0 2
1 1 1 0 1
v x ) u(x
v x ) u(x
= + =
= + =

Solving simultaneous equations
Inserting in the displacement equation
4 4 1 1 4
(x) N
1 2
1
1
(x) N
1 2
2
1 0
(x)v N (x)v N v
x x
x - x
v
x x
x - x
x u(x)
4 1
+ =
= + =
3 2 1 3 2 1

Where N
1
and N
4
are shape functions
26 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
( ) [ ]
(
= + =
4
1
4 1
1 1 ) (
v
v
v v u
Now we know the shape functions N
1
and N
4
for the bar element with two nodes
Expression for the displacement
Expression for strains
[ ] [ ]
(
=
(
=
= = =
=
4
1
tan
4
1
1 1
1
1
1
(x)
) ( ) (
v
v
L v
v
d
d
L
Ldx
d
dx
x du
t cons
a a a
a
a
43 42 1
B
v B v
N

Stiffness calculation
[ ]
(
= = =

1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1 -
1
0
2
1
0 0
L
AE
Ld
L
AE
Ld AE dx AE
L
a
T
a a
T
a a
B B B B k
Is this matrix familiar to you?
Notice that a linear displacement gives constant strain
27 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
Stiffness matrix of beam element - Formal approach
Displacement vector v
b
= [ [[ [v
2
v
3
v
5
v
6
] ]] ]
T
The transvers displacement of the beam at an arbitrary point
w(x) = N
2
v
2
+ N
3
v
3
+ N
5
v
5
+ N
6
v
6
= N
b
v
b
v
6
v
3
v
2
v
5
L
x
Y
b b b
b
dx
d
dx
w d
v B v
N
= = =
2
2
2
2
Fluctural strain
Based on the weak
formulation
( ) 0
~ ~ ~ T
0
T
0
T
xx ,
= + +
b b
L
z
L
dx dx S v q w M w

= =
L L
b
dx q and dx EI
0 0
z
T
b
0
b b
T
b
N S B B k
we can derive
10
28 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
3
3
2
2 1 0
w(x) + + + =
=
=
L
L
b
dx q
and dx EI
0
0
: force point Nodal
: Stiffness
z
T
b
0
b
b
T
b
N S
B B k
We need to know how the
shape function N
b
vary
The beam element has 4 coeff. (DOF)
The displacement mode can be described by a polynomial of
order 3 (Hermite polynomial) as
1
1
1
1
2
3
) 1 ( = L N
2 3
5 3 2 + = N ) 1 (
2
6
= L N
1 3 2
2 3
2 + = N
L
x
=
L
x
=
L
x
=
L
x
=
(
(
(
(
(

+

+
=
(
(
(
(
) 1 (
3 2
) 1 (
1 3 2
2
2 3
2
2 3
6
5
3
2

L
L
N
N
N
N
Direct inspection
gives the following
expression for the
shape functions
29 J
U
-
2
0
1
1
The strain-sisplacement matrix for beam element (4 DOF)
= =
2
2
dx
d
b
b
N
B
(
) 6 2 (
1
), 12 6 (
1
), 6 4 (
1
), 6 12 (
1
2 2

L L L L
Equation of the stiffness matrix
= =
1
0 0
Ld EI dx EI
L
b
T
b b
T
b b
B B B B k
(
(
(
(
(

=
2
2 2
3
4 .
6 12
2 6 4
6 12 6 12
L Symm
L
L L L
L L
L
EI
b
k
Integrating
Equation of the nodal forces
on distributi uniform for q q where
Ld q dx q
z
z
L
z
0
1
0
T
b
0
0
=
= =

N N
T
b
S
Integrating

Ld q
L
L
L
0
0
2
2 3
2
2 3
0
) 1 (
3 2
) 1 (
1 3 2
(
(
(
(
(

+

+
= S
T
0
12 2
1
12 2
1
(

=
L L
L q
Interprate this!
Is this familiar?

FEM For 2D Elements3

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

FEM For 2D Elements3

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Lecture Notes in 2D FEA, fundamentals/HL

Strains and kinematical

We introduce cylindrical coordinates r, and z

Alternatively: Lets approximate the displacement inside the bar element

Вам также может понравиться