Name: Jose Paulo Paraoan Year & Course: BMLS-1A

Instructor: Mr. Van Ryan Kristoffer Galarpe Schedule: MWF-10:00-11:00

TECHNICAL REPORT IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS

I. Introduction Organic Chemistry is a particular branch of chemistry which deals with the study of carbon compounds. The properties of carbon compounds are so special and unique that it can create organic compounds which are essential for the proper functioning of the human body. It was commonly believed that according to the Vital Force Theory, organic compounds can only be made by living cells or organs of plants and animals. But the breakthrough discovery of a German chemist named Friedrich Whler in 1828, in which he produced urea synthetically in a laboratory, negated this theory and started the era of modern organic chemistry. The advancement of technology paved ways for the creation of many more organic compounds, recently estimated at more than a trillion compounds. With many organic compounds that exist, most of them are used as ingredients in household products which help in the improvement of human health, alleviation of various diseases and even the prevention of ailments. But not all are good for the human body. As an aspiring Medical Laboratory Scientist, the knowledge of these common organic compounds and its effect in the human body is important in practicing proper consumer health awareness and safety and to avoid complications in the proper functioning of the human body which makes it vulnerable to many more ailments. Through a survey/research project about common household products and its organic compounds in five households, the technical report aims to gain more knowledge about organic compounds and practicing consumer health awareness by extracting the common organic compound used as an ingredient in these household products and gathering preliminary information about these compounds. II. Methodology The research project made use of a survey type of research method in gathering the data, in which the respondents were five chosen neighbors of the survey conductor. After choosing the research subject, a letter of intent was given to inform the respondents that a survey will be done in their houses, specifically their kitchen and toilets, so that the survey conductor will have permission to enter their residence and use this information. The products used in both kitchen and toilets and their ingredients were listed. The same procedure was done in the other four houses. After the survey, the organic compounds from the ingredients were used and were compared with the other information from the houses. Common ingredients of these products were gathered and were researched according to its IUPAC System of naming, its structural formula and its preliminary information. A conclusion was made after the research.

III.

Results and Discussion/ Analysis The research survey needed five respondents. The following were the sites of the survey: Household Owner 1 Mr. Julio Paroaan 2 Mrs. Teresita Lim 3 Mrs. Melgenieva Soliano 4 Mrs. Leonora Umpad 5 Mrs. Leah Singuit TOILETRIES HOUSEHOLD
1 2 3 4

Table 1: Shampoos Products Used

CLEAR Anti-Dandruff Shampoo Clean and Itch Control Head and Shoulders for Men Hair Retain HEAD AND SHOULDERS Smooth and Silky Shampoo Palmolive Naturals Shampoo with Conditioner Intensive Moisture Vaseline Naturals 2in1 Shampoo and Conditioner Anti-Dandruff and Itch Relief Head and Shoulders AntiDandruff Shampoo Cool Menthol CLEAR MEN Cool Sport HEAD AND SHOULDERS Smooth and Silky Shampoo HEAD AND SHOULDERS Smooth and Silky Shampoo

Common Ingredient

dimethicone methylisothiazolinone zinc pyrithione

Shampoo is a hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair. The goal is to remove the unwanted build-up without stripping out so much as to make hair unmanageable. Shampoo, when lathered with water, is a surfactant, which, while cleaning the hair and scalp, can remove the natural oils (sebum) which lubricate the hair shaft (Harper, 2001). Shampooing is frequently followed by the use of conditioners which increase the ease of combing and styling (Harper, 2001). Shampoo cleans by stripping sebum from the hair. Sebum is an oil secreted by hair follicles that is readily absorbed by the strands of hair, and forms a protective layer. Sebum protects the protein structure of hair from damage, but this protection comes at a cost. It tends to collect dirt, styling products and scalp flakes. Surfactants strip the sebum from the hair shafts and thereby remove the dirt attached to it (Harper, 2001). While both soaps and shampoos contain surfactants, soap bonds to oils with such affinity that it removes too much if used on hair. Shampoo uses a different class of surfactants balanced to avoid removing too much oil from the hair (Harper, 2001).

The chemical mechanisms that underlie hair cleansing are similar to those of traditional soap. Undamaged hair has a hydrophobic surface to which skin lipids, such as sebum, stick, but water is initially repelled. The lipids do not come off easily when the hair is rinsed with plain water. The anionic surfactants substantially reduce the interfacial surface tension and allow for the removal of the sebum from the hair shaft. The non-polar oily materials on the hair shaft are solubilised into the surfactant micelle structures of the shampoo and are removed during rinsing. There is also considerable removal through a surfactant and oil "roll up" effect (Harper, 2001). Dimethicone, methylizothiazolinone and zinc pyrithione were found out to be the common ingredients of the gathered data from the five households. DIMETHICONE IUPAC NAME: Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Molecular formula: (C2H6OSi)n Empirical Formula: C6H18OSi2 CAS number 63148-62-9 Density: 965 kg m3 Molecular Weight: 162.3775 Nominal Mass: 162 Da Average Mass: 162.3775 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 162.089617 Da Other names: Cyclomethicone, Cetyl dimethicone, Cyclopentasiloxane, Silicone oil

(Wells, 1984) Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds which are commonly referred to as silicones. PDMS is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties. Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers, in shampoos (as dimethicone makes hair shiny and slippery), caulking, lubricating oils and heat resistant tiles (Lotters, 1994). PDMS is optically clear, and is generally considered to be inert, non-toxic and nonflammable. It is occasionally called dimethicone and is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane) (Lotters, 1994). Dimethicone is another name for polydimethylsiloxane and is used to impart a soft velvety feel to hair or skin products. It is also used as an emulsifier for "water-in-oil" emulsions (Field, 2006). Dimethicones appear as a colorless liquid. It is stable, but moisture sensitive. It is also highly flammable and incompatible with strong acids and strong bases (Chemspider, 2009). This flexible polymer, with a backbone of silicon and oxygen instead of carbon, is used in most hand lotions and many cosmetics (American Chemical Society, 2010). It is a form of silicone wax that imparts lubricity and softness to personal care formulations (www. baschem.co.uk) and it is described by the chemists as basically non-hazardous with a very low order of toxicity. But the harm comes when advice from the products themselves say, contact with skin or eyes may cause

irritation. Add to this fact that dimethicone has been shown to cause tumors and mutations in experimental work with animals (Go, 2008). METHYLIZOTHIAZOLINONE IUPAC NAME: 2-Methylisothiazol-3-one Molecular formula: C4H5NOS Empirical Formula: C4H5NOS Molecular Weight: 115.1536 Abbreviations: MIT CAS number: 2682-20-4 Nominal Mass: 115 Da Average Mass: 115.1536 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 115.009184 Da Molar Volume: 89 cm3 Surface Tension: 46.1 dyne/cm Flash Point: 64.3 C Boiling Point: 182.8 C at 760 mmHg Polarizability: 11.89 10-24cm3 Density: 1.293 g/cm3 Enthalpy of Vaporization: 41.9 kJ/mol Vapour Pressure: 0.797 mmHg at 25C Molar mass: 115.15 g mol1 (Chemspider, 2009)

(Greenwood & Earnshaw, 1997) Methylisothiazolinone or MIT, sometimes erroneously called methylisothiazoline, is a powerful biocide and preservative within the group of isothiazolinones, used in shampoos and body care products. Though long considered safe for use in cosmetics, two recent in vitro studies have shown that MIT is neurotoxic, causing damage to rat brain cells in tissue culture. Long-term health and safety studies have been conducted on animals, and thus far there is no evidence of nerve damage or neurological effects associated with MIT for consumers or workers. The two in vitro studies were published in peer-reviewed journals. Regulatory authorities in the USA, Japan and Europe and more than 25 other countries have all independently concluded the product is safe. Despite these claims, the studies published in scientific journals suggest that additional testing may be needed. Initially, a similar conclusion was reached by them in 2003 (link below). In 2004, the European Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers (SCCNFP) reported, "The SCCNFP is of the opinion that the proposed use of Methylisothiazolinone as a preservative at a maximum concentration of 0.01% (100 ppm) in the finished cosmetic product does not pose a risk to the health of the consumer." The specific conclusions of this article are that: 1) data provided on physico-chemical properties on methylisothiazolinone are complete; 2) the percutaneous absorption study is inadequate. A 100%

