FOUR TERMINAL NETWORKS TWO PORT NETWORKS

Two ports are electric circuits with two input and two output
terminals as shown
In two ports, the input voltage and current (V
1
& I
1
) are related with the
output voltage and current (V
2
& I
2
) by the following equations:-
V
1
= Z
11
I
1
Z
12
I
2
V
2
= Z
21
I
1
Z
22
I
2

I
1
= Y
11
V
1
Y
12
V
2
I
2
= Y
21
V
1
Y
22
V
2
V
1
= h
11
I
1
h
12
V
2
I
2
= h
21
I
1
h
22
V
2
V
1
=A V
2
+B I
2
I
1
= C V
2
+ D I
2
The coefficients of the current and/ or voltage on the right hand side of
the above equations are called the parameters of the two-port circuit.
If ports can be interchanged without disturbing the values of the
terminal currents and voltage then the two-port circuit is called
Symmetrical.
I
1
I
2
V
1
V
2
Input Port Output Port
Z parameters
Y parameters
h parameters
ABCD
parameters
For Symmetrical two-ports:-
A = D
Also the ABCD parameters are related by the following equation:
AD-BC = 1.
A and D no units, B in (ohm), C in (mho).
We can find the ABCD parameters in terms of Z parameters for
example as follows:-
V
1
= Z
11
I
1
Z
12
I
2
.1
V
2
= Z
21
I
1
Z
22
I
2 ..
2
From eq (2):
2
22
21
2
1
I
Z
Z
Z
V
I
21
+ = 3
Sub. for (I
1
) in eq (1) we get.
2 12 2
21
22
21
2
11 1
I Z I
Z
Z
Z
V
Z V
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
V
1
=
2
21
21 12 22 11
2
21
11
I
Z
Z Z Z Z
V
Z
Z
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
Since V
1
= A V
2
+ B I
2
.
I
1
= C V
2
+ D I
2
.
21
21 12 22 11
21
11
Z
Z Z Z Z
B &
Z
Z
A

= =
21
22
21
Z
Z
D &
Z
1
C = =
- When interchanging the places between the source and the load in
a two-port the following equations should be used:-
V
2
= D V
1
+ BI
1
I
2
= C V
1
+ AI
1
~
ABCD parameters calculations
The ABCD parameters could be found by experiment as well as by
calculation when finding the ABCD parameters by calculation,
circuit components and their interconnection must be known.
For the experimental determination of the parameters we must
conduct 3 experiments (because we have only 3 -
independent parameters). The simplest method used is by
conducting short and open circuit experiments.
Experiment No. 1
In this experiment the source is connected to the input terminals,
the output terminals are open circuited.
V
10
= A V
20
I
10
= C V
20
..1
Experiment No. 2
In this experiment the source is connected to the input terminals, the out
put is connected to the input terminals, the out put terminals are short-
circuited.
V
20
I
10
I
20
=0

V
10
C
A
Z
I
V
10
10
10
= =
~
~
V
2S
= 0
V
1S
= B I
2S
I
1S
= D I
2S
..2
Experiment No. 3
In this experiment the source is connected to the out put terminals, the
input terminals are short-circuited.
V
1S
= 0
V
2
=DV
1
+ BI
1
I
2
= CV
1
+ AI
1
V
2S
= BI
1S
I
2S
= AI
1S
..3
A
B
Z
I
V
S 2
S 2
S 2
= =
I
1S
I
2S
V
1S
V
2S
I
1S
I
2S
V
1S
= 0
V
2S
D
B
Z
I
V
IS
IS
S I
= =
Since we have: AD-BC = 1
..4
..5
Multiplying eq (4) By eq (5) we get
2 10
10
15
25
A
1
Z
15 Z Z
Z
Z
=

After finding A from eq (6), we can find (C) from eq (1), from eq (3) we
can find (B) then (D) can be find from eq (2).
AD
1
AD
BC
1 =
AD
1
Z
Z
1
10
15
=
AD
1
Z
Z Z
10
15 10
=

A
D
B
D
A
B
Z
Z
25
25
= =
( )
15 10 25
15 10
Z Z Z
Z Z
A