Light: Its Applications in interometery, polarimetry and photodynamic therapy

Masroor Ikram
May 13, 2010 Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Light ?
By the end of nineteenth century wave nature of light was well accepted and there was a slogan that all the problems related to optics have been solved except to prove ether. In 1887 well-known Michelson-Morley experiment disprove the concept of ether. Earlier black-body radiation and in 1905 the famous paper of photoelectric effect forced scientists to rethink particle nature of light. Since then light is considered to has dual nature.

Light is an elephant
An old story tells of three blind men who were asked to describe an elephant.
One blind man touched the elephants tail and said the elephant was long and thin like a rope. The second blind man touched the elephants leg and described the elephant as round and hard like a tree trunk. The third man felt an ear and said that the elephant was thin and flat, like a huge leaf. Each mans description was correct, but didnt give the complete picture.

 Scientists who study the nature of light are like the blind men in the story. They try to describe light, but their descriptions depend very much on which aspects of light they study. Each description of light is merely an approximation to the reality that is light. During the last four centuries, light is sometimes considered as particle and sometimes as wave, now scientists agreed on its dual nature.

Einstein in Optics and Lasers

Einstein is famous for relativity but his contributions in optics and lasers are also fundamental. In 1905, photoelectric effect shaken the basics of the theory of light and Einstein was awarded Nobel prize for it. In 1916-17, he published two papers describing the stimulated emission, which was experimentally demonstrated in MASER during 1950s and led the foundations of LASER.

Interferometry

Michelson Interferometer
The Michelson interferometer is the most common configuration for optical interferometry. The interference pattern produced depends on the path difference between the two beams. Michelson & Morley used this interferometer for their famous experiment (1887) in which this interferometer was used to disprove the concept of ether.

Novel Interferometers
for precision angle and axis of rotation measurements

M. Ikram and G. Hussain, Michelson interferometer for precision angle measurements, Appl. Opt. 38(1) 113-120, 1999.

Carousel Interferometer

G. Hussain and M. Ikram, Optimization of linearity by use of a glass plate in carousel interferometers, Opt. Letts. 29(16) 1930-32, 2004.

Angle and Axis of Rotation Measurement

G. Hussain and M. Ikram, Optical Measurements of Angle and Axis of Rotation, Opt. Lett. 33 (21) 2419-21, 2008.

G. Hussain and M. Ikram, Measurements of Angle and Axis of Rotation in a Carousel Interferometer: A Detailed Analysis, Appl. Opt. 49(6) 1025-1031, 2010.

Vibration Detection with Lasers

Intensity modulation of the laser beam profile due to vibration of the objective is demodulated to give the amplitude and frequency of vibration.
A. Hussain, S. K. Ayazuddin, M. Ikram, A. A. Mudassar, A. A. Qureshi, and M. Iqbal, Remote sensing for flow induced vibrations in PARR-1 core assembly, Nucl. Engg. Design 205(3) 32331, 2001.

Optical Coherence Tomography

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) performs imaging by measuring the echo time delay and magnitude of back reflected or backscattered light using interferometry. The most common detection method is based upon a Michelson interferometer with a scanning reference arm. In OCT low coherence light source is used, e.g. Ti: Sapphire laser or SLDs

 OCT is capable of high temporal resolution allowing the study of dynamic physiologic features Optical measurements can be performed exceedingly fast (<ns). OCT provides relatively low spatial resolution because of the physics of light propagation in turbid media The penetration range of light in tissue limits the size of the target tissue volume. Light intensity is heavily attenuated in tissue and falls off exponentially.

Experimental Setup of OCT

Polarimetry
Polarization sensitive optical imaging

Polarization Imaging
Scatterer, represented by Mueller matrix,

Laser

Incident beam

Scattering Angle Scattered Beam

I'

I=

I Q U V

Total Intensity

0,90 Polarization 45 Circular Polarization

M = 4 x 4 Mueller Matrix

I' = M I

A Simple Polarimeter
plane-polarized light Light source sample cell

observed rotation
a

0 0 0 0 0
plane is rotated

polarizer

analyzer detector

rotate to null

Stokes Vector

S 0 I H + IV S I I V 1 = H s= S 2 I + 45 I 45 S3 I RCP I LCP

Mueller Matrix
To determine the properties of emerging beam, one multiplies the vectors describing the incident beam with Mueller matrices. In general, the interaction of light with optical elements such as lenses, polarizers, filters, surfaces, scattering media etc, changes the polarization state of the light, when it described by a four-component vector, [S0,S1,S2,S3], interacting with any optical element or material .

