Engine Exhaust Gas Emission Testing & Measurement

NOx THC : Chemi Luminescence Detection I.e. CLD Method : Flame Ionization Detection I.e. FID Method CO, CO2 : Non Dispersive Infra Red I.e. NDIR Method Particulate: Partial / Full Flow Dilution System

Chemiluminescence's Detection (CLD) Method Operating principal

The Chemi luminescence reaction between NO & O3 is used to determine the presence of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust gas. The Chemi luminescence measurement involves the following reaction: NO + O3 = NO2* + O2 ( 1 ) NO2* = NO2 (ground state) + hn (light photon) (2 ) A schematic diagram of a Chemi luminescent NO - NOx analyzer is shown in Figure. In reaction ( 1 ) nitric oxide (NO) in a sample gas reacts with O3 (ozone) to form nitrogen dioxide in an electrically excited (NO2*) state. O3 is prepared with an ozone generator in a reaction chamber. In reaction (2 ) the excited (NO2*) immediately reverts to ground state, emitting photons ( essentially red light ). The light intensity is measured by the photo diode detector.

Flame Ionisation Detection ( FID ) Method :

The unburnt Hydrocarbons ( HC ) in the exhaust gas consists of about 200 different compounds each with different HC composition like methane, ethane, butane etc. It is very difficult to measure each separately. All HC will be measure by FID method. As shown in the figure two electrodes are placed facing each other with the flame between them & a direct current voltage is applied between them. Then a minute ionic current flows in proportion to the carbon no. of the HC. This current is converted to an electric voltage through resistors network. This will get displayed on the display unit.

 Non Dispersive Infra Red ( NDIR ) Method :

This measurement is based on Labart Law of absorption states that when an Infra Red radiation is directed on gas sample, the output radiation has exponential relationship with concentration of gas. As shown in the figure, inside the NDIR analyzer module, two equal energy infra red beams are directed through two parallel optical cell, sample cell & a reference cell. Reference cell may sealed or may contain a continuously flowing reference gas. The infra red radiation is interrupted by a Chopper wheel at a frequency of 5 Hz. The Detector is a gas microphone & it converts the difference in energy between sample & reference cell to a capacitance change. This change related to component concentration is expressed on the indicator.

 Magneto Pneumatic Analysis ( MPA ) Method :

When sample gas is introduced into a disproportional magnetic field, the Oxygen gets attracted to a stronger portion of the magnetic field to cause a pressure rise. This Pressure Rise can be expressed by the foll. Equation: P = H2 . X . C Where, H : Intensity of Magnetic Field X : Magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic substance C : Concentration of Paramagnetic Substance

Measurement of Particulate Matter (Dilution Method) :

During the Measurement testing for Particulate Matter, exhaust gas was diluted by air having 25C temperature & this mixture passes through special filter below 52C during Emission cycle test.

According to the EPA definition all components with exception of water which after dilution with air at temperature below 52C, collected on prescribed filter are called as Particulate Matter.

Calculatation of Emission For Raw exhaust gas: NOx mass = 0.001585 x NOx conc x Gexh CO mass = 0.000966 x CO conc x Gexh HC mass = 0.000478 x HC conc x Gexh Where, Gexh = Gair + Gfuel in Kg / hr Pollutant mass flow for each mode shall be calculated as shown above.

Contents of Engine Exhaust Gas Oxides of Nitrogen Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbon Particulate Matter Carbon Dioxide Sulfur Dioxide Lead Oxygen

Formation of these Contents-

Nitrous Oxide:
Nitrous oxides (NO) are formed by a reaction between the Nitrogen and Oxygen in the air at high temperatures. NO is then converted to Nitrogen Di oxide (NO2) if additional oxygen is available. NO is colorless & odorless gas but NO 2 is reddish brown poisonous gas. NO & NO2 is treated together and is referred as NOx.

Carbon Monoxide:
- Carbon monoxide is formed at the intermediate combustion stage because of air deficiency, which result in incomplete oxidization. - Carbon monoxide is a tasteless, odorless and colorless gas produced through the incomplete combustion of carbon based fuels.

Carbon di Oxide:
Carbon monoxide will be converted into CO2 if * Sufficient oxygen is available * High enough gas temperature attained * Sufficient time for combustion is available

Hydrocarbon:
- Hydrocarbons are elements of unburned fuel, which have formed because of a low combustion temperature and a poor fuel to air mixture. They give diesel exhaust its characteristic smell.

Particulate Matter ( PM ):
PM consists of a core of carbon, the fuel and the lubricating oil. Poisonous hydrocarbons condense on the surface of the particles. PM is a general term covering solid particles and liquid droplets in the exhaust air. It includes smoke, soot, metal chips, water, oil etc.

Emission Norms (Off Road ):

Norm
TREM II

Category
All categories All categories kW < 18 hp < 24 24 hp < 50 50 hp < 100 24 hp < 50 50 hp < 100 100 hp < 174 50 hp < 100 100 hp < 174

Cycle Emission Limits (g/kW.h) CO

9.00 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.00 5.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

HC

NOx

PM
1.00 0.80 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.03 0.03

Implementation date 1.6.2003 1.10.2005 1.4.2010 1.4.2010 1.4.2011 1.1.2006 1.1.2008 1.1.2007 1.1.2012 1.1.2011

15.00 9.50 8.50 7.50 4.70 7.50 4.70 4.00 4.70 4.00

INDIA (Bharat Stage)

TREM III TREM IV

(proposed; 18 kW < 37 DF to be applied)

37 kW < 75 18 kW < 37

EUROPE (EURO)

Stage III - A

37 kW < 75 75 kW < 130

Stage III - B

37 kW < 75 75 kW < 130

CO Analyzer works on the principle of Red).

NDIR ( Non Dispersive Infra

CO ,CO2 HAS A PROPERTY TO ABSORB INFRA-RED RADIATIONS OVER A NARROW RANGE OF WAVELENGTH. THE GAS TO EXAMINED IS DRAWN THROUGH A MEASURING CELL THROUGH WHICH PULSES OF BROAD BAND INFRARED LIGHTS ARE PASSED. THE DEGREE OF ABSORBTION OF ENERGY IN THE RELEVENT WAVE BAND IS MEASURED BY A SYSTEM OF DETECTOR CELL & GIVES OUTPUT CORROSPONDING TO CONCENTARATION OF GAS. Nox Analyzer works on the principle of chemiluminescence detector type.

This uses the Chemical Reaction Between nitric oxide & ozone. NO+ O3 = NO2 + O2 = NO2 +O2 + PHOTON Nitrogen compound is mixture of No & no2 called as nox. In Analyzer No2 is converted into No & then sample is reacted with O3. O3 is generated by Electrical Discharge through Oxygen, at low pressure in heated vacuum chamber. The Light Emission is measured by a photomutiplier & Indicates the Nox Concentration in the Sample. This works on the Principle of Flame ionization Detector.(FIE) This depends on production of free electrons, & positive ions forms during combustion of Hydrocarbons. If the combustion takes place in Electric Field, current flow between anode & Cathode depends on number of carbon items are taking part in combustion. In the Detector Sample Gas is Mixed with Hydrogen & Helium with burned in a chamber, Which is heated to prevent condensation of water vapor formed.