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EECS 142/242M

Lecture 15: Noise in Communication Systems


Prof. Ali M. Niknejad University of California, Berkeley Copyright
c

2011 by Ali M. Niknejad

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 1/31

Noise in Communication Systems


Noise is an ever present part of all systems. Any receiver must contend with noise and the resulting degradation in the quality of the transmitted and received signal. In analog systems, noise deteriorates the quality of the received signal, e.g. the appearance of snow on the TV screen, or static sounds during an audio transmission. In digital communication systems, noise degrades the throughput because it requires retransmission of data packets or extra coding to recover the data in the presence of errors.

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 2/31

BER Plot
Bit Error Rate
1

0. 1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

10

20 SNR (dB)

30

40

50

Its typical to plot the Bit-Error-Rate (BER) in a digital communication system. This shows the average rate of errors for a given signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR)

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 3/31

SNR
In general, then, we strive to maximize the signal to noise ratio in a communication system. If we receive a signal with average power Psig , and the average noise power level is Pnoise , then the SN R is simply S SN R = N
Psig SN R(dB) = 10 log Pnoise

We distinguish between random noise and noise due to interferers or distortion generated by the amplier

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 4/31

Spurious Free Dynamic Range


S()

fund
SF DR

spur

SN R

distortion

The spurious free dynamic range SF DR measures the available dynamic range of a signal at a particular point in a system. For instance, in an amplier the largest signal determines the distortion noise oor and the noise properties of the amplier determine the noise oor

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 5/31

Noise Figure
The Noise Figure (N F ) of an amplier is a block (e.g. an amplier) is a measure of the degradation of the SN R
F = SN Ri SN Ro

N F = 10 log(F ) (dB)

The noise gure is measured (or calculated) by specifying a standard input noise level through the source resistance Rs and the temperature For RF communication systems, this is usually specied as Rs = 50 and T = 293 K .

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 6/31

Noise Figure of an Amplier


Suppose an amplier has a gain G and apply the denition of NF Psig SN Ri = Ns
SN Ro = GPsig GNs + Namp,o

The term Namp,o is the total output noise due to the amplier in absence of any input noise.
SN Ro = Psig Ns +
Namp,o G

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 7/31

Input Referred Noise (I)


Let Namp,i denote the total input referred noise of the amplier
SN Ro = Psig Ns + Namp,i

The noise gure is therefore


F = Psig Ns + Namp,i SN Ri = SN Ro Ns Psig Namp,i 1 F =1+ Ns

All ampliers have a noise gure 1. Any real system degrades the SN R since all circuit blocks add additional noise.

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 8/31

Input Referred Noise (II)

Pin + Ns

+
Namp,i

The amount of noise added by the amplier is normalized to the incoming noise Ns in the calculation of F . For RF systems, this is the noise of a 50 source at 293 K. Since any amplication degrades the SN R, why do any amplication at all? Because often the incoming signal is too weak to be detected without amplication.

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 9/31

Noise Figure of Cascaded Blocks

Pin + Ns

G1 F1

G2 F2

G1 G2 F

If two blocks are cascaded, we would like to derive the noise gure of the total system. Assume the blocks are impedance matched properly to result in a gain G = G1 G2 . For each amplier in cascade, we have
Namp,i Fi = 1 + Ns

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 10/31

Total Input Noise for Cascade


By denition, the noise added by each amplier to the input is given by Namp,i = Ns (F 1) where Ns represents some standard input noise. If we now input refer all the noise in the system we have
Namp,i = Ns (F1 1) +

Ns (F2 1) G1

Which gives us the total noise gure of the amplier


Namp,i F2 1 F2 1 = 1 + (F1 1) + = F1 + F =1+ Ns G1 G1

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 11/31

General Cascade Formula


Apply the formula to the last two blocks
F23 F3 1 = F2 + G2

F23 1 F = F1 + G1 = F1 + F2 1 F3 1 + G1 G1 G2

The general equation is written by inspection


F4 1 F2 1 F3 1 + + + = F1 + G1 G1 G2 G1 G2 G3

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 12/31

Cascade Formula Interpretation

LNA

Rest of Front-End

We see that in a cascade, the noise contribution of each successive stage is smaller and smaller. The noise of the rst stage is the most important. Thus, every communication system employs a low noise amplier (LNA) at the front to relax the noise requirements A typical LNA might have a G = 20 dB of gain and a noise gure N F < 1.5 dB. The noise gure depends on the application.

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 13/31

NF Cascade Example
LO

LNA

VGA

G1 F1

G2 F2

G3 F3

The LNA has G = 15 dB and N F = 1.5 dB. The mixer has a conversion gain of G = 10 dB and N F = 10 dB. The IF amplier has G = 70 dB and N F = 20 dB. Even though the blocks operate at different frequencies, we can still apply the cascade formula if the blocks are impedance matched
F = 1.413 + 10 1 100 1 + = 2.4 dB 60 60 10

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 14/31

Minimum Detectable Signal


Say a system requires an SN R of 10 dB for proper detection with a minimum voltage amplitude of 1mV. If a front-end with sufcient gain has N F = 10 dB, lets compute the minimum input power that can support communication:
SN Ri = SN Ro = F
Pmin Ns

> 10

or
Pin > 10 F Ns = 10 F kT B

we see that the answer depends on the bandwidth B .


Pin = 10 dB + N F 174 dBm + 10 log B

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 15/31

Minimum Signal (cont)


For wireless data, B 10MHz:
Pin = 10 dB + 10 dB 174 dB + 70 dB = 84 dBm

We see that the noise gure has a dB for dB impact on the minimum detectable input signal. Since the received power drops > 20 dB per decade of distance, a few dB improved NF may dramatically improve the coverage area of a communication link. Otherwise the transmitter has to boost the TX power, which requires excess power consumption due to the efciency of the transmitter.

A. M. Niknejad

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 142 Lecture 15 p. 16/31

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