Venn Diagrams & Their Application

AuB Sets-theoretic Identities 1. Complement Laws A u A = U A n A = (A) = A Commutative Laws AuB=BuA AnB=BnA Associative Laws A u (B u C) = (Au B) u C A n (b n C) = (An B) n C

AnB 4. 5. 6.

AcB

Disjoint sets A and B

2. 3.

Distributive Laws A n (B u C) = (A n B) u (A n C) A u (B n C) = (A u B) n (A u C) De Morgan Laws (A n B) = A u B (A u B) = A n B Let A and B be two finite sets and let n(E) = no. of elements in E n(A u B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A n B) No real roots Real + Distinct Roots Identical Roots

Quadratic Equation Completing the squares: ax + bx + c = a[x + (b/2a)]2 + [c-(b2-4a)] Basic Curves Sketching

b2 4ac < 0 b2 4ac > 0 b2 4ac = 0

Indices & Logarithms Indices Laws of Indices

Logarithms Laws of Logarithms

(an)m = anm Negative, Zero and Rational Indices

an x am = an+m an am = an-m

an = 1 / an a0 = 1 a
n/m

= (a1/m)n Summary Function u(x) In u(x) 1 / u(x)

Function (Summary) f:A R f(x) : rule A : domain = Df {f(x) | x Df} : range = Rf Partial Fractions Linear ax + b Repeated Factor (ax + b)2 Quadratic Factor (ax2 + bx +c) where b2 4ac < 0

log a x + log log log log log log

a a a a a x

a a

y = log y = log
a

a a

xy (x/y) a

x log b = log a=1 1=0

xn = n log
c

x
c

b / log

ln e = x (e.g. b = ea ---- a = ln b) Condition (max domain) u(x) >=0 u(x) >0 u(x) 0

A / (ax + b) A /(ax + b) + B / (ax+b)2 (Ax + B) / (ax2 + bx +c)

Arithmetic progressions Tn = a + (n-1)d (Term) Geometric progressions Tn = arn-1 (Term) notation cTr = c Tr (when c is constant)

Sn = n/2[ 2a + (n-1)d ]

(Sum)

Sn = a(1-rn) ( |r| <1) 1- r (Tr Ur) Tr Ur

or

a(rn-1) (|r|>1) r1

(Sum) S =

(sum of infinity) 1r

(when there are 2 sequences Tr n Ur)

Standard Series r = 1/2n(n+1)

r=1 n

r2 = 1/6n(n+1)(2n+1)
r=1

r3 = 1/4(n(n+1))2
r=1

Trigonometry Tan = O/A

Cos = A/H

Sin = O/H (TOA CAH SOH)

For angles in the 2nd Quadrant sin (180 ) = sin cos (180 ) = -cos tan (180 ) = -tan sin cos tan 0, 360 0 1 0

For angles in the 3rd Quadrant sin (180 + ) = -sin cos(180 + ) = -cos tan (180 + ) = tan 45 1 / Sqrt2 1 / Sqrt2 1 60 Sqrt3 / 2 1/2 Sqrt3

For angles in the 4th Quadrant sin (360 ) = - sin cos (360 ) = cos tan (360 ) = -tan 90 1 0 undefined 180 0 -1 0 270 -1 0 undefined

30 1/2 Sqrt3 / 2 1 / Sqrt3

Other Trigonometry Ratios & Relationship tan = sin / cos cot = 1 / tan = cos / sin cosec = 1 / sin cos (90 ) = sin tan (90 ) = 1 / tan , tan !=0 = cot Trigonometry Identities sin^2 + cos^2 = 1 1 + cot^2 = cosec^2

sec = 1 / cos sin (90 ) = cos

tan^2 + 1 = sec^2

Sum & Difference of 2 angles sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B tan (A + B) = tan A + B / 1 (- +) tan A tan B Double Angle Formula sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A tan 2A = 2 tan A / 1 tan^2 A Note: sin A = 2 sin A/2 cos A/2

cos (A + B) = cos A cos B (- +) sin A sin B

cos 2A = cos^2 A sin^2 A = 2cos^2 A 1 = 1 2 sin^2 A sin 4A = 2 sin 2A cos 2A cos 6A = 2 cos^2 3A 1

Triple Angle Formula sin 3A = 3 sin A 4 sin^3 A cos 3A = 4 cos^3A 3 cos A tan 3A = 3 tan A tan^3 A / 1 3 tan^2 A The Expression a cos + b sin If a, b > 0 a cos + b sin = R cos ( -+ ) a sin + b cos = R sin ( + ) where R = Sqrt(a^2 + b^2) and tan = b / a

The maximum value of R cos ( - + ) is R, when cos ( - + ) = 1 R sin ( + ) is R, when sin ( + ) = 1 The minimum value of R cos ( - + ) is -R, when cos ( - + ) = -1 R sin ( + ) is -R, when sin ( + ) = -1 Interval Notations (a,b) = { x R : a < x < b [a,b) = { x R : a < x < b (a,b] = { x R : a < x < b [a,b] = { x R : a < x < b (a,) = { x R : x > a } [a,) = { x R : x > a } (-,b) = { x R : x < b } (-,b] = { x R : x < b } c^2 = b^2+a^2-2ab cos C } } } }