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Electrical Engineering and Electronics (EEE)

(Esh114t) LECTURE 2

Common prefix multipliers

2nd Year, III Semester Brijesh Tripathi

School of Petroleum Technology Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar

Resistance Vs current for constant voltage

Ohms law with different resistance

E I= R

I=

E R

Current versus resistance through an electric device when the voltage is constant at 1 V.

Relative current versus relative voltage for different resistances

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Voltage measurement

DC (Direct Current)

Whenever a resistance carries a current, there is a voltage across it

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A representation of pure DC

Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL)

The physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887) was a researcher and experimentalist in electricity back in the time before radio, before electric lighting, and before much was understood about how currents flow. Kirchhoff reasoned that current must work something like water in a network of pipes, and that the current going into any point has to be the same as the current going out. This is true for any point in a circuit, no matter how many branches lead into or out of the point.
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Kirchhoff Current Law

In a network of water pipes that does not leak, and into which no water is added along the way, the total volume of water going in has to be the same as the total volume going out. Water cant form from nothing, nor can it disappear, inside a closed system of pipes. Electric current, thought Kirchhoff, must act the same way in an electric circuit.

The current into Z equals current out of Z ( I1+I2=I3+I4+I5 )

Kirchhoff Current Law

Kirchhoff Current Law

The algebraic sum of the branch currents at a node is zero at every instant of time (Alternative form) The sum of the branch currents entering a node at a given instant of time is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the node at that instant of time

The Current into X or Y is the same as the current out of X or Y (I= I1+ I2)

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Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of the product of current & resistance of various branches of a closed mesh of a circuit plus the algebraic sum of the emfs in that closed mesh is equal to zero.

KVL

The direction of current : It leaves the positive terminal of the voltage source and enters into the negative terminal

The sum of the voltages across the resistors is equal to, but has opposite polarity from, the supply voltage E. Thus E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 = E
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As the current I passes in the circuit, the sum of the voltage drops around the loop is equal to the total voltage in that loop.

Vs = V1 + V2 + V3

KVL
Consider the problem of finding out the current delivered by the source Vs.

Problem on KVL
What is the current in the circuit shown in figure? Also determine the voltage across each resistor.

V1 = IR1 V2 = IR2
V3 = IR3

Vs = V1 + V2 + V3 Vs = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

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I=

V R1 + R2 + R3

Problem on KCL

Series Circuit

Light bulbs in series. An ammeter, A is placed in the circuit to measure current.

Determine the current in all resistors in the circuit shown in figure.

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Parallel Circuit
Light bulbs in parallel.

Parallel resistance
The total resistance of the circuit decreases as the number of resistors connected in parallel increases For resistance R1, R2 and R3 connected in parallel their combined resistance RT is given by
1 1 1 1 = + + RT R1 R2 R3

The sum of all the Ins in the circuit is equal to the total current, I, drawn from the source.

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Certain axioms for series and parallel circuits

The current in a series circuit is the same at every point along the way. The voltage across any component in a parallel circuit is the same as the voltage across any other, or across the whole set The voltages across elements in a series circuit always add up to the supply voltage. The currents through elements in a parallel circuit always add up to the total current drawn from the supply. The total power consumed in a series or parallel circuit is always equal to the sum of the wattages dissipated in each of the elements.
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Voltage division

V1 =

R1 Vs RT

RT = R1 + R2 + R3

The total voltage drop across any resistor in a series circuit is equal to the ratio of that resistance value to the total resistance, multiplied by the source voltage.
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Current division
In parallel circuit, the current divides in all branches The current in any branch is equal to the ratio of opposite branch resistance to the total resistance value, multiplied by the total current in the circuit

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