absorption (via the skin) is assumed, and 3) the in vivo unscheduled DNA synthesis assay is adequate. Methylisothiazolinone is considered non genotoxic/mutagenic. Whether Methylisothiazolinone poses a risk via other forms of exposure or in occupational settings during the manufacture of products containing the biocide has yet to be determined (McLaughlin, 2002). Methylchloroisothiazolinone (and) methylisothiazolinone is the INCI name for the preservative and this is the name that must appear on cosmetic ingredient listing in the European and USA markets if a product contains it. Therefore, it is easy to determine consumer exposure (qualitative) to the preservative from use of cosmetic products. The absence of any meaningful ingredient listing on household products means that qualitative assessment of exposure from such sources cannot be made (Agner, 2006). As the preservative is now essentially used only in rinse off products, any dermatitis with relevance to contact allergy to it will affect those areas mostly exposed to rinse off products: head, and hands. Labelling permits qualitative assessment of exposure to some product types that may contain it. There is no easy mechanism to assess quantitative exposure; it is exposure to an allergen in dose per unit area that is of pivotal importance for induction and elicitation. Because of this, for an individual allergic to the preservative, it is most practical to simply avoid using products identified as containing the preservative from the label. Levels of the allergen in a product may be too low to be able to elicit a reaction but the level will not be known (Agner, 2006). Some studies have shown MIT to be allergenic and cytotoxic, and this has led to some concern over its use. In early December, 2004, a news broadcast from WNYT in Albany, NY reported that methylisothiazolinone had been linked to nerve cell death in scientific studies. In 2002, there was an in vitro study of the neurotoxicity of MIT in the department of Neurobiology at the University of Pittsburgh. In that study, it was shown that a short exposure (10 min) to concentrations of MIT of 30-100 micromolar (or 4-12 parts per million) were lethal to mature neurons in tissue culture, but not to other brain cells, such as astrocytes (support cells). The lethal actions of MIT were due to its ability to liberate the metal zinc from intracellular metal-binding sites. The liberated zinc, in turn, triggered a cell death cascade in neurons that was characterized by the sequential activation extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and NADPH oxidase. This activity led to production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals), DNA damage and the overactivation of the DNA repair enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, or PARP. Overactivation of PARP has been linked by many investigators to cell death due to its consumption of reduced equivalents and depletion of cellular energy sources (ATP). Additional studies from the same laboratory have observed that CMIT may be significantly (30-100 times) more potent that MIT. All these studies were performed on rat brain cells in culture. A CFTA (Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association) response statement has come out, strongly asserting that MIT is safe in cosmetic formulas (Schnuch, 1998). ZINC PYRITHIONE IUPAC NAME: Zinc 1-oxidopyridine-2-thione Molecular formula: C10H8N2O2S2Zn Empirical Formula: C10H8N2O2S2Zn Molecular Weight: 317.7217 Molar mass: 317.70 g/mol Appearance: colourless solid Nominal Mass: 316 Da Average Mass: 317.7217 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 315.931864 Da Melting point: 240 C (decomp.) Solubility in water: 8 ppm (pH 7) Other names ZnP, pyrithione zinc, zinc OMADINE

(Arbor, 1960) Zinc pyrithione is a coordination complex of zinc. This colourless solid is used as an antifungal and antibacterial agent. This coordination complex, which has many names, was first reported in the 1930s.The pyrithione ligands, which are formally monoanions, are chelated to Zn2+ via oxygen and sulfur centers. In the crystalline state, zinc pyrithione exists as a centrosymmetric dimer (see figure). Each zinc is bonded to two sulfur and three oxygen centers.[4] In solution, however, the dimers dissociate via scission of one Zn-O bond. Pyrithione is the conjugate base derived from 2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide (CAS# 1121-31-9), a derivative of pyridine-N-oxide (Barnett, 1999). Zinc pyrithione is best known for its use in treating dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis. It also has antibacterial properties and is effective against many pathogens from the streptococcus and staphylococcus class. Its other medical applications include treatments of psoriasis, eczema, ringworm, fungus, athletes foot, dry skin, atypical dermatitis, tinea, and vitiligo (Barnett, 1999). Zinc pyrithione is approved for over-the-counter topical use in the United States as a treatment for dandruff. It is the active ingredient in several anti-dandruff shampoos such as Head & Shoulders. However, in its industrial forms and strengths, it may be harmful by contact or ingestion. Due to its low solubility in water (8 ppm at neutral pH), zinc pyrithione is suitable for use in outdoor paints and other products that provide protection against mildew and algae. It is an effective algaecide. It is chemically incompatible with paints relying on metal carboxylate curing agents. When used in latex paints and the water contains high amount of iron, a sequestering agent that will preferentially bind the iron ions is needed. Its decomposition by ultraviolet light is slow, providing years of protection even against direct sunlight. Zinc pyrithione is also used as an antibacterial treatment for household sponges, most notably by the 3M Corporation (Barnett, 1999). Zinc pyrithione is a chemical complex which has been used since the 1930s. It has a number of applications, of which the most famous is probably dandruff shampoo. Most products which are designed to fight dandruff contain this complex. Other hair and skin products also contain this complex, as do certain prescription medications, and it also has some industrial uses, most notably in paints (Smith, 2003). Zinc pyrithione (abbreviated ZnP and also known as pyrithione zinc) is an antifungal agent best known for its use in treating dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. It also has antibacterial properties and is effective against many pathogens from the streptococcus and staphylococcus class. Other medical uses involve treatment of psoriasis, eczema, ringworm, fungus, athletes foot, dry skin, atypical dermatitis, tinea, vitiligo, etc (Medic8, 2009). Due to its low solubility in water (8 ppm at neutral pH), zinc pyrithione is suitable for use in outdoor paints and other products that provide protection against mildew and algae. It is an effective algaecide. It is chemically incompatible with paints relying on metal carboxylate curing agents. When used in latex paints and the water contains high amount of iron, a sequestering agent that will preferentially bind the iron ions is needed. Its decomposition by ultraviolet light is slow, providing years of protection even against direct sunlight (Medic8, 2009).

Its antifungal effect most likely lies in inhibition of membrane transport, probably via intracellular inhibition of the proton pump energizing the transport mechanism by an un-ionized pyrithione molecule. Fungi are capable of inactivating pyrithione in low concentrations. It is known under trade name zinc OMADINE (Medic8, 2009). It was first synthesized in the 1930s (Medic8, 2009). The chemical name is zinc bis(pyridine-N-oxide-2-thiolate), or also bis(1-hydroxy-2(1H)pyridinethiolato-O,S) zincate. It has the empirical formula C10H8N2O2S2Zn and a more descriptive formula C5H4NO-2-S)2Zn. It features two pyridine-derived chelating ligands bound to zinc via their oxygen and sulfur atoms. Zinc pyrithione is approved for over-the-counter topical use in the United States as a treatment for dandruff. It is the active ingredient in several anti-dandruff shampoos such as Head & Shoulders. However, in its industrial forms and strengths, it may be harmful by contact or ingestion (Medic8, 2009). HOUSEHOLD
1 2 3 4 5

Table 2: Conditioners Products Used

CREAM SILK Reshape Standout Straight Conditioner Pantene PRO-V Smooth and Silky Conditioner Cream Silk Conditioner Reconstruct Damage Control SUNSILK Smooth and Manageable Conditioner SUNSILK Smooth and Manageable Conditioner CREAM SILK Reshape Standout Straight Conditioner

Common Ingredient

disodium EDTA DMDM hydantoin panthenol

Hair conditioner is a hair care product that alters the texture and appearance of human hair. For centuries, natural oils have been used to condition human hair. These natural products are still used today, including essential oils such as tea tree oil and carrier oils such as jojoba oil. A conditioner popular with men in the late Victorian era was Macassar oil, but this product was quite greasy and required pinning a small cloth, known as an antimacassar, to chairs and sofas to keep the upholstery from being damaged by the greasy Macassar oil (BBC, 2002). Modern hair conditioner was created at the turn of the twentieth century, when well-known perfumer Ed. Pinaud presented a product he called brilliantine at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris. His product was intended to soften men's hair, including beards and mustaches. Since the invention of Pinaud's early products, modern science has advanced the hair conditioner industry to include those made with silicone, fatty alcohols, and quaternary ammonium compounds. These chemical products allow the benefits of hair conditioner without feeling greasy or heavy. Hair conditioner is different than cream rinse (often referred to as creme rinse). A cream rinse is simply a detangler and, as its name implies, has a thinner consistency than conditioner. Hair conditioner is a thicker substance which coats the cuticle of the hair itself (BBC, 2002). The following common ingredients were found in the survey: DISODIUM EDTA IUPAC NAME: disodium 2-[carboxymethyl-[2-[carboxymethyl-(2-oxido-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]acetate Empirical Formula: C10H14N2Na2O8

Molecular Weight: 336.2063 Nominal Mass: 336 Da Average Mass: 336.2063 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 336.054555 Da Appearance: White crystals. Odor: Odorless. Solubility: 10 g in 100 g of water. Melting Point: 252C (486F) Decomposes. Stability: Stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage. Hazardous Decomposition Products: Burning may produce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides. Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur. Incompatibilities: Oxidizing agents. (Baker, 2007)

(Chemspider, 2009) Disodium EDTA has the chemical formula of [CH2N(CH2CO2H)2]2, the molecular formula of C10H16N2O8, and is a major chelating agent from which all of its applications extend from. It has high affinity to free metal ions, a common pollutant and impurity in many chemical environments. As an example, when we clean something with soap or wash our laundry, there is a chemical reaction between the detergent, the organic dirt, and the water that provides an aqueous solution environment for the chemical reaction of "cleaning" to occur. However, many impurities and free metal ions and minerals in tap water makes the performance of detergents less effective and inconsistent across geographies with varying water quality. Disodium EDTA as a chelating agent helps bind the free radicals and impurities, allowing the major ingredients in detergents to work effectively and consistently without excessive "chemical disturbance." (Lin, 2009). Disodium EDTA is a chelating agent and a viscosity adjuster. The function of a chelating compound is to prevent ingredients from binding to any trace elements that may be present, resulting in a more stable product. EDTA stands for ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (Lin, 2009). Medical and laboratory uses for disodium EDTA include chelating therapy, where EDTA cleanses bodies of excess iron, mercury and other heavy metals; in blood testing and blood transfusions as anticoagulant; in cell proliferation analysis to keep cells separate from each other; in dental and ophthalmology practices to prime sites for surgery. Disodium EDTA is an important agent in many medical uses and thus it isn't surprising to expect exposure to this chemical compound if you frequent clinics and medical laboratories for tests and treatments listed such as these (Lin, 2009). Disodium EDTA has become a topic of interest because of many pro-natural organizations claims that it causes toxicity in mammals. However, in products regulated by the FDA , levels of disodium EDTA is too low to cause direct harm when products are used as directed. The only time to be ultra aware of disodium EDTA content is in processed foods and beverages, where disodium EDTA in reaction with active and unstable ingredients like Vitamin C and sodium Bicarbonate

