Fluid Statics

Fluid Statics
Fluid Statics deals with problems associated with fluids at rest. In fluid statics, there is no relative motion between adjacent fluid layers. Therefore, there is no shear stress in the fluid trying to deform it. The only stress in fluid statics is normal stress
Normal stress is due to pressure Variation of pressure is due only to the weight of the fluid fluid statics is only relevant in presence of gravity fields.

Applications: Floating or submerged bodies, water dams and gates, liquid storage tanks, etc.

Pressure
Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area.
Pr essure P F A Force Area of w hichthe forceis applied (2.1)

Units of pressure are N/m2, which is called a pascal (Pa).

Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures

Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure). Gage pressure: Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage pressure. Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.

Pressure at a Point
Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same in all directions. Pressure has a magnitude, but not a specific direction, and thus it is a scalar quantity.

Pressure at a Point

Variation of Pressure with Depth

When the variation of density with elevation is known

The pressure of a fluid at rest increases with depth (as a result of added weight).

Free-body diagram of a rectangular fluid element in equilibrium.

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The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a given fluid regardless of geometry, provided that the points are interconnected by the same fluid.

Example:

Example:

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Pascals law: The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout by the same amount.

The area ratio A2/A1 is called the ideal mechanical advantage of the hydraulic lift.

Lifting of a large weight by a small force by the application of Pascals law.

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PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES

The Barometer
Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a barometer; thus, the atmospheric pressure is often referred to as the barometric pressure. A frequently used pressure unit is the standard atmosphere, which is defined as the pressure produced by a column of mercury 760 mm in height at 0C (Hg = 13,595 kg/m3) under standard gravitational acceleration (g = 9.807 m/s2).
The length or the cross-sectional area of the tube has no effect on the height of the fluid column of a barometer, provided that the tube diameter is large enough to avoid surface tension (capillary) effects.

The basic barometer.

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The Manometer
It is commonly used to measure small and moderate pressure differences. A manometer contains one or more fluids such as mercury, water, alcohol, or oil. Measuring the pressure drop across a flow section or a flow device by a differential manometer.

The basic manometer.

In stacked-up fluid layers, the pressure change across a fluid layer of density and height h is gh.

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Inclined-Tube Manometer
To measure small pressure changes, Inclined-Tube Manometers is frequently used

if pipes A and B contain a gas then

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Other Pressure Measurement Devices

Bourdon tube: Consists of a hollow metal tube bent like a hook whose end is closed and connected to a dial indicator needle.

Many pressure measuring devices use the fact that a force (pressure times area) causes an elastic object to deform. The Bourdon gage is a very common type of pressure gage. When the pressure within the hollow curved tube of the gage is increased, the tube tends to straighten. Through a set of linkages the resulting slight motion of the end of the tube is translated into the rotation of a dial that indicates the gage pressure. Video

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Various types of Bourdon tubes used to measure pressure.

Pressure transducers: Use various techniques to convert the pressure effect to an electrical effect such as a change in voltage, resistance, or capacitance. Pressure transducers are smaller and faster, and they can be more sensitive, reliable, and precise than their mechanical counterparts. Strain-gage pressure transducers: Work by having a diaphragm deflect between two chambers open to the pressure inputs. Piezoelectric transducers: Also called solid-state pressure transducers, work on the principle that an electric potential is generated in a crystalline substance when it is subjected to mechanical pressure.

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HYDROSTATIC FORCES on a PLANE SURFACES

A plate, such as a gate valve in a dam, the wall of a liquid storage tank, or the hull of a ship at rest, is subjected to fluid pressure distributed over its surface when exposed to a liquid. On a plane surface, the hydrostatic forces form a system of parallel forces, and we often need to determine the magnitude of the force and its point of application, which is called the center of pressure.

When analyzing hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces, the atmospheric pressure can be subtracted for simplicity when it acts on both sides of the structure.

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Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

On a plane surface, the hydrostatic forces form a system of parallel forces For many applications, magnitude and location of application, which is called center of pressure, must be determined. Atmospheric pressure Patm can be neglected when it acts on both sides of the surface.

General submerged plane

General submerged plane..cont

The total area is made up of many elemental areas. The force on each elemental area is always normal to the surface but, in general, each force is of different magnitude as the pressure usually varies.