[Sout] = [Msystem].[Sin]

Material characterization with polarized laser light (Kerr Cell )

Terminals for Voltage Plate Melles Griot M/N 05-LHP-111 5mW Max Output = 632.8 nm Polarizer at 45o with E Ea L Kerr Cell Analyzer at -45o with E X axis d Lenses for diverging the light

Photodetector Y axis

Z axis

Curve fits for the calculation of unknown coefficients

1.0

0.8

Normalized Transmittance

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Applied Voltage (V)

Solid curve is the simulated result of traditional expression for intensity transmittance where as filled circles is the experimental transmittance for Nitrobenzene device

Depolarization of light from nitrobenzene

= 0 , = 0

Curve fit for = 0 , = 0

1.0

Estimate of MaxI45,45 Curve fit for MaxI45,45

Normalized Transmittance

0.8

0.6

0.4
= 45 , = 45 o o = 45 , = -45
o o

Estimate of MinI45,45 Curve fit of MinI45,45 = 0 , = 90

0.2

Curve fit for = 0 , = 90

0.0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Applied Voltage (volt)

S. Firdous, K. Hassan and M. Ikram , Applied Optics 44(7) 1171-77 (2005)

Characterization Of UHMWPE Using Mueller Matrix Polarimetery

Using standard Mueller Matrix Polarimeter, it is trivial to obtain 16 elements of a Mueller matrix. In order to get some physical information from Mueller matrix, the decomposition can provide information of material parameters. In one of the decomposition algorithm (i.e. LU-Chipman decomposition), Mueller matrix is decomposed into sequence of three matrix factors; a di-attenuator followed by a retarder and a depolarizer. The three matrices gives the di-attenuation, polarizance, depolarization and retardence.

Optical Biopsy

Photodynamic Therapy
Cancer Treatment with Lasers

Process of Photodynamic Therapy

Two individually non-toxic components brought together to cause harmful effects on cells and tissues in the presence of oxygen
Photosensitizing agent Light of specific wavelength

Illustration of the Process

The photosensitiser is given by injection.

After time the photosensitiser concentrates in the tumor. The photosensitiser is activated by light

Mechanism

The tumor is selectively destroyed

Celular destruction

Topical PDT
5-Aminolevulinic Acid Epidermis

selective tumor necrosis

Basal cell carcinoma

In Vitro Studies of PDT on HeLa and Hep2c Cell Lines

HeLa is a cell line of human cervical cancer, from a Mexican female Henrieta Lacks. HeLa cells were grown with 5-ALA photosensitizer in the laboratory of National Institute of Health, Islamabad. The primary focus of the experimental work was to study he efficacy of ALA mediated photodynamic effects in HeLa cells.

Comparison of Dark Cytotoxic & Phototoxic Effects of different ALA Concentrations in HeLa Cell Line
50 J/cm2 0 J/cm2
120

100

% Viability

80

60

40

20 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

ALA Concentration (g/ml)

M. Atif et.al. Laser Physics Letters 6(12) 886-891, December 2009

Comparison of Dark Cytotoxic & Phototoxic Effects of different ALA Concentrations in Hep2c Cell Line
110 100 90 80

85J/cm2 0J/cm2

% Viability

70 60 50 40 30 20 0 50 100 150 200 250

ALA concentration, g/ml

A. Khurshid et.al. accepted in Laser Physics 20(7), pp--, July 2010

Photodynamic Therapy: In Action

Profs. Hasan, Harvard Medical School and Georgakoudi, Tufts University, are observing the skin cancer treatment performed by Dr Rahmat Ullah Khan in NORI.

After 72 hours

After 1 week

Diagnosis: Basal cell carcinoma (Nose) and Actinic Keratosis ( Left Cheek ). Treatment: Two (02) sessions of PDT given . Remarks: Gross tumor clearance with good cosmetic outcome. Histopathological clearance also seen on re-biopsy at 3 months follow up in PIMS dated 19-05-08 reported as No evidence of malignancy found.

After 4 weeks Aktinic Keratosis

34

After 4 weeks

35

Before Treatment

AQ , 53 years male , resident of Peshawar Diagnosis: Basal Cell Carcinoma ( left eye medial canthus ) Treatment : Excision Biopsy done Two sessions of PDT given for positive margins Remarks: 09 months recurrence free period with good cosmetic outcome. Histopathological clearance also seen on re-biopsy at 9 months follow up in Peshawar dated 27-11-08 reported as No evidence of malignancy found .

After Treatment... 72 hours

After 4 weeks

36

Summary of PDT
In vitro studies on HeLa and Hep2c cell line are carried out and published. Clinically 28 biopsy proven skin patients are treated in PAEC Hospitals. One patient of Leishmaniaisis is treated with positive response. Follow up shows complete response for majority of the patients and partial response for a few and one has no response. Currently we have treated only superficial skin cancers but planned to start for internal cancers using inject able photosensitizer and endoscope.

I am Thankful to:
Prof. Tayyab Hasan, Harvard University, Boston, USA Prof. Vanderlei Bagnato, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Dr Shamaraz Firdous, NILOP Dr Rahmat Ullah Khan, PAEC General Hospital Dr Muhammad Atif, NILOP Hafeez Ullah, PIEAS Malik Sajjad Mehmood, PIEAS Manzoor Ahmad, PIEAS Ahmat Khurshid, PIEAS Fakhar-e-Alam, PIEAS Muhammad Imran, PIEAS Lubna Noreen, NILOP Dr Sohail Zaidi, NIH , etc.

For Their Contributions