(baking soda) forms benzenes, a potent carcinogen. Also, EDTA is becoming an environmental pollutant due to large quantities used in industrial applications, medical applications and manufacturing (Lin, 2009). This chemical is used in these types of products: Moisturizer, Facial Moisturizer/Treatment, Facial Cleanser, Body Wash/Cleanser, Shampoo, Sunscreen/Tanning Oil, Conditioner, Around-eye Cream, Styling Gel/Lotion, Anti-aging, Exfoliant/Scrub, Acne Treatment, Skin Fading/Lightener, Hair Color and Bleaching, Bubble Bath, Foot Treatment, Foundation, Sunless Tanning, Mascara, Body Firming Lotion, After Shave, Perfume, Personal Cleansing, Anti-itch/rash Cream, Eye Liner, Eye Makeup Remover, Makeup Remover, Lip Liner, Blush, Baby Sunscreen, After Sun Product, Styling Mousse/Foam, Lip Balm/Treatment, Relaxer, Liquid Hand Soap, Eye Shadow, Antiperspirant/Deodorant, Hormonal Cream, Bath Oil/Salts/Soak, Bronzer/Highlighter, Brow Liner, Concealer, Hair-loss Treatment (Waters, 2009). DMDM HYDANTOIN IUPAC NAME: 1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione Molecular formula: C7H12N2O4 Empirical Formula: C7H12N2O4 Molar mass: 188.18 g/mol Molecular Weight: 188.1812 Nominal Mass: 188 Da Average Mass: 188.1812 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 188.079707 Da Other names1,3-Dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, Glydant

(Wells, 1984) DMDM hydantoin is an antimicrobial formaldehyde releaser preservative with the trade name Glydant. DMDM hydantoin is an organic compound belonging a class of compounds known as hydantoins. It is used in the cosmetics industry and found in products like shampoos, hair conditioners and skin care products (EWG, 2007). DMDM hydantoin works as a preservative because the released formaldehyde makes the environment less favorable to the microorganisms. Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel has evaluated DMDM hydantoin and determined that it is safe as a cosmetic ingredient. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) is an industry trade association established in 1976 by the Personal Care Products Council, at that time known as the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association. Whereas CIR claims DMDM Hydantoin poses no threat, the nonprofit Environmental Working Group (EWG)5 rates it "High Hazard" in its "Skin Deep" Cosmetic Safety Database. According to EWG, depending upon the production application, DMDM Hydantoin scores a "7" and a "9" on its relative safety scale of 1-to-10, with 10 considered least safe (EWG, 2007). DMDM Hydantoin is a white, crystalline solid. In cosmetics and personal care products, DMDM Hydantoin is used in the formulation of shampoos, hair conditioners, skin care products, moisturizers, bath products, and makeup bases and foundations (Beraka, 2009).

The safety of DMDM Hydantoin has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. The CIR Expert Panel evaluated the scientific data and concluded that DMDM Hydantoin was safe as a cosmetic ingredient in the present practices of use. In 2005, the CIR Expert Panel considered available new data on DMDM Hydantoin and reaffirmed the above conclusion.CIR Safety Review: DMDM Hydantoin is poorly absorbed from the skin. In a laboratory study, oral exposure to DMDM Hydantoin did not result in any adverse effects. The CIR Expert Panel noted that DMDM Hydantoin is a formaldehyde donor in aqueous media. They attributed positive results in some in vitro mutagenicity studies to formaldehyde release. In these studies, the concentrations of DMDM Hydantoin tested were higher than those used in cosmetic and personal care products, likely resulting in much higher concentrations of formaldehyde than found in products. Clinical studies revealed some observations of skin irritation which could also be related to the release of formaldehyde from DMDM Hydantoin. The CIR Expert Panel has reviewed the safety of formaldehyde in cosmetics and personal care products and concluded that it was safe to a great majority of consumers but has limited the concentration to 0.2% free formaldehyde due to the skin sensitivity of some individuals to this agent. The amount of DMDM Hydantoin required to preserve a product (less than 1%) does not expose the consumer to concentrations of formaldehyde above the 0.2% limit for formaldehyde recommended by the CIR Expert Panel (Beraka, 2009). DMDM Hydantoin, called Dimethylol, Dimethylhydantoin [1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione], is listed in Annex VI, Part I (preservatives which cosmetics products may contain) of the Cosmetics Directive of the European Union and may be used in cosmetics and personal care products at a maximum concentration of 0.6%. If the concentration of released formaldehyde exceeds 0.05% in the finished product it must be labeled contains formaldehyde (Beraka, 2009). PANTHENOL IUPAC NAME: 2,4-dihydroxy-N-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3,3-dimethyl-butanamide Molecular formula: C9H19NO4 Empirical Formula: C9H19NO4 Molecular Weight: 205.2515 Nominal Mass: 205 Da Average Mass: 205.2515 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 205.131408 Da Molar Volume: 175.9 cm3 Surface Tension: 49.1 dyne/cm Flash Point: 246.3 C Boiling Point: 483.6 C at 760 mmHg Polarizability: 20.57 10-24cm3 Density: 1.166 g/cm3 Enthalpy of Vaporization: 86.28 kJ/mol Vapour Pressure: 2.21E-11 mmHg at 25C

(Chemspider, 2009)

Panthenol is an important part of skin and hair care. Providing revitalizing and conditioning effects, panthenol possesses humectant-like properties that aid in skin absorption. One major benefit to panthenol is its contributory role in coenzyme A. Coenzyme A is needed by every living cell to help it grow and survive. Liquid panthenol is formulator-friendly. Easy to use and measure, simply add to the water phase of your formula. It is stable under lotion processing conditions, but should not be boiled. Use rates depend upon your application (Anonymous, 2007). Panthenol is the alcohol form of pantothenic acid, more familiar as Vitamin B5. In a living cell, panthenol is converted to pantothenic acid, which then becomes an important part of the compound "Coenzyme A", which is important in cellular metabolism. In hair, which contains no living cells, it remains as panthenol. Because it could become a vitamin if it were ever to get to a living cell, it is marketed as a "provitamin", even though its effects as a vitamin are never used (Field, 2006). Because panthenol binds well to hair follicles, and attracts moisture from the air, it is a moisturizing agent used in shampoos and conditioners. It lubricates the hair without feeling greasy. It smoothes roughened hair surfaces, making them shiny and easier to comb. Panthenol does not "nourish" hair. It coats it to make it slippery (Field, 2006). In cosmetics, panthenol is a humectant, emollient and moisturizer. It binds to the hair shaft readily and is a frequent component of shampoos and hair conditioners (in concentrations of 0.11%). It coats the hair and seals its surface, lubricating the hair shaft and making strands appear shiny(Ebner, et. al., 2002). In ointments, Panthenol has good skin penetration. It is sometimes mixed with allantoin, in concentrations of up to 2-5%, and is used for treatment of sunburns, mild burns and minor skin disorders. It improves hydration, reduces itching and inflammation of the skin and accelerates and improves healing of epidermal wounds (Ebner, et. al., 2002). If ingested, panthenol is metabolized to pantothenic acid (Ebner, et. al., 2002). Table 3: Soaps
HOUSEHOLD 1 2 3 4 5 Products Used SAFEGUARD Family Skin Germ Protection Floral Pink DOVE Fresh Moisture Beauty Bar OLAY BODY SOAP Age Defying DOVE Fresh Moisture Beauty Bar Safeguard Pure White New Formula DOVE Fresh Moisture Beauty Bar SAFEGUARD Family Skin Germ Protection Floral Pink DOVE Fresh Moisture Beauty Bar Common Ingredient

glycerin sodium stearate

Soap is an anionic surfactant used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning, which historically comes either in solid bars or in the form of a viscous liquid. Soap consists of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids and is obtained by reacting common oils or fats with a strong alkaline solution (the base, popularly referred to as lye) in a process known as saponification. The fats are hydrolyzed by the base, yielding alkali salts of fatty acids (crude soap) and glycerol (Willcox, 2000).

Today, soap is often replaced by other cleaning agents, such as synthetic detergents. Soaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules have both a hydrophilic end, which dissolves in water, as well as a hydrophobic end, which is able to dissolve nonpolar grease molecules. Although grease will normally adhere to skin or clothing, the soap molecules can form micelles which surround the grease particles and allow them to be dissolved in water. Applied to a soiled surface, soapy water effectively holds particles in colloidal suspension so it can be rinsed off with clean water. The hydrophobic portion (made up of a long hydrocarbon chain) dissolves dirt and oils, while the ionic end dissolves in water. Therefore, it allows water to remove normally-insoluble matter by emulsification. In other words, while normally oil and water do not mix, the addition of soap allows oils to dissolve in water, allowing them to be rinsed away (Willcox, 2000). Glycerin and sodium stearate are two of the common ingredients extracted from the survey data. GLYCERIN IUPAC NAME: Propane-1,2,3-triol Molecular formula: C3H5(OH)3 Empirical Formula: C3H8O3 Molar mass: 92.09382 g/mol Nominal Mass: 92 Da Average Mass: 92.0938 Da Appearance: clear, colorless liquid, hygroscopic Odor: odorless Density: 1.261 g/cm Melting point: 18 C (64.4F) Boiling point: 290 C (554F) Refractive index: 1.4746 Viscosity: 1.5 Pas Other names: glycerin, glycerine, propane-1,2,3-triol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane, glyceritol, glycyl alcohol

(Chemspider, 2009) Glycerin is a neutral, sweet-tasting, colorless, thick liquid which freezes to a gummy paste and which has a high boiling point. Glycerin can be dissolved into water or alcohol, but not oils. On the other hand, many things will dissolve into glycerin easier than they do into water or alcohol. So it is a good solvent (Westerman, 1997). Glycerin is also highly "hygroscopic" which means that it absorbs water from the air. Example: if you left a bottle of pure glycerin exposed to air in your kitchen, it would take moisture from the air and eventually, it would become 80 per glycerin and 20 percent water. Because of this hygroscopic quality, pure, 100 percent glycerin placed on the tongue may raise a blister, since it is dehydrating. Diluted with water, however, it will soften your skin (Westerman, 1997). Glycerol is an organic compound, also commonly called glycerin or glycerine. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol has

three hydrophilic hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. The glycerol substructure is a central component of many lipids. Glycerol is sweet-tasting and of low toxicity. Glycerol forms the backbone of triglycerides, and can be produced by saponification of animal fats, e.g. a byproduct of soap-making. It also is a byproduct of the production of biodiesel via transesterification. Because of the emphasis on biodiesel, the market for glycerol is depressed, and the old epichlorohydrin process for glycerol synthesis is no longer economical. Approximately 950,000 tons per annum are produced in the USA and Europe. Production will increase as the EU directive 2003/30/EC is implemented, which requires the replacement of 5.75% of petroleum fuels with biofuel across all Member States by 2010 (Lide, 1994). Glycerol is also produced as a byproduct of refining of cooking and salad oils, and various brands (e.g, NOW) are sold to the retail market as "Pure Vegetable Source" glycerin, 100% pure, which is safe for ingestion (Lide, 1994). In foods and beverages, glycerol serves as a humectant, solvent and sweetener, and may help preserve foods. It is also used as filler in commercially prepared low-fat foods (e.g., cookies), and as a thickening agent in liqueurs. Glycerol and water are used to preserve certain types of leaves. As a sugar substitute, it has approximately 27 calories per teaspoon and is 60 percent as sweet as sucrose. Although it has about the same food energy as table sugar, it does not raise blood sugar levels, nor does it feed the bacteria that form plaques and cause dental cavities. As a food additive, glycerol is labeled as E number E422. Glycerol is also used to manufacture mono- and diglycerides for use as emulsifiers, as well as polyglycerol esters going into shortenings and margarine. It is also used as a humectant (along with propylene glycol labelled as E1520 and/or E422) in the production of snus, a Swedish style snuff that the Swedish government subjects to the same regulations as "food" because it is used orally (Lide, 1994). SODIUM STEARATE IUPAC NAME: Sodium octadecanoate Molecular formula: C18H35NaO2 Molar mass: 306.46 g mol1 Empirical Formula: C18H35NaO2 Molecular Weight: 306.4591 Nominal Mass: 306 Da Average Mass: 306.4591 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 306.253475 Da Appearance: white to off-white powder Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Synonyms: octadecanoic acid sodium salt, sodium octadecanoate Use: surfactant, emulsifying agent, waterproofing agent

(Chemspider, 2009) Sodium stearate, or sodium octadecanoate, is the sodium salt of stearic acid. It is the major component of soaps along with many types of solid deodorants, rubbers, latex paints, inks and in accelerators. It is also a component of some food additives and food flavorings.

Sodium stearate can be made in the laboratory by combining stearic acid and glycerol in a heated environment to produce stearin: 6 C17H35COOH + 2 C3H5(OH)3 2 C3H5(C18H35O2)3 + 3 H2O (Cartwright, 2003) And reacting that stearin with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium stearate and glycerol: C3H5(C18H35O2)3 + 3 NaOH C3H5(OH)3 + 3 C17H35COONa (Cartwright, 2003) Metallic salts of fatty acids (called soap) are primarily used as cleansing agent (mainly sodium- and potassium-) which their molecules attach readily to both polar molecules (of water) and non-polar molecules (of grease or oil). The long hydrocarbon chains are non-polar (and hydrophobic) repelled by water and the salt end molecules are ionic (and hydrophilic) water soluble. Soaps differ according to the type of fatty acid and length of the carbon chain and according to the alkali employed. Fatty acids with longer chains are insoluble. If sodium hydroxide is used as the alkali, hard soaps are formed; potassium hydroxide yields soft soaps. Soap salts are used as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and algaecides. The lipophilic carbon chains infiltrate and destroy the lipoprotein matrix of the insect's cell membranes. Food grade soap salts are used also as general purpose food additives. Aluminum, calcium, magnesium, lead, zinc or other metals are used in place of sodium or potassium for soaps to be used in industry. Metallic salts of fatty acids are used as stabilizer and plasticizer in plastic industry as well as in cosmetics. They are used as flatting and sanding agents in lacquers, coatings & inks. They can be applied in tablet manufacturing. They are used as drying lubricants and dusting agents for rubbers. They are used as catalysts in chemical synthesis and emulsifiers for emulsion polymerization of synthetic rubber and resin which can be approved for use in food contact applications. They are used as waterproofing additives and ointments (Habibi, 2008). Sodium stearate is a highly functional material in cosmetic formulations. It can stabilize emulsions like lotions, it can make a product thicker, more viscous, and it can make a product have a creamy feel and appearance. Sodium stearate is also a major constituent of soap. In a deodorant product it has the unique ability to form a gel with other materials like propylene glycol, glycerin, and propanediol. This gel gives our stick deodorant its base structure, so it can be properly applied in the manner consumers expect (Chapell, 2010). Sodium stearate has a long history of safe use in personal care products. It is permitted for direct addition to food by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Toms of Maine recognizes that no two people are alike, and even with pure and natural ingredients, some individuals may develop an allergic reaction that is unique to them. As with any product, be sure to discontinue use if you experience discomfort or other indications that the product may not be appropriate for your individual body chemistry (Chapell, 2010). Table 4: Skin Care Products
HOUSEHOLD 1 Products Used Bath and Body Works AntiBacterial Moisturizing Hand Lotion Cetaphil Gentle Skin Cleanser Heathcote and Ivory Lavender Luxury Shower Cream PONDS White Beauty Pinkish White Glow Lightening Cream St. Ives Fresh Skin Apricot Scrub Common Ingredient

cetyl alcohol methylparaben

Olay Moisturizing Cream pH Care Feminine Wash Intimate Wash Pink Passion PONDS White Beauty Pinkish White Glow Lightening Cream BELO Essentials Pore Minimizing Whitening Face Wash OLAY Moisturizing Cream PONDS White Beauty Pinkish White Glow Lightening Cream

propylparaben

Among the ingredients of skin care products, the survey extracted three common ingredients which are cetyl alcohol, methylparaben and propylparaben. CETYL ALCOHOL IUPAC NAME: Hexadecan-1-ol Molecular formula: C16H34O Empirical Formula: C16H34O Nominal Mass: 242 Da Average Mass: 242.4406 Da Molar mass: 242.44 g mol1 Appearance: White crystals Density: 0.811 g/cm Melting point: 49 C, 322 K, 120 F Boiling point: 344 C, 617 K, 651 F Solubility in water: Insoluble Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents,strong acids Other names: Cetanol, Cetyl alcohol, Ethal, Ethol, Hexadecanol, Hexadecyl alcohol, Palmityl alcohol

(Silberberg, 2009) Cetyl alcohol, also known as 1-hexadecanol and palmityl alcohol, is a fatty alcohol with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)15OH. At room temperature, cetyl alcohol takes the form of a waxy white solid or flakes. The name cetyl derives from the whale oil (Latin: cetus) from which it was first isolated. Cetyl alcohol was discovered in 1817 by the French chemist Michel Chevreul when he heated spermaceti, a waxy substance obtained from sperm whale oil, with caustic potash (potassium hydroxide). Flakes of cetyl alcohol were left behind on cooling (Nordegren, 2002). With the demise of commercial whaling, cetyl alcohol is no longer primarily produced from whale oil, but instead either as an end-product of the petroleum industry, or produced from vegetable oils such as palm oil and coconut oil. Production of cetyl alcohol from palm oil gives rise to one of its alternative names, palmityl alcohol. Cetyl alcohol is used in the cosmetic industry as a

surfactant in shampoos, or as an emollient, emulsifier or thickening agent in the manufacture of skin creams and lotions. It is also employed as a lubricant for nuts and bolts (Nordegren, 2002). Cetyl alcohol is a nonionic surfactant used as a hair coating in shampoos and conditioners. It is used as a water based lubricant for fasteners such as nuts and bolts. Cetyl alcohol is used as an emollient (skin softener), emulsifier, and thickener in creams and lotions (Field, 2009). METHYLPARABEN IUPAC NAME: Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Molecular formula: C8H8O3 Molar mass: 152.15 g/mol Empirical Formula: C8H8O3 Nominal Mass: 152 Da Average Mass: 152.1473 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 152.047344 Da Other names: Methyl paraben; Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate; Methyl parahydroxybenzoate; Nipagin; E number E218

(Silberberg, 2009) Methylparaben, also methyl paraben, one of the parabens, has formula CH3(C6H4(OH)COO). It is the methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Methylparaben is an anti-fungal agent often used in hair gels. The compound is often found in carpules of local anaesthetic, acting as a bacteriostatic agent and preservative (Soni, 2002). Methylparaben (also called Nipigin M, Tegosept, and Mycocten) is commonly used as in Drosophila food media. Usage of methylparaben is known to slow Drosophila growth rate in the larval and pupal stages. Methylparaben is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or through the skin. It is hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzoic acid and rapidly excreted without accumulation in the body. Acute toxicity studies have shown that methylparaben is practically nontoxic by both oral and parenteral administration. In a population with normal skin, methylparaben is practically non-irritating and non-sensitizing; however, allergic reactions to ingested parabens have been reported. Methylparaben can be found in many of the leading skin/face products. However, some concerns involving products containing parabens (including Methylparaben) are discussed in the toxicology section of the paraben article. This includes a section on allergic reactions, breast cancer, estrogenic activity, as well as paraben controversy (Soni, 2002). Methylparaben is a preservative and a fungicide. It is used in cosmetics and personal care products such as deodorants and shampoos in concentrations of about 0.2%, but is also foodapproved by the FDA. It is water soluble (Moss, 2004). Parabens are used as preservatives in thousands of cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical products, but this is the first study to show their accumulation in human tissues. It demonstrates if people are exposed to these chemicals, then the chemicals will accumulate in their bodies. Parabens have been shown to be able to mimic the action of the female hormone oestrogen and oestrogen can drive the growth of human breast tumours (Moss, 2004).

Methylparaben is a member of the paraben family, a group of compounds that possess antibacterial and antifungal properties. These agents are esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid, which is why theyre collectively called parabens. However, in contrast to its cousins, ethylparaben, butylparaben, and propylparaben, methylparabenmethylparabenmethylparaben receives its specific name owing to the fact that its chemical structure contains the methyl alkyl group. Due to its antimicrobial properties, methylparaben is used extensively as a water-soluble preservative in many foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. Although methylparaben is usually synthesized in a laboratory for this purpose, it is essentially identical in molecular structure to the same compound that occurs in nature. In fact, most plants synthesize para-hydroxybenzoic acid into parabens as a defense mechanism to thwart attacks from bacteria and fungi. Those that are known to produce methylparaben specifically include wintergreen, birthwort, and blueberries (Maier, 2003). Advocates of organic and natural foods and cosmetics have expressed concerns over the use of parabens in consumer products for years, but there is little evidence to warrant it. While it is true that methylparaben is readily absorbed through the skin as well as in the intestinal tract, it is converted back into para-hydroxybenzoic acid and quickly excreted through urine. In fact, the only negative side effects that have been documented are contact dermatitis and skin sensitivity, both occurring with rare frequency and only in reaction to very high concentrations of test material (Maier, 2003). There is even less evidence to support the persistent belief that methylparaben is carcinogenic and oestrogenic. Numerous studies involving humans have consistently demonstrated that para-hydroxybenzoic acid is non-toxic. In addition, a great number of plants and fruits contain constituents that exhibit far more oestrogenic activity than methylparaben, including clover, apple, cabbage, potato, carrot, wheat, and scores of others. In terms of environmental impact, methylparaben is completely and readily biodegradable. As might be expected, it is degraded into para-hydroxybenzoic acid by exposure to water, sunlight, and microscopic organisms in the soil. In addition, the degradation of methylparaben actually helps to remove toxic phenols from the surrounding environment. This is possible because bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family feed off of the carbon molecules in methylparaben, which leaves phenol as a by-product. Another strain of bacterium known as Pseudomonas consumes the leftover phenol for energy by breaking the substance down into harmless carbon compounds (Maier, 2003). PROPYLPARABEN IUPAC NAME: Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Molecular formula: C10H12O3 Molar mass: 180.2 g/mol Empirical Formula: C10H12O3 Nominal Mass: 180 Da Average Mass: 180.2005 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 180.078644 Da Molar Volume: 158.7 cm3 Density: 1.134 g/cm3 Other names: propyl paraben; propyl p-hydroxybenzoate; propyl parahydroxybenzoate; nipasol; E number E216

(Arbor, n. d.) Propylparaben, the propyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, occurs as a natural substance found in many plants and some insects, although it is manufactured synthetically for use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and foods. It is a preservative typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath products (Arbor, n.d.). Propylparaben is from the paraben family of chemicals. Although it is naturally occurring in some plants and insects, it is most commonly found as a synthetic chemical in cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals. There are four kinds of parabens: propylparaben, methylparaben, butylparaben, and ethylparaben; however, propylparaben is most commonly used. In fact, the database associated with the Environmental Working Group has indicated that 14,319 products currently contain propylparaben. It is used as a preservative, an antimicrobial, and for flavoring (Dee, 2003). Cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods can all spoil if they do not contain a preservative. Consequently, propylparaben has become the preservative of choice, especially for cosmetics that are water-based like moisturizers, shampoos, shower cleansers, conditioners, and sunscreens. It is even used in lipsticks, foundations, mascaras, and eye shadows sometimes at levels approaching 25%. On its own, there are recommendations for how much propylparaben should be found in a particular product. The problem arises when a product contains multiple parabens such as propylparaben and methylparaben then, there are not any recommendations for an individual user. In the pharmaceutical industry, propylparaben is a common preservative for certain drugs. As a result, it is administered to humans in several ways: injections, orally, or through suppositories. However, it is almost always in concentrations of less than 1% (Dee, 2003). The dangers of propylparaben are yet to be specifically identified. However, studies have been conducted that have created fear in some consumers. For example, a group of British researchers tested breast lump tissue samples that were taken from women who had cancerous breast tumors. The researchers found traces of parabens in the lumps of all 20 women. This has caused some people to wonder whether the parabens caused the cancer. Other examples that cause concern include a September 2008 study of 20 girls between the ages of 14 and 19. The girls used multiple cosmetics products every day from moisturizers to deodorants to make-up. In that study, propylparaben was found in every girl. The fear is that parabens mimic estrogen in the body and thereby increase a womans risk for breast cancer. Yet, there is no evidence that parabens cause cancer and further research must be conducted (Dee, 2003). Since there is increased awareness and concern, some cosmetics manufacturers, specifically those that are organic in nature, are looking for ways to prevent their products from spoiling or for inhibiting microbial growth. Shorter shelf lives and new formulas are all being explored by some manufacturers, as well. Until more research is conducted, the safest bet is to limit the amount of parabens that is absorbed into the body (Dee, 2003). Table 5: Toothpastes
HOUSEHOLD 1 Products Used COLGATE Fresh Confidencewith Cooling Crystals Peppermint Ice Common Ingredient hydrated silica

2 3 4 5

Close-up Active Gel Red Hot COLGATE Fresh Confidence with Cooling Crystals Peppermint Ice COLGATE TOTAL Professional Clean Fluoride Toothpaste Close Up Lemon Mint Twist

sodium lauryl sulfate sorbitol

Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it can aid in the removal of dental plaque and food from the teeth, aid in the elimination and/or masking of halitosis and deliver active ingredients such as fluoride or xylitol to prevent tooth and gum disease (gingivitis). Some dentist recommendations include brushing your teeth at least twice a day, if not more. In most or all developed countries, usage after each meal is encouraged by dentists. However when cleaning teeth with a toothbrush with toothpaste, the essential cleaning is done by the mechanical brushing, and not by the active toothpaste chemicals.Most toothpaste contains trace amounts of chemicals which may be toxic when ingested; it is not intended to be swallowed (Sertima, 1992). Hydrated silica, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium saccharin and sorbitol were the common ingredients found from the survey cites. HYDRATED SILICA IUPAC NAME: Dioxosilane Chemical Formula: SiO2 nH2O Empirical Formula: O2Si Molecular Weight: 60.0843 Nominal Mass: 60 Da Average Mass: 60.0843 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 59.966755 Da Other names: Silicic acid, Silica Gel, Amorphous Silicon Dioxide, Cristobalite, Dioxosilan

(Chemspider, 2010) Hydrated silica is a form of silicon dioxide, which has a variable amount of water in the formula. It is also known as silicic acid, a term usually used for its form dissolved in water. It is found in nature, as opal, which has been mined as a gemstone for centuries and in the cell walls of diatoms. It is also manufactured for use in toothpaste. Once dehydrated the gel is used as a desiccant known as Silica gel. It is also used in various paints and varnishes and in the production of beer. In its pure form, as manufactured for toothpaste, it is an odourless, tasteless, white, gelatinous substance, which is chemically inert. Hydrated silica is a mild gel abrasive, which, when combined with calcium carbonate (from chalk) helps to remove plaque. Milled to a slightly larger size, the grains are more abrasive and will help to whiten teeth. It has also, synergetic effects when compounded with traditional flame retardants such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminium

hydroxide Hydrated silica is listed by the US Food and Drug Administration as "Generally Recognised as Safe" (Chapell, 2010) Hydrated silica is the abrasive used in gel toothpastes, or in the clear portion of striped toothpastes. It is often used in opaque toothpastes as well, as a secondary abrasive. When dried in an oven, hydrated silica looses the water, and becomes a dessicant, a substance that attracts water from the air. You find little packets of "silica gel" crystals in containers whose contents will be damaged by condensing moisture, such as vitamin bottles, consumer electronics, pepperoni, or leather products (Field, 2006). Silica gel can be made by reacting an acid with sodium silicate (sold in drug stores as "water glass" or "egg keep", and used to paint eggs to seal them from air, preventing spoilage). Drying the resulting gel will get the dessicant, or it can be used wet in toothpastes. You can find sodium silicate in the colorful "Magic Rocks" seen in gift shops at museums. The dry form is mixed with salts of various metals. When you drop them in water, the sodium is replaced by the metal. The resulting metallic silicate is not soluble in water, and has a color characteristic of the metal (e.g. copper is blue). The metallic silicate is also a gel, so it expands, and grows into colorful stalagmites in the water (Field, 2006) Hydrated silica is a derivative of silica (silicon dioxide), an abundant compound that forms about 12% of the earth's surface. Sand and obsidian are common forms of silica. In hydrated form, this ingredient is an odorless, tasteless white gelatinous substance which is chemically inert. This same ingredient may also go by the names amorphous silicon dioxide, silicic acid, or silica gel (Chapell, 2010). Hydrated silica is a mild abrasive which gives toothpaste a smoother gel quality. Combined with calcium carbonate, it helps to safely remove plaque with brushing. We mix it into our childrens' flavors and our Wintermint flavor in combination with a regular toothpaste base to give these flavors a unique half-paste, half-gel consistency. The ingredients are thoroughly blended, however: the gel and paste ingredients are not made into distinct stripes within the tube. In our Antiplaque Tartar Control & Whitening flavors, the hydrated silica we use is milled to produce a slightly larger particle size (an average particle size of 10 microns, versus 8 microns, on average, in our children's and Wintermint flavors). This makes it a better cleaner, so that it can help to remove stains that have formed on teeth (Chapell, 2010). Hydrated silica has a long history of safe use as an ingredient in food products. It is listed by the US Food & Drug Administration to be Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) and has no known toxicity or carcinogenicity. In the 1980's concerns were raised about the use of "silica," a term commonly used to describe both hydrated silica and crystalline silica. Crystalline silica is a toxin and evidence suggests it is a carcinogen as well. In response to the confusion created by the two ingredients sharing a common name, the Chemical Abstracts Services (CAS) created a new catalog number for hydrated silica to more effectively differentiate it from its toxic cousin, crystalline silica. The only potential risk involved in using hydrated silica is that it could be sourced in such a way that it is contaminated by crystalline silica. We require our supplier for this ingredient to use a test method called X-ray diffraction to conclusively prove that the hydrated silica we purchase is not contaminated by crystalline silica (Chapell, 2010). SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE IUPAC NAME: Sodium dodecyl sulfate Empirical Formula: C12H25NaO4S Molecular formula: NaC12H25SO4 Molar mass: 288.38 g mol1 Density: 1.01 g/cm Melting point: 206 C Nominal Mass: 288 Da

Average Mass: 288.3793 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 288.137124 Da

(Wells, 1984) Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium laurilsulfate or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS or NaDS) (C12H25SO4Na) is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products. The molecule has a tail of 12 carbon atoms, attached to a sulfate group, giving the molecule the amphiphilic properties required of a detergent (Piret, 2000). SLS is a highly effective surfactant used in any task requiring the removal of oily stains and residues. As such the compound is found in high concentrations in industrial products including engine degreasers, floor cleaners, and car wash soaps. In household products, SLS is used in lower concentrations with toothpastes, shampoos, and shaving foams. It is an important component in bubble bath formulations for its thickening effect and its ability to create a lather. It has recently found application as a surfactant in gas hydrate or methane hydrate formation reactions, increasing the rate of formation as much as 700 times. In medicine, sodium laurilsulfate is used rectally as a laxative in enemas, and as an excipient on some dissolvable aspirins and other fiber therapy caplets (Piret, 2000). SLS has not been proven to be carcinogenic when either applied directly to skin or consumed. SLS however is a strong surfactant and a number of health concerns have been raised in published reports. SLS may worsen skin problems in individuals with chronic skin hypersensitivity, with some people being affected more than others. SLS in toothpaste may cause aphthous ulcers, commonly referred to in some countries as canker sores. Using SLS free toothpaste may reduce the sores. SLS has also been shown to irritate the skin of the face with prolonged and constant exposure (more than an hour) in young adults. In animal studies SLS appears to cause skin and eye irritation. Research suggests that SLS could represent a potential effective microbicide, which can also inhibit and possibly prevent infection by various enveloped and non-enveloped viruses such as the Herpes simplex viruses, HIV, and the Semliki Forest Virus (Piret, 2000). Both Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) and its close relative Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES) are commonly used in many soaps, shampoos, detergents, toothpastes and other products that we expect to "foam up". Both chemicals are very effective foaming agents, chemically known as surfactants. SLS and SLES are esters of Sulphuric acid - SLS is also known as "Sulfuric acid monododecyl ester sodium salt", however there are over 150 different names by which it is known - see them. In fact, SLES is commonly contaminated with dioxane, a known carcinogen (Burgermeister, 2008). Although SLES is somewhat less irritating than Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, it cannot be metabolised by the liver and its effects are therefore much longer-lasting. A report published in the Journal of The American College of Toxicology in 1983 showed that concentrations as low as 0.5% could cause irritation and concentrations of 10-30% caused skin corrosion and severe irritation. National Institutes of Health "Household Products Directory" of chemical ingredients lists over 80 products that contain sodium lauryl sulfate. Some soaps have concentrations of up to 30%, which the ACT report called "highly irritating and dangerous" (Burgermeister, 2008).

Shampoos are among the most frequently reported products to the FDA. Reports include eye irritation, scalp irritation, tangled hair, swelling of the hands, face and arms and split and fuzzy hair. The main cause of these problems is sodium lauryl sulfate (Burgermeister, 2008). SORBITOL IUPAC NAME: (3R,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-2-one Empirical Formula: C6H12O6 Molecular formula: C6H14O6 Molecular Weight: 180.1559 Nominal Mass: 180 Da Average Mass: 180.1559 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 180.063388 Da Density: 1.489 g/cm Melting point: 95 C Boiling point: 296 C Other names: D-glucitol, D-Sorbitol

(Chemspider, 2009) Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, is a sugar alcohol that the human body metabolises slowly. It is obtained by reduction of glucose changing the aldehyde group to an additional hydroxyl group. Sorbitol is a sugar substitute. It may be listed under the inactive ingredients listed for some foods and products. Sorbitol is referred to as a nutritive sweetener because it provides dietary energy: 2.6 kilocalories (11 kilojoules) per gram versus the average 4 kilocalories (17 kilojoules) for carbohydrates. It often is used in diet foods (including diet drinks and ice cream), mints, cough syrups, and sugar-free chewing gum. It also occurs naturally in many stone fruits and berries from trees of the genus Sorbus. Sorbitol can be used as a non-stimulant laxative via an oral suspension or enema. It works by drawing water into the large intestine, thereby stimulating bowel movements. Sorbitol has been determined safe for use by the elderly, although it is not recommended without consultation with a clinician. Sorbitol is used in bacterial culture media to distinguish Escherichia coli 0154:H7 from most other strains of E. coli. Sorbitol, combined with kayexalate, helps the body rid itself of excess potassium ions in a hyperkalaemic state. The kayexalate exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions in the bowel, while sorbitol helps to eliminate it (Rugolotto, 2007). Sorbitol often is used in modern cosmetics as a humectant and thickener. Sorbitol often is used in mouthwash and toothpaste. Some transparent gels can be made only with sorbitol, as it has a refractive index sufficiently high for transparent formulations (Rugolotto, 2007). Sorbitol is used as a cryoprotectant additive (mixed with sucrose and sodium polyphosphates) in the manufacture of surimi, a highly refined fish paste most commonly produced from Alaska (or walleye) pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). It is also used as a humectant in some cigarettes. Sorbitol sometimes is used as a sweetner and humectant in cookies and other foods that are not identified as "dietary" items (Rugolotto, 2007). Too much sorbitol trapped in eye and nerve cells can damage these cells, leading to retinopathy and neuropathy. Substances that prevent or slow the action of aldose reductase are being studied as a way to prevent or delay these complications of diabetes. Aldose reductase is the first enzyme in the sorbitol pathway. This pathway is responsible for the conversion of glucose to sorbitol, and of galactose to galactitol. Under conditions of hyperglycemia, sorbitol accumulation

occurs. Aldose reductase inhibitors prevent the accumulation of intracellular sorbitol. Sensitivity to the substance may result in severe pain among individuals who are intolerant of it and exhibit adverse symptoms from sorbitol. Diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy may be related to excess sorbitol in the cells of the eyes and nerves. The source of this sorbitol in diabetics is excess glucose, which goes through the sorbitol-aldose reductase pathway. In some human enzyme deficiencies such as galactosemia, sorbitol excess arises and can cause damage to the body. In diabetes mellitus, enzyme deficiency in the lens of the eye may cause sorbitol accumulation and cataracts (Rugolotto, 2007). KITCHEN PRODUCTS HOUSEHOLD 1 2 Table 6: Sauces and Ketchups Products Used Jufran Chili Sauce QuicknEasy Del Monte Italian Pizza Sauce Mang Tomas All-Around Sarsa UFC Tomato Sauce Guisado PAPA Sweet Sarap Banana Ketchup Del Monte Ketchup Original Flavor Del Monte Tomato Sauce Original Style Del Monte Ketchup Sweet Blend Common Ingredient

modified starch sugar

3 4 5

MODIFIED STARCH IUPAC NAME: (2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3-yl]oxy-tetrahydropyran-3,4,5-triol Empirical Formula: C12H22O11 Molecular Weight: 342.2965 Nominal Mass: 342 Da Average Mass: 342.2965 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 342.116212 Da Molar Volume: 193.6 cm3 Density: 1.76 g/cm3 Surface Tension: 110.8 dyne/cm Boiling Point: 667.9 C at 760 mmHg