General submerged plane..cont

We can find the total or resultant force, R, on the plane by summing up all of the forces on the small elements

FR p1A1 p2 A2 .... px Ax pA

FR PdA
A

If the surface is a plane the force can be represented by one single resultant force, acting at right-angles to the plane through the

centre of pressure.

Horizontal Flat Surfaces Under Liquids

For a horizontal plane submerged in a liquid, the pressure, p, will be equal at all points of the surface.

The pressure at the bottom of the container is uniform across the entire area

FR pA

Inclined Plane Surface

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Pressure Prism
Pressure acts normal to the surface, and the hydrostatic forces acting on a flat plate of any shape form a volume whose base is the plate area and whose length is the linearly varying pressure.

This virtual pressure prism has an interesting physical interpretation: its volume is equal to the magnitude of the resultant hydrostatic force acting on the plate since FR = PdA, and the line of action of this force passes through the centroid of this homogeneous prism.
The projection of the centroid on the plate is the pressure center. Therefore, with the concept of pressure prism, the problem of describing the resultant hydrostatic force on a plane surface reduces to finding the volume and the two coordinates of the centroid of this pressure prism. The hydrostatic forces acting on a plane surface form a pressure prism whose base (left face) is the surface and whose length is the pressure.
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Pressure Prism
An alternate approach of determining the hydrostatic force is by means of a pressure prism. Consider a vertical plane submerged in a static fluid, as shown in the figure. The pressure increases linearly with the depth. One can then easily construct a corresponding three-dimensional diagram of the pressure distribution, and such a volume is called a pressure prism. The resultant force is the total volume of the pressure prism, that is FR = Volume = 1/2 (gh) (bh)

FR = Volume = 1/2 (gh) (bh) The resultant force passes through the centroid of the pressure prism. For this particular example, the centroid of a triangular element is located at a distance of h/3 from its base and lies in the vertical symmetry axis.

As illustrated, this method is particularly convenient when the shape of

the pressure prism is a common geometry, in which the volume and centroid can be readily obtained.

Hydrostatic force acting on the top surface of a submerged vertical rectangular plate.

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Hydrostatic force acting on the top surface of a submerged horizontal rectangular plate.

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Case Study
Introduction:
To simplify the analysis, assume that the dam structure is an inclined plane surface and has the dimensions shown in the figure. The water level behind the dam is 700 ft.

Question
Determine the magnitude and location of the resultant force exerted on the dam surface by the water

Approach
Assume the water behind the dam has a density of 1.94 slugs/ft3, and is incompressible. Work the problem based on a unit width.

The magnitude of the resultant force is given by FR = ghcA The vertical distance to the centroid of the dam surface is given by hc = 700 / 2 = 350 ft The total length L of the dam surface is calculated to be L = (6002 + 7002)0.5 = 922 ft

The magnitude of the resultant force is thus given by

FR = (1.94)(32.2)(350)(922) = 20.2 (106) lb

The coordinates for the center of pressure are given by

for a rectangle,

Ix' = (922)3(1) / 12 Ixy' = 0 Hence, it is found that xcp = xc

which is at the centerline of the dam surface. The y coordinate for the center of pressure is

ycp = (922)3(1) / (12)(461)(922) + 461 = 614.7 ft

The pressure prism approach can be used to verify the results obtained. Based on the pressure prism shown in the figure, the magnitude of the resultant force is represented by the total volume of the pressure prism. FR = Volume = 1/2 (43,730)(1)(922) = 20.2 (106) lb This resultant force passes through the centroid of the pressure prism, which is located at a distance of 922/3 = 307.3 ft from its base and lies in the vertical symmetry axis.

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35 HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED CURVED SURFACES

Determination of the hydrostatic force acting on a submerged curved surface.

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When a curved surface is above the liquid, the weight of the liquid and the vertical component of the hydrostatic force act in the opposite directions.

The hydrostatic force acting on a circular surface always passes through the center of the circle since the pressure forces are normal to the surface and they all pass 45 through the center.

in a multilayered fluid of different densities can be determined by considering different parts of surfaces in different fluids as different surfaces, finding the force on each part, and then adding them using vector addition. For a plane surface, it can be expressed as

The hydrostatic force on a surface submerged in a multilayered fluid can be determined by considering parts of the surface in different fluids as different surfaces.

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Example

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Schematic for Example and the free-body diagram of the liquid underneath the cylinder.
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