(Chemspider, 2009)

Modified starch is a food additive which is prepared by treating starch or starch granules, causing the starch to be partially degraded. Modified starch is used as a thickening agent, stabilizer, or an emulsifier. Apart from food products, modified starch is also found in pharmaceuticals, paper and many other applications. Starches are modified for a number of reasons. Starches may be modified to increase their stability against excessive heat, acid, shear, time and cooling or freezing; to change their texture; to decrease the viscosity, or to lengthen or shorten gelatinization time. A modified starch may be an instant starch which thickens and gels without heat, or a cook-up starch which must be cooked like regular starch (Winson, 2003). Acid-treated starch (E1401), usually simply called "modified starch", is prepared by treating starch or starch granules with inorganic acids, breaking down the starch molecule and thus reducing the viscosity. Other treatments may produce modified starch with different E numbers, such as alkaline-modified starch (E1402), bleached starch (E1403), oxidized starch (E1404), enzyme-treated starch (INS: 1405), acetylated starch (E1420), and acetylated oxidized starch (E1451). Pre-gelatinized starch is used to thicken instant desserts, allowing the food to thicken with the addition of cold water or milk. Similarly, cheese sauce granules (such as in Macaroni and Cheese or lasagna) or gravy granules may be thickened with boiling water without the product going lumpy. Commercial pizza toppings containing modified starch will thicken when heated in the oven, keeping them on top of the pizza, and then become runny when cooled (Winson, 2003). A suitably-modified starch is used as a fat substitute for low-fat versions of traditionally fatty foods, e.g., reduced-fat hard salami having about 1/3rd the usual fat content. For such uses, it is an alternative to the product Olestra. Modified starch is added to frozen products to prevent them from dripping when defrosted. Modified starch, bonded with phosphate, allows the starch to absorb more water and keeps the ingredients together. Modified starch acts as an emulsifier for French dressing by enveloping oil droplets and suspending them in the water. Acid-treated starch forms the shell of jelly beans. Oxidized starch increases the stickiness of batter (Winson, 2003). SUGAR IUPAC NAME: 2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3,4,5-triol Molecular formula: C12H22O11 Empirical Formula: C12H22O11 Molecular Weight: 342.2965 Nominal Mass: 342 Da Average Mass: 342.2965 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 342.116212 Da Appearance: white solid Density: 1.587 g/cm3, solid Melting point: 186 C decomp. Solubility in water: 200 g/100 mL (25 C)

(Chemspider, 2009)

Sugars are used as sweeteners, as thickeners, and as structural elements in foods.Table sugar is sucrose. It is made from two simpler sugars called glucose and fructose. Glucose is sometimes called dextrose. Glucose is a little less sweet than sucrose, and fructose is a sweeter than sucrose. When sucrose is heated in the presence of an acid (such as vinegar or lemon juice), it breaks down into glucose and fructose, and the resulting syrup is sweeter than sucrose. The syrup is called "invert sugar". Simple sugars can join to form long chains. Glucose units can chain up to form amylose,

Amylose the starch in corn, or cellulose

Cellulose the molecule that forms the structure of plants (Field, 2006). Amylose can be broken down into its simple glucose units using enzymes. The result is called "corn syrup". Processing it some more using enzymes that convert glucose into fructose, yields "high fructose corn syrup". The mixture of glucose and fructose is similar to that in sucrose and invert sugar, and it is sweeter than plain corn syrup. There are many different types of simple sugars, and they can combine into many more types of complex sugars. The backbone of DNA is a chain made of sugars (Field, 2006). HOUSEHOLD 1 2 3 4 5 Table 7: Marinades Products Used Mothers Best Barbecue Marinade Silver Swan Soy Sauce Silver Swan Soy Sauce KNORR Liquid Seasoning Original Flavor Silver Swan Soy Sauce KNORR Liquid Seasoning Original Flavor Silver Swan Soy Sauce DATU PUTI Soy Sauce Common Ingredient

Sodium benzoate

SODIUM BENZOATE IUPAC NAME: Sodium benzoate Molecular formula: NaC6H5CO2 Empirical Formula: C7H5NaO2 Molar mass: 144.11 g/mol Nominal Mass: 144 Da Average Mass: 144.1032 Da

Density: 1.497 g/cm3 Melting point: 300 C Solubility in water: soluble Other names: E211, benzoate of soda

(Wells, 1984) Sodium benzoate is a type of salt that may occur naturally in some foods but is more likely to be chemically produced and added as a preservative to foods. When used as a preservative, sodium benzoate is typically added to foods in small amounts only. If too much is added, food may take on a very bitter taste. The reason you will note sodium benzoate listed in the ingredients of so many foods is because it works very well at killing bacteria, yeast and fungi. You will most commonly see it used as a preservative in foods with a high acid content, since sodium benzoate will only work when the pH balance of foods is less than 3.6. It is therefore effective in most sodas, vinegar, fruit juice, and in mixed ingredients like salad dressing. It is additionally used to stop the fermentation process in wines. Sodium benzoate naturally occurs in several fruits like apples, plums and cranberries. A few sweet spices contain small amounts of sodium benzoate, including cloves and cinnamon. The presence of sodium benzoate in these foods does not necessarily act to preserve them (Ellis-Christensen, 2010). You may be able to taste sodium benzoate in foods to which it is added approximately 75% of people can taste it. People who can taste sodium benzoate can describe it in different ways. Some call it bitter or salty while others think the taste is more on the sweet side. Since many of us drink soft drinks on a regular basis, we are fairly used to tasting this preservative and generally think nothing of it. There have been some health concerns about the combination of sodium benzoate and ascorbic acid or vitamin C. When the two are mixed, they can form the chemical benzene, which is carcinogenic. However, sodium benzoate on its own is not considered a carcinogen, and you would have to consume a huge amount of it in order to have toxic levels in your body. In mice studies where the animals were fed sodium benzoate, no adverse effects were reported, and the mices life expectancies were not shortened, nor were their health affected in any way. The same cannot be said of benzene, which researchers now show has the ability to affect mitochondria in cells and cause cell death. Scientists have called for the US Food and Drug Administration to retest the potential dangers of sodium benzoate and citric acid in soft drinks, because the tests proving its safety are quite old. In the interim, it may just be a good idea to at least cut down on the amount of soft drinks you consume, and especially to limit soft drink consumption for kids (Ellis-Christensen, 2010). Table 8: Vinegar
HOUSEHOLD 1 2 3 4 5 Products Used Silver Swan Cane Vinegar SILVER SWAN Sukang Puti Silver Swan Cane Vinegar Silver Swan Cane Vinegar DATU PUTI Vinegar Common Ingredient natural vinegar

NATURAL VINEGAR IUPAC NAME: Acetic Acid Empirical Formula: C2H4O2 Molecular Weight: 60.052 Nominal Mass: 60 Da Average Mass: 60.052 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 60.021129 Da

(Chemspider, 2009) Acetic acid (in the form of vinegar) is used to preserve foods such as pickles. It also provides the sour taste for salad dressings and mayonnaise. Acetic acid is a fungicide and is used in cleaning products to remove calcium deposits left by hard water (Field, 2006). Table 9: Seasonings
HOUSEHOLD 1 2 3 4 5 Products Used KNORR Real Sarap KNORR Real Sabaw KNORR Sinigang na may Gabi Recipe Mix Aji-no-moto Umami Super Seasoning Aji-no-moto Umami Super Seasoning KNORR Beef Broth Cubes KNORR Chicken Broth Cubes Common Ingredient

citric acid monosodium glutamate sugar

MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE IUPAC NAME: Sodium (2S)-2-amino-5-hydroxy-5-oxo-pentanoate Molecular formula: C5H8NNaO4 Empirical Formula: C5H8NNaO4 Molar mass: 169.111 g/mol Nominal Mass: 169 Da Average Mass: 169.1111 Da Monoisotopic Mass: 169.035103 Da Appearance: white crystalline powder Melting point: 225 C, 498 K, 437 F Solubility in water: 74g/100mL

(Spiderchem, 2009)

Monosodium glutamate is the sodium salt of glutamic acid. Glutamate is a naturally occurring amino acid that is found in nearly all foods, especially high protein foods such as dairy products, meat and fish and in many vegetables. Foods often used for their flavouring properties, such as mushrooms and tomatoes, have high levels of naturally occurring glutamate (Fernstrom, 2002). The human body also produces glutamate and it plays an essential role in normal body functioning. Monosodium glutamate added to foods produces a flavouring function similar to the glutamate that occurs naturally in foods. It acts as a flavour enhancer and adds a fifth taste, called umami, which is best described as a savoury, broth-like or meaty taste. In the European Union, monosodium glutamate is classified as a food additive (E621) and regulations are in place to determine how and when it can be added to foods. Typically, monosodium glutamate is added to savoury prepared and processed foods such as frozen foods, spice mixes, canned and dry soups, salad dressings and meat or fish-based products. In some countries, it is used as a table-top seasoning. Despite a small number of person reporting sensitivity to monosodium glutamate, scientific studies have not shown any direct link between monosodium glutamate and adverse reactions. Monosodium glutamate used to be blamed for the Chinese Restaurant Syndrome because the first anecdotal report was made following consumption of a Chinese meal and monosodium glutamate is widely used in Asian cooking. Symptoms said to be experienced included burning sensations along the back of the neck, chest tightness, nausea and sweating. However, a double-blind controlled challenge of individuals claiming to suffer from the syndrome failed to confirm monosodium glutamate as the causative agent. Other studies have found that allergic-type reactions after Asian meals are more often due to other ingredients such as shrimp, peanuts, spices and herbs (Fernstrom, 2002). CITRIC ACID IUPAC NAME: 2-hydroxypropane- 1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid Molecular formula: C6H8O7 Empirical Formula: C6H8O7 Molar mass:192.124 g/mol (anhydrous), 210.14 g/mol (monohydrate) Nominal Mass: 192 Da Appearance: crystalline white solid Density: 1.665 g/cm3 Melting point: 153 C Solubility in water: 133 g/100 ml (22C) Boiling point: decomposes at 175 C Other names: 3-hydroxypentanedioic acid, 3-carboxylic acid, Hydrogen citrate

(Spiderchem, 2009) Usually produced in powder form, citric acid is naturally found in citrus fruits. It easily mixes into liquids, making it a valuable acid. Lemons and limes have high concentrations of citric acid, accounting for their bitter taste. Oranges and tangerines are also high in citric acid, though

lower than the more bitter citrus fruits. You can find citric acid present in certain berries too, particularly raspberries and blackberries. Citric acid is used as a flavoring in many preparations of Vitamin C, and has a wide variety of other uses. In industry, citric acid can be used to make good natural cleaners, though some may still contain chemicals that are not exactly natural. Its also now commonly used in preparing photographs. Citric acid bonds easily to minerals and metals, called chelation. It can help to take certain minerals with citric acid, since the body will more easily digest chelated minerals. For example, some calcium supplements can come in the form of calcium citrate, and are better absorbed by the body. The ability of citric acid to bond with other minerals can make it helpful in softening water. Soaps and laundry detergents can be more effective when they contain citric acid. It can work well in shampoos because it tends to remove excess minerals from the water. Yet, sometimes a high concentration of citric acid can damage hair, since it opens hair cuticles. It can strip the hair of needed minerals and bleach it. As a food additive, citric acid is in common use. It can be added to flavor certain drinks, especially soft drinks. It works well as a meat tenderizer because it tends to break down the meat proteins. However, it is bitter one of its main uses in food is to make certain candy sour. When you buy sour candies, you may note many of them are covered with a fine white powder. This is citric acid, which adds an exterior coating to the candies and provides quite a bit of sour taste. It can make the mouth pucker or feel dry, and higher quantities will produce very sour candies. Youll note citric acid in a variety of cleaning products and especially now in beauty products. Citric acid, combined with sodium bicarbonate, is used to make bath fizzes or bath tablets the combination of the two produces carbon dioxide, producing pleasantly effervescent water. Citric acid is a common ingredient in skin masks and some lotions. Vitamin C in general is thought an antioxidant that can help refresh skin and reduce the look of aging by promoting new skin growth and destroying free radicals. Too much exposure to citric acid can cause mild skin irritation, and it may be a good idea not to use skin products containing it if you have sensitive skin. One of the best benefits of citric acid in all its applications is that it is natural and poses little to no risk to the environment. Very few people are allergic to citric acid, but some people may have stomach sensitivity to it, and might better avoid foods containing it. Read labels carefully, since citric acid may be used as a preservative in many more foods than you might expect (Ellis-Christensen, 2010). Table 10: Cheeses
HOUSEHOLD 1 2 Products Used EDEN Original Processed Filled Cheese Spread Eden Original Processed Filled Cheese Kraft Cheez Whiz Original EDEN Original Processed Filled Cheese Spread STAR MARGARINE Fortified EDEN Original Processed Filled Cheese Spread Common Ingredient

vitamin A palmitate

3 4 5

VITAMIN A PALMITATE IUPAC NAME: (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen1-ol Empirical Formula: C20H30O Molecular Weight: 286.4516 Nominal Mass: 286 Da Average Mass: 286.4516 Da

Monoisotopic Mass: 286.229666 Da Molar Volume: 300 cm3 Polarizability: 37.85 10-24cm3 Surface Tension: 36.6 dyne/cm Boiling Point: 421.2 C at 760 mmHg Vapour Pressure: 7.35E-09 mmHg at 25C

(Wells, 1984) Vitamin A palmitate (retinyl palmitate, all-trans-retinyl palmitate) is the form of vitamin A which is absolutely essential for normal vision, and a deficiency of this vitamin will lead to night blindness in the beginning. Most of the body's vitamin A is stored in the liver as retinyl palmitate. Synthetic vitamin A comes in two forms; palmitate and acetate. Vitamin A acetate is used in tablets, and is what you would consume when buying straight vitamin A pills. Vitamin A palmitate is the version used in food products because it is much more stable and dispersible in moisture than the acetate is. Vitamin A palmitate is spray-dried and has good particle size for blending in food products. Vitamin A palmitate is a combination of retinol (pure vitamin A) and palmitic acid. There is research showing it to be effective as an antioxidant and skin-cell regulator (Anonymous, 2006). Vitamin A palmitate (retinyl palmitate, all-trans-retinyl palmitate) is known to normalize skin. Retinyl palmitate accounts for about 80% of the vitamin A found in the skin. The advantages of using the milder forms of vitamin A on the skin are that they are converted into retinoic acid in the cells and effectively give similar results to those seen with retinoic acid. It will help to keep skin stay soft and plump. Clinical results have shown that vitamin A palmitate increased significantly skin composition to increase collagen, DNA, skin thickness, and elasticity. Vitamin A palmitate's stability is superior to retinol. Topical application of retinyl palmitate is the most sensible way for loading the skin with retinol (vitamin A). Cosmetic products containing retinyl palmitate are also more effective than those containing retinol. Furthermore, retinyl palmitate readily penetrates into the epidermis and dermis. The activity of vitamin a palmitate in skin may depend on its conversion to retinoic acid. This conversion depends on the enzymatic cleavage of the ester bond in retinul palmitate, and on the skin's ability to ozidse retinol to retinoic acid. Non-specific esterase enzyme activity exists within the skin and it has been demonstrated that skin preparations can convert retinol to retinoic acid. Retinyl palmitate is the easiest retinoids to formulate topically in the over-the-counter moisturizers. Cosmetic formulations containing retinyl palmitate are substantially more stable than those containing retinol. Furthermore, retinyl palmitate readily penetrates into the epidermis and dermis. In vitro measurements of retinyl palmitates percutaneous absorption indicate that 18% of retinyl palmitate, topically applied in acetone, penetrates human skin within 30 hrs. Percutaneous absorption of retinyl palmitate in currently marketed cosmetic products may be still greater due to the considerable efforts of cosmetics formulators to maximize the effectiveness of products containing retinyl palmitate and retinol. Studies indicate that absorbed retinyl palmitate is readily hydrolyzed to retinol by cutaneous esterases. In addition, skin contains the enzymes required for further metabolism

of retinol to retinaldehyde and retinoic acid, and some studies have shown that levels of retinoic acid in the skin can increase following topical application of retinyl palmitate or retinol (Anonymous, 2006). Conclusion All of our common household products are composed mostly of organic substances which have definite reactions in our body. Common organic compounds in these products can also be seen because of the specific function of these compounds and their reactions in the human body, so it is used rampantly by industries producing these products. Although these products are used as ingredients, this is not an assurance that they are entirely safe to use. Consumers should practice consumer awareness on these products because some of these organic substances may have side effects and harm the body, contrary to what it is supposed to do. It is also noted that excessive use and intake of any of these substances can be harmful to the body. Consumers should take note about the frequency of using these products. External resources, such as the internet and the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), can be of help to the consumers in gaining knowledge of buying safer products for their families. V. References Agner, Tove. (2006). Methylchloroisothiazolinone (and) methylisothiazolinone. Available: http://orgs.dermis.net/content/e05eecdrg/e05news/e686/e706/index_ger.html. Last accessed January 2, 2010. American Chemical Society. (2010). Dimethicone. Available: http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICL EMAIN&node_id=841&content_id=WPCP_006890&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=regio n1&__uuid=bd1149a0-d130-4fac-b159-1f6ab99817d2. Last accessed January 2, 2010. Anonymous. (2006). Vitamin A palmitate (retinyl palmitate). Available: http://www.vitamins-supplements.org/retinyl-palmitate.php. Last accessed January 3, 2010. Anonymous. (2007). Panthenol is a nutrient. Available: http://www.snowdriftfarm.com/panthenol.html. Last accessed January 2, 2010. Arbor, Ann (1960). The Merck Index. 8th ed. New Jersey, USA: Merck & Co, Rahway. Arbor, Ann (n. d.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Michigan: CRC Press. Baker, J. T.. (2007). EDTA DISODIUM SALT . Available: http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/e0170.htm. Last accessed January 2, 2010. Barnett, B. L., et. al. (1999). Structural characterization of bis(N-oxopyridine-2thionato)zinc(II). Inorg. Chem.. Vol. 16 (8). BBC. (2002). How Hair Conditioner Works. Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A851627. Last accessed January 2, 2010. Burgermeister, Jane. (2008). Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS ) and Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES). Available: http://www.natural-health-information-centre.com/sodium-laurylsulfate.html. Last accessed January 3, 2010. Cartwright, Hugh. (2003). Safety data for sodium stearate. Available: http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/SO/sodium_stearate.html. Last accessed January 3, 2010. Chapell, Kate. (2010). Hydrated Silica. Available: http://www.tomsofmaine.com/products/ingredientdetail.aspx?id=19&name=Hydrated+silica. Last accessed January 3, 2010. IV